1、1.Freshwater shortage shortage n.a situation in which there is not enough of something that people need 短缺短缺，不足不足，常，常与与of连连用用 freshwater shortage=shortage of freshwater eg The long hot summer has led to serious water shortages.-age（suffix后缀）构成名词，表示处于某种状态或结果后缀）构成名词，表示处于某种状态或结果。eg breakage 破损破损 marria
2、ge 婚姻，结婚婚姻，结婚 postage 邮资，邮费邮资，邮费2.Globally,renewable internal freshwater resource per capita was around 6,000 m3 in 2014.renewable adj.(of energy or its source)not depleted when used;capable of being renewed 可可再生的，可更新的再生的，可更新的 re-(prefix前缀前缀)可加在动词、名词、形容词和副词前面，表可加在动词、名词、形容词和副词前面，表示示“再，又；回，回来再，又；回，回来”
3、eg recycle（回收利用）（回收利用）review（复习）（复习）reunion（团圆，（团圆，重聚）重聚）restart（重新开始）（重新开始）reconstruction（重建）（重建）return（回来，返回）回来，返回）recall（回忆，召回）回忆，召回）retract（缩缩 回回，取回，取回）3.Now tick the solutions that you think are most effective to supply Africa with fresh water.effective adj.successful,and working in the way tha
4、t was intended 有效有效的的;产生预期效果的产生预期效果的 eg The new rules will become effective in the next few days.-ive(suffix),构成构成名词或形容词，表示名词或形容词，表示“倾向的；倾向的；性质的性质的”eg descriptive 描述的描述的 creative 创造性创造性的的 active 积极的积极的 explosive 炸药炸药 relative 血亲，亲戚血亲，亲戚effect n.效果，作用，影响，结果效果，作用，影响，结果，常与介词，常与介词on/upon搭配搭配 to no effec
5、t 无效无效的，没有的，没有作用作用come into effect 生效，开始实施生效，开始实施side effect 副作用副作用in effect 实际上，事实上实际上，事实上cause and effect 因果因果take effect 生效，起作用生效，起作用effect 短语短语effect vt.使发生，实现，引起使发生，实现，引起eg We have tried our best to effect a reconciliation(和解和解)between the two parties.【语境应用语境应用】翻译句子。翻译句子。1)积累词汇的有效方法之一是读好书。积累词汇的
6、有效方法之一是读好书。2)过去的六个月中实际上是他的妻子在执政。过去的六个月中实际上是他的妻子在执政。3)我们告诫过他们，但没起任何作用。我们告诫过他们，但没起任何作用。His wife has,in effect,run the government for the past six months.We warned them,but to no effect.One of the effective ways to build vocabulary is to read good books.4.As a six-year-old Canadian schoolboy,Ryan had t
7、rouble believing the words spoken by his teacher that many people in developing African countries couldnt get enough clean water.the words spoken by his teacher:the words which were spoken by his teacher spoken by his teacher是一个过去分词短语修饰是一个过去分词短语修饰the words，用来用来补充信息，补充信息，words和和speak的动作构成被动关系。的动作构成被动
8、关系。that引导同位语从句对名词引导同位语从句对名词words作解释说明。作解释说明。(1)that引导的同位语从句多位于引导的同位语从句多位于idea,fact,evidence,hope,belief,wish,doubt,news,advice,suggestion,promise 等等表示抽象意义的名词之后，用于解释说明这些名词表示抽象意义的名词之后，用于解释说明这些名词 的的具体内容具体内容。(2)引导同位语从句的词通常有连词引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that,whether,连接副词连接副词 how,when,where等等(if,which不能引导同位语从句不能引导同位语从句
9、)。that在同位语从句中没有词义，不充当句子成分，且不在同位语从句中没有词义，不充当句子成分，且不 能省略能省略。have trouble(in)doing sth:做某事有困难做某事有困难have no trouble(in)doing sth:做某事没困难做某事没困难eg We had no trouble finding the address.developing countries 发展中国家发展中国家developed countries 发达国家发达国家在分词作定语的用法中，在分词作定语的用法中，现在分词现在分词常常表示动作常常表示动作“未完成未完成或正在进行或正在进行”；过去
10、分词过去分词可以表示动作可以表示动作“已经完成已经完成”。eg the boiling water 正在煮沸的水正在煮沸的水 the boiled water 开水开水 the falling leaves 正在飘落的树叶正在飘落的树叶 the fallen leaves 落叶落叶回译回译：年仅六岁的加拿大男孩瑞安难以相信老师说的话年仅六岁的加拿大男孩瑞安难以相信老师说的话 在欠发在欠发达的非洲国家，许多人都喝不到足够的干净的水。达的非洲国家，许多人都喝不到足够的干净的水。As a six-year-old Canadian schoolboy,Ryan had trouble believi
