1、Part FourWriting and Translation1.Translation1.Translation2.Writing2.WritingKnowing About TranslationKnowing About TranslationTranslation PracticeTranslation PracticeWriting PracticeWriting PracticeWriting StrategyWriting StrategyKnowing About TranslationPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation
2、 英语重形合，句子结构可以借助各种连接英语重形合，句子结构可以借助各种连接手段加以扩展和组合构成复杂的长句。这类长手段加以扩展和组合构成复杂的长句。这类长句可由若干分句、子句、多种短语及词组构成。句可由若干分句、子句、多种短语及词组构成。而汉语多意合，连词运用得较少，结构较为自而汉语多意合，连词运用得较少，结构较为自由，以短句居多。因此正确处理长句的翻译是由，以短句居多。因此正确处理长句的翻译是确保译文忠实、通顺的重要环节。确保译文忠实、通顺的重要环节。英译汉的长句翻译（一）英译汉的长句翻译（一）To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation
3、Translation1.2 语言表达语言表达 可将长句中各个部分分别译出，并运用一定的方式，根据汉可将长句中各个部分分别译出，并运用一定的方式，根据汉 语的特点，不拘泥于原文形式，对译出部分进行整合，确保语的特点，不拘泥于原文形式，对译出部分进行整合，确保 译文的通顺和流畅。译文的通顺和流畅。1.英译汉长句翻译的步骤英译汉长句翻译的步骤 英语句子虽然较长，但还是遵循一定的基本结构。在翻译时，英语句子虽然较长，但还是遵循一定的基本结构。在翻译时，可以按照如下步骤进行：可以按照如下步骤进行：1.1 句法分析句法分析 在英译汉中，首先需要理清原文的基本句法结构，并且判在英译汉中，首先需要理清原文的
4、基本句法结构，并且判 断出句子的类型，是简单句、并列句还是复合句，并找出主断出句子的类型，是简单句、并列句还是复合句，并找出主 语和谓语，然后判断出各种修饰成分的关系语和谓语，然后判断出各种修饰成分的关系 以及句中代词所以及句中代词所 指代的对象。指代的对象。To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation 该句的主句是该句的主句是“Blitzen would tease Grandma”。第一部分第一部分“Even when young”是主句的时间状语，第是主句的时间状语，第三部分三部分“by very selecti
5、vely carrying one of her bedroom slippers into the living room”是方式状语，是方式状语，第四部分第四部分“where Grandma sat in her favorite”，“comfortable chair”是定语从句修饰是定语从句修饰“living room”。以本单元以本单元In-Class Reading 中的两个句子为例：中的两个句子为例：1)Even when young(1),Blitzen would tease Grandma(2)by very selectively carrying one of her
6、bedroom slippers into the living room(3)where Grandma sat in her favorite,comfortable chair(4).To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation通过对四个部分的整合，按照中文的时间顺序和逻辑顺序，通过对四个部分的整合，按照中文的时间顺序和逻辑顺序，该句译文应该为：该句译文应该为：四部分分别译成中文是：四部分分别译成中文是：布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢
7、的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室。茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室。（1）在小时候）在小时候（2）布利茨恩戏弄外祖母）布利茨恩戏弄外祖母（3）它叼一只她卧室的拖鞋来到起居室）它叼一只她卧室的拖鞋来到起居室（4）外祖母坐在她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上）外祖母坐在她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation 该句的主句是该句的主句是“they appeal to people everywhere as fun
8、ny stories”。第一部分。第一部分“Whether these stories are cartoons or jokes,told by a slapstick comedian or a cross-talking team”为让步状语从句，第三部分是为让步状语从句，第三部分是由两个并列句组成的原因状语从句。由两个并列句组成的原因状语从句。2)Whether these stories are cartoons or jokes,told by a slapstick comedian or a cross-talking team(1),they appeal to people
9、 everywhere as funny stories(2)because they have a note of reality to them,and the unexpected punch line is quite funny(3).To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation 无论这些故事是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员无论这些故事是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴
10、近现实生活，而且里面那些爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。出人意料的妙语十分有趣。（1）这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜）这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜 剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲（2）它们都受人们喜爱）它们都受人们喜爱（3）因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的）因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的 妙语十分有趣妙语十分有趣三部分分别译成中文是：三部分分别译成中文是：按照中文表达习惯，通过对三个部分的整合，并适当增添词按照中文表达习惯，通过对三个部分的整合，并适当增添词语，该句
11、译文为：语，该句译文为：To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation 随着我技术的进步，我开始加上花样：抛球时让一个球随着我技术的进步，我开始加上花样：抛球时让一个球经过其他球的上方，或者其他球的下方；或者我让一个球弹经过其他球的上方，或者其他球的下方；或者我让一个球弹在我的头上或者臂肘上，并继续按原来的方式抛球。在我的头上或者臂肘上，并继续按原来的方式抛球。2.英译汉长句翻译的方法英译汉长句翻译的方法英译汉长句翻译所采取的主要方法如下：英译汉长句翻译所采取的主要方法如下：2.1 原序和换序译法原序和换序译法 某些英语
12、长句所表达的事情或动作是按照时间或逻辑关系排某些英语长句所表达的事情或动作是按照时间或逻辑关系排 列的，其语序和汉语基本相同，在翻译时可以按照原序翻列的，其语序和汉语基本相同，在翻译时可以按照原序翻 译，这称为原序译法。例如：译，这称为原序译法。例如：1)As I got better,I began to add tricks,tossing the balls so that one went over the top of the others,or under the others,or I bounced one off my head or elbow and still kept