11、ng the words spoken by his teacher that many people in developing African countries couldnt get enough clean water.5.He looked across the classroom at the drinking fountain.It was very close-only ten steps away.drinking fountain:a piece of equipment in a public place that produces a stream of water
12、for you to drink from 饮用水饮用水喷水池喷水池v.-ing can be used to tell the use of the modified noun.a washing machinea walking sticka swimming pool一台洗衣机一台洗衣机一根拐杖一根拐杖一个游泳池一个游泳池look across:look from one side to the other 从一边看到另一边从一边看到另一边eg After helping clean the window,he looked across the room to see if there
13、 was anything else he could do.词条词条意思及用法意思及用法例句例句look across强调从一边看到另强调从一边看到另一边一边He went in and looked across the room carefully.look over强调迅速地检查强调迅速地检查He looked over the proposal(提案提案)before the meeting.look through可以表示翻查、翻可以表示翻查、翻找，也可以表示找，也可以表示(假装假装)没有注意到没有注意到She looked through me.(她她假装没有看到我。假装没有看到
14、我。)look across,look over,look through6.At first,his plan was to earn money to build a single well somewhere in Africa.动词动词不定式不定式to earn money作表语，其后的不定式短语作表语，其后的不定式短语to build a single 作目的状语。作目的状语。(1)表示目的表示目的 eg The next step is to make sure that you know exactly what is required.(2)表示事态发展的结果、预期的结果，不幸
15、的命运或语言。表示事态发展的结果、预期的结果，不幸的命运或语言。eg He was to perish(死亡死亡)in a shipwreck and to leave a wife and two children.(3)用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求意见。用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求意见。eg What am I to say if they ask me the question?(4)表示同意、安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止表示同意、安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止 eg They are to marry next week.注意：注意：如果主语是以如果主语是以aim,duty,
16、hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词（短语），或是等为中心的名词（短语），或是what引导的名词性从句，那么不定式作表语一般对主语起到引导的名词性从句，那么不定式作表语一般对主语起到一种补充说明的作用。一种补充说明的作用。earn:to receive a particular amount of money for the work that someone does 挣挣(钱钱)eg He earns nearly 20,000 a year.他他每年挣约每年挣约 20,000 英镑。英镑。earn a
17、 fortune 挣大钱挣大钱earn ones own living 自食其力自食其力earn/make a living by/from 靠靠谋生谋生earn短语短语earn a reputation 赢得声誉赢得声誉【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)He did all sorts of jobs to _.他为谋生什么活都干。他为谋生什么活都干。2)Chris will pay hes _.Chris会会付的，他在挣大钱。付的，他在挣大钱。3)The company has _ for reliability.公司已赢得可靠的声誉。公司已赢得可靠的声誉。earn a livi
18、ng earning a fortune earned a reputation earn,gain,win与与get词条词条用法用法例句例句earn指经过艰苦努力所得到的回报，指经过艰苦努力所得到的回报，意为意为“赚得；获得赚得；获得”The professor earns his living by teaching at a language school.gain指做出很大努力而指做出很大努力而“获得获得”，宾，宾语多为经验、优势、好处等，也语多为经验、优势、好处等，也可指增加信心、力量、体重等可指增加信心、力量、体重等The boys are excited about gainin
19、g the victory in the football match.win意为意为“赢得赢得”，含有取胜一方具，含有取胜一方具有优越条件并且能克服障碍之意有优越条件并且能克服障碍之意We win the football match in the end.get是普通词，指不一定需要努力就是普通词，指不一定需要努力就能能“得到得到”She opened the door wider to get a better look.【语境应用语境应用】用用earn,gain,win与与get的适当形式填空。的适当形式填空。1)She _ the respect of her students.2)
20、I _ a lot of birthday presents at my birthday party.3)Everyone was able to _ valuable experience over that year.4)Who do you think will _ the first place?earnedgotgainwin回译：回译：起初，他起初，他的计划的计划是赚钱在非洲某个地方打一口井是赚钱在非洲某个地方打一口井。At first,his plan was to earn money to build a single well somewhere in Africa.7.
21、He soon reached his first target of$70,but when he gave the money to a charity,he was told that it actually cost$2000 to build a well.该句是一个主从复合句，该句是一个主从复合句，when引导时间状语从句，引导时间状语从句，that引引 导的是宾语从句。导的是宾语从句。that引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句 (1)that引导宾语从句时一般可以省略，但如果有两个以上引导宾语从句时一般可以省略，但如果有两个以上 的宾语从句并列出现时，第二个及第二个之后的宾语从的宾语从
22、句并列出现时，第二个及第二个之后的宾语从 句中的句中的that一般不能省略。一般不能省略。eg He promised(that)he would visit me and that he would try his best to help me.(2)有时可用有时可用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句放到句子后面去。作形式宾语，而把宾语从句放到句子后面去。eg I feel it a terrible thing that my mother should have to toil so endlessly.回译回译：他很快就达成了他的第一个目标：（他很快就达成了他的第一个目标：（攒够）攒够）7
23、0美元。但当他美元。但当他把这笔钱捐给一家慈善机构时，他被告知打一口井实际上要把这笔钱捐给一家慈善机构时，他被告知打一口井实际上要花费花费2000美元。美元。He soon reached his first target of$70,but when he gave the money to a charity,he was told that it actually cost$2000 to build a well.8.He also saw hundreds of delighted students who had turned out to welcome him.turn out
24、:to go somewhere to be present at an event or take part in an activity 出席；参加出席；参加 eg Crowds of people turned out to watch the charity performance.turn out(to be)+adj:to have a result especially one that you did not expect 最后最后结果是结果是/最终成为最终成为 eg It was a difficult time,but eventually things turned ou
25、t to be all right.含含turn的短语的短语 turn on 打开打开 turn in 上交上交;告发告发 turn out 结果是结果是;生产生产;制造制造;赶走赶走 turn off 关掉关掉 turn down 关小关小;拒绝拒绝 turn to 转向转向;求助于求助于 turn over 翻转；移交翻转；移交 turn facts upside down 颠倒是非颠倒是非 turn for the better 好转好转【语境应用语境应用】用用turn短语的适当形式填空短语的适当形式填空1)Dont worry.Im sure your missing glasses
26、will _ sooner or later.2)I dont know who to _.3)Im turning the project _ to you.4)The factory _ 300 units a day.5)Jake _ his computer and checked his mail.6)Theyve turned the gas _ for a couple of hours.turn upturn toturns outturned onoffover9.He really had made a difference for these children.He br
27、oke into a joyful smile.make a difference:have an important effect/influence on 有作用；有影响有作用；有影响 eg It would make a lot of difference if you came.break into a smile/a song/applause etc:to suddenly start smiling,singing etc 突然突然起来起来 eg Her face broke into a smile.The audience broke into loud applause.m
28、ake some/no/little difference(to)(对对)有有/没有没有/几乎没有作用或影响几乎没有作用或影响tell the difference between区分区分/辨别辨别之间的差异之间的差异there is no difference 没有区别没有区别there is a world of difference 区别很大区别很大spot the difference 看到区别看到区别with a difference 引人注目引人注目,与众不同与众不同 difference短语短语【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)说到保护环境说到保护环境,每个人的贡献都有