13、 the pattern going.To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation 五年之后，当我五年之后，当我21岁时，母亲在圣诞节期岁时，母亲在圣诞节期间的一天，把我叫到一间的一天，把我叫到一边说：边说：“丹，你愿不愿丹，你愿不愿给救世军的聚餐会表演给救世军的聚餐会表演杂耍？杂耍？”2)Then five years later,when I was 21,my mother called me aside one day during the Christmas season and said,“Dan,how
14、would you like to juggle for the Salvation Army dinner this year?”To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation 或者举办或者举办“谋杀案侦破谋杀案侦破晚宴晚宴”：一群朋友聚在一起，：一群朋友聚在一起，在餐桌上利用预先准备好的在餐桌上利用预先准备好的关于人物性格行踪的线索破关于人物性格行踪的线索破解一桩案件。解一桩案件。而某些英语长句在叙述两个或两个以上的动作或事情时，其而某些英语长句在叙述两个或两个以上的动作或事情时，其先后顺序可能与汉语表达习惯不一致，
15、在翻译时需要调整顺先后顺序可能与汉语表达习惯不一致，在翻译时需要调整顺序，这称为换序译法。例如：序，这称为换序译法。例如：3)Or there are murder dinner parties,at which groups of friends get together to solve a crime over the dinner table,using specially prepared information about their character and their whereabouts.To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Trans
16、lation Translation 45分钟以后，我给了孩分钟以后，我给了孩子们一句忠告，作为节目的子们一句忠告，作为节目的结束语：结束语：“不论是杂耍还是不论是杂耍还是别的，如果你们想成功，就别的，如果你们想成功，就必须不断地努力。你们能做必须不断地努力。你们能做到，只是永远不能放弃。到，只是永远不能放弃。4)Forty-five minutes later I ended the performance with my final word of advice to the children:“If you want to succeed,at juggling or anything
17、else,you have to keep trying.You can do it.Just never give up.”To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation 我喜欢那个关于一位中学我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。故事。故事并不过火。2.2 拆分译法拆分译法把某些较长的英语句子进行分解，译成两个或两个以把某些较长的英语句子进行分解，译成两个或两个以上的汉语句子，称为拆分译法。例如上的汉语句子，称为拆分译
18、法。例如:1)I like the somewhat mild story of a school teacher and a principal of a high school who are concerned because some boys and girls have been seen kissing on the school playground.To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation2)As one who has enjoyed humor since I first recognized
19、 it,Ive made an attempt to explain and discuss humor with students in such diverse cultures as Latin America and China.我是第一次辨识出幽我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上了它的人，因默便喜欢上了它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。洲的，也有来自中国的。To be continuedWhat is humor?What is humor?Part Four:
20、Writing and Translation Translation 第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。这个笑话便会很有趣。3)First is the SETUP(or setting),next is the BODY(or story line),and these are followed by the PUNCH LINE(
21、an unexpected or surprise ending)which will make the joke funny if it contains some humor.To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation 所有小说里最有名的侦探也许是舍洛克所有小说里最有名的侦探也许是舍洛克福福尔摩斯，他的住所是，尔摩斯，他的住所是，“伦敦贝克街伦敦贝克街221b号号”。现在仍有信件寄到那里，要求他帮忙解决各种现在仍有信件寄到那里，要求他帮忙解决各种各样的迷案。各样的迷案。2.3 重组法重组法指打破原文的层次和结构安
22、排，按照汉语行文习惯将原指打破原文的层次和结构安排，按照汉语行文习惯将原文内容进行一定的重新组合的翻译方法。这种方法是对文内容进行一定的重新组合的翻译方法。这种方法是对上述各种长句翻译方法的综合利用。例如：上述各种长句翻译方法的综合利用。例如：1)Letters still get sent to“221b Baker Street,London”,home of Sherlock Holmes,perhaps the most famous fictional detective of all,asking for his help in solving a variety of myste
23、ries.To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation 我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙彼利埃（俄亥俄州）的我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙彼利埃（俄亥俄州）的企业导报企业导报工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。2)On my first job as sports editor for the Montpelier (Ohio)Leader Enterprise,I didnt get a lot of f
24、an mail,so I was intrigued by a letter that was dropped on my desk one morning.Translation PracticePart Four:Writing and Translation Translation This elderly,unmarried English lady was between 65 and 70 years of age when she made her first appearance in The Murder at the Vicarage in 1930.She appeare
25、d in twelve novels and twenty short stories over a period of forty-one yearsmaking her quite elderly by her last case!Translate the following passage into Chinese using the techniques mentioned above.To be continuedTranslation PracticePart Four:Writing and Translation Translation In appearance,Miss
26、Marple is a tall,thin woman with a pink,wrinkled face,pale blue eyes and snowy white hair which she wears piled upon her head in an old-fashioned manner.Her harmless appearance,meandering conversation and ever-present knitting needles often mislead people into underestimating her as simply a“ditheri
27、ng old maid”.Those who really know her recognize that she is a sharp observer of human nature with“an uncanny talent of being always right”.To be continuedTranslation PracticePart Four:Writing and Translation Translation Despite a lifetime spent in the seemingly dull St.Mary Mead,Miss Marple is quit
28、e worldly in her recognition and acceptance that evil is all around us.As she often points out,her village and its environs provide examples of every character trait and evil in human nature that can be found in big cities.Thus,her method of detection consists in finding parallels between life and p
29、eople in St.Mary Mead and happenings in the outside world.Sample 这位上了年纪而从未结过婚的英国女士，在这位上了年纪而从未结过婚的英国女士，在1930年第一年第一次出现在小说次出现在小说牧师住宅的谋杀案牧师住宅的谋杀案中时，年纪大约在中时，年纪大约在65到到70岁之间。在长达岁之间。在长达41年多的时间里，她出现在年多的时间里，她出现在12部长篇小说、部长篇小说、20篇短篇小说中篇短篇小说中最后一次破案时她已经很老了。最后一次破案时她已经很老了。从外表上看，马普尔小姐高高瘦瘦，面色红润而布满皱从外表上看，马普尔小姐高高瘦瘦，面色红
30、润而布满皱纹，有着一双淡蓝色的眼睛，雪白的头发在头上盘成老式的纹，有着一双淡蓝色的眼睛，雪白的头发在头上盘成老式的发髻。她的外表看上去不会给任何人造成伤害。再加上她那发髻。她的外表看上去不会给任何人造成伤害。再加上她那漫无边际的闲谈以及永远都在身边的毛线针，她常常会引起漫无边际的闲谈以及永远都在身边的毛线针，她常常会引起人们的误解，把她仅仅看成是一位人们的误解，把她仅仅看成是一位“犹犹豫豫的老女人犹犹豫豫的老女人”。那可真是小看了她。那些真正了解她的人都明白，她是敏锐那可真是小看了她。那些真正了解她的人都明白，她是敏锐的人类本性观察者，而且的人类本性观察者，而且“不可思议地总是正确的不可思议地
31、总是正确的”。To be continuedSamplePart Four:Writing and Translation WritingPart Four:Writing and Translation Translation 虽然马普尔小姐一生都生活在看上去枯燥乏虽然马普尔小姐一生都生活在看上去枯燥乏味的圣玛丽牧场，她却相当老到地明白并接受味的圣玛丽牧场，她却相当老到地明白并接受“我们周围尽是邪恶我们周围尽是邪恶”这个事实。就像她经常指这个事实。就像她经常指出的那样，大城市能找到的人性特征和邪恶，在出的那样，大城市能找到的人性特征和邪恶，在她住的村子及周边也都能找到。于是，她的破案她住的村
32、子及周边也都能找到。于是，她的破案方式就是找出圣玛丽牧场和外面世界在生活和人方式就是找出圣玛丽牧场和外面世界在生活和人物方面的相似之处。物方面的相似之处。Back to the passageWriting StrategyPart Four:Writing and Translation Writing Exposition(说明文说明文)means explaining or giving the reader information to help him/her understand the world.An expository essay explains something,su
33、ch as why a certain phenomenon happens,how a problem is solved,or what a word or term means.After the reader has finished reading this kind of writing,his/her response should be“I understand”.To achieve this,you should bear in mind the following points:Writing Strategy You have to limit your discuss
34、ion to a manageable topic,for it is impossible to explain many things clearly in a short essay.For instance,you may find the topic“My Pastime”too general to write about in a short essay.You can,then,narrow it to“My Favorite Pastime”.Narrowing the Scope of DiscussionPart Four:Writing and Translation
35、WritingWriting Strategy In a sense,exposition is the process of making a statement and then supporting it with evidence.When presenting a statement,you must make sure it expresses very clearly your attitude towards the subject.Making Clear Your Attitude Toward the SubjectPart Four:Writing and Transl
36、ation WritingWriting Strategy It is advisable to prepare enough material(details or examples)to help your explanation.Readers often find abstract discussions hard to follow if they are not illustrated by concrete examples.Moreover,good exposition is often both instructive and interesting;with many c
37、oncrete examples,your essay certainly will not be dull,though not necessarily interesting.Preparing Enough MaterialPart Four:Writing and Translation WritingWriting Strategy Good writing gets the readers attention quickly.If you are writing about the problem of pollution,you could start by listing th