29、作用。每个人的贡献都有作用。When it comes to protection the environment,_.2)我们上午还是下午见面对我没什么影响。我们上午还是下午见面对我没什么影响。Whether we meet in the morning or afternoon _.everyones contribution makes a differencemakes no difference to me8.Later,Ryans experience led him to set up a foundation to encourage more people to help.s
30、et up:to start a company,organization or committee 建立建立 eg A panel(专家咨询组专家咨询组)needs to be set up to investigate the issue.set短语短语set aside 留出留出set down 放下；写下放下；写下set off 出发，动身；使爆炸；引发出发，动身；使爆炸；引发set about 着手，开始着手，开始set out 启程；动身启程；动身【语境应用语境应用】用用set短语的正确形式填空。短语的正确形式填空。1)We _ discussing when and how we
31、 should finish the task.2)Any movement could have _ the bomb.3)Try to _ some time each day for exercise.4)The band are _ on a European tour in March.5)She plans to _ her own business.set upset offset aboutset asidesetting outfound与与set up词条词条用法用法例句例句found除了表示建立或创建组除了表示建立或创建组织、机构等外，还可表织、机构等外，还可表示为建造的
32、事情打下示为建造的事情打下“基础基础”The British parliamentary system is founded on debate and opposition.set up主要用于建立组织、机主要用于建立组织、机构、公司、学校等构、公司、学校等 Eton College was set up by Henry VI in 1440.9.Today,over 800,000 people in 16 countries across Africa have benefited from the life-changing gift of clean,safe water.bene
33、fit from:to get an advantage of/get help in 得益于得益于；从；从受益受益 eg Many thousands have benefited from the new treatment.benefit n.好处好处，益处，益处have the benefit of 有有的好处的好处for sbs benefit 为了某人的益处，帮助某人为了某人的益处，帮助某人be of benefit to.对对有好处有好处beneficial adj.有益的，有好处的有益的，有好处的【语境应用语境应用】根据汉语意思补全下面句子（每空一词）。根据汉语意思补全下面句子
34、（每空一词）。1)众所周知，运动有益于我们的健康。众所周知，运动有益于我们的健康。As we all know,exercise _ _ _.2)我们得益于每天做操。我们得益于每天做操。We _ _ daily exercises.3)她待在国外因生病而未得到多大好处。她待在国外因生病而未得到多大好处。Because of illness,she didnt _ _ _ _ her stay abroad.benefits our healthbenefit from/by get much benefit fromlife-changing adj.能改变人的一生的能改变人的一生的像这种由像
35、这种由名词和动词分词名词和动词分词构成的合成形容词在英语中比较常见构成的合成形容词在英语中比较常见，如：如：English-speaking,life-threatening 危及生命的危及生命的;troublemaking 捣乱的捣乱的;heartbreaking 令人心碎的令人心碎的思考：思考：heartbreaking 和和heartbroken的区别。的区别。heartbreaking adj.使人心碎的，主语可是使人心碎的，主语可是人或事物人或事物heartbroken adj.心碎的，主语一般是心碎的，主语一般是人人Fill in the blanks with the right
36、 form of the word in the bracket or a proper word.1.The law will be _(effect)from the 1st of April.2.Ryan did a lot to help people in Africa get clean _(drink)water.3.Having a good teacher makes a _(different)to a student.effectivedrinkingdifference4.His hard work and great efforts make his dream _
37、reality.5.They _(set)up 1,000 shelters for homeless children so far.Thousands of children benefited _ the project.6.Every years,many young men in the countryside left their hometown _(earn)money in big cities.7.We were excited at the news _ our team won the first in the Olympic Games.8.He has trouble _(walk)to the park,for he hurt himself yesterday.ahave setfromto earnthatwalking