38、e statistics on pollution in the world today.But the facts alone may not attract your readers attention.A more effective way of presenting this problem would be to tell the story of one polluted village.This would dramatically illustrate the problem and draw the reader into your exposition.Dramatizi
39、ng the IssuePart Four:Writing and Translation WritingWrite a composition on either of the following topics.Use at least 6 words or phrases in your composition from the list below.1)My Favorite Pastime2)How People Spend Their Leisure TimeWriting Practicerelaxationtake ones mind awayentertainmentillus
40、ionpursuedefinitelylimitedappeal toprofessionalentertaininglaughterin advancerequireconcertalternativepopularityattractionfashionuniversal SampleSampleSampleSamplePart Four:Writing and Translation WritingPart Four:Writing and Translation Writing My favorite pastime is writing.You may not think it is
41、 a pastime.But to me it is,because it is a form of relaxation that takes my mind away from other things when I feel tired.I began to like writing when I was a pupil in primary school.I was imaginative and created many interesting stories at that time.When I told my stories to my friends on our way h
42、ome from school,they enjoyed them.Then telling a story I wrote on the way back home soon became my regular practice.That made me really happy.I had never thought of writing as entertainment before.Sometimes I wrote down my stories and passed them around among my classmates.My Favorite PastimeMy Favo
43、rite PastimeSample1To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Writing When I was in high school,I began to like poems.This was because of the influence of my best friend.She liked poems very much,so gradually I learned to appreciate poems.When I am writing poems,I can concentrate for a long ti
44、me,totally losing myself.No matter whether I am happy or sad I start writing poems to express myself.Let me tell you a little secret.Now Im writing a science fiction about time travel.Im sure it is original and interesting.However,writing definitely takes time,and how I wish I could have more time t
45、o pursue this hobby.I may not become a professional writer,but I will always enjoy writing.(238 words)To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Writing I usually spend my leisure time on various things such as watching TV,reading,swimming and playing table tennis.But if you ask me whats my fa
46、vorite pastime,I would definitely say that it is playing computer games.My Favorite PastimeMy Favorite Pastime I like computer games and surfing on the Internet.Many people believe playing computer games is harmful to ones health,especially to the eyes.But I dont quite agree.I think playing computer
47、 games benefits me.Sample2To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Writing First,as a way of relaxation,it also gives me a sense of accomplishment.Secondly,I gain a lot of knowledge I cannot find in textbooks.For instance,when I played Civilization II,I began to realize the importance of sci
48、ence,because it was impossible to defeat the enemy in the game if you didnt develop science.Finally and most importantly,I have to use an English-Chinese dictionary from time to time because most of the games are in English.So the more games I play,the greater progress I make in English.The games ar
49、e entertaining and instructive.To be continuedPart Four:Writing and Translation Writing I also like surfing on the Internet.There is a huge amount of information there.It has become more and more popular and important.It is said that those who control the Internet will conquer the world in the futur
50、e.That is perhaps an illusion but I want to be a master of the future.In a word,I like playing with my computer very much.It appeals to my curiosity and my desire to escape from the limited world of my room.(255 words)Back to the topicPart Four:Writing and Translation Writing Many people are often v
