1、Forkliftstabilityandothertechnicalsafetyissues叉车稳定性及其他安全问题Thestabilityofforkliftshasimpactsonsafetyinrespectof:叉车稳定性会以下的安全问题1.Thelikelihoodofforwardtipoverthatis,theforklifttiltingforward;前向翻车的可能性-是指叉车前倾的情形2.Thelikelihoodofsidetipoverthatis,theforklifttiltingtoeitherside;and侧向翻车的可能性-是指叉车向一侧翻车3.Thema
2、ximumlevelsofbrakingthatcanbeappliedforanyloadingsituation,andhencethestoppingdistancetoohighalevelofbrakingwillinitiateforwardtipover;and在任何条件下的最大的刹车力度，比如载货条件或者高位提升等都可能前向翻车4.Themaximumlevelsofrearwardacceleration-toohighalevelwillalsoinitiateforwardtipover.在任何条件下后向极大的加速度或者高位操作可能导致前向侧翻。1.Counterbala
3、nceforklifts平衡重叉车ThisreportandtheassociatedMonashUniversityAccidentResearchCentreproduced guidebook(AGuidebookofIndustrialTrafficManagement&ForkliftSafety)focusoncounterbalanceforkliftsofthestyleshownbelow,astheyarethemostcommonstyleusedinVictoria本报告机Monsah大学事故研究中心制作了一个关于平衡重叉车的指导手册。（工业车辆管理及叉车安全手册）Th
4、eseforkliftsgenerallyhave:这些叉车具有以下要素Thebodywithitscounterbalanceandcagerigidlyattachedtothefrontordriveaxle;车身具有配重块和一个结实的货叉架在叉车前轮轴上Themastpivotedatornearthefrontaxle;门架可以在前轮轴上或接近轮轴的位置摆动Thesteeraxlepivotedaboutitscentresothatthesteertyresremainincontactwiththegroundwheretherearesmallvariationsinthele
5、veloftheoperatingsurface;and转向轴在中心位置转动，这样转向轮就可以保持和地面的接触，即使地面有些小的不平整Brakesfittedtothefrontdriveaxleonly.只有前轮有制动Fortheonebody,forkliftscanbefittedwith:同一类的车身可以配置Differentmaststosuitvariousliftheights.Theserangefrom1500to7500mm.Thenumberofmaststagescanvarydependingonavailableheadroom.不同高度的门架。这些范围从1500-
6、7500mm。门架梯级依据屋顶高度。Differentwheelsandtyressolid,pneumaticshapedcushionorpneumatictyres;不同轮毂及轮胎-实心胎、充气胎及充气弹性胎等Arangeofforktynessuitedtotheforkliftoperation,withorwithoutsideshift;and不同货叉类型来适配不同工况，是否具有侧移器及Otherspecialistattachments.其他特别专用属具2.“Stabilitytriangle稳定三角形Therearethreewaysacounterbalanceforkli
7、ftcantipoverforwardsorsideways:有三种可能性导致平衡重叉车侧翻或前翻1.Itcantipforwardwiththecontactpointsofthedriveaxletyresandthegroundactingasthepivot;它前翻的原因可能是接触点的轮胎和地面原地打转2.Itcantipsidewaystotheleftwithtipoverinitiallypivotingalongalinethroughthelefthandfronttyrecontactpointandthepivotpointoftherearsteeraxle;or它左侧
8、翻的原因可能一个左前轮打转和后转向大幅摆动3.Itcantipsidewaystotherightwithtipoverinitiallypivotingalongalinethroughtherighthandfronttyrecontactpointandthepivotpointoftherearsteeraxle.它右侧翻的原因可能一个右前轮子打转和后转向大幅摆动Thesethreelinescombineddefinethestabilitytriangleasshowninthediagram.有三条线来定义了稳定三角形Notethattherearsteeraxlehasalim
9、ittoitstravelarounditspivotpoint,sothatatsomepointsidetipoverchangestopivotaboutthetwolefthandortworighthandtyres.Atthisstagetheforkliftsometimesstopstippingoverandfallsbackonitswheels.Mostlyhowevertipovercontinues.请注意转向轮轴需要到极限，这样的话侧翻可能会改变。在这个条件下侧翻可能会停止和回到承载轮平衡。大部分情况下还是会继续侧翻。3.Centreofmass重心Anyphysi
10、calobjecthasapointlocatedinthreedimensionswhereitactsasthoughallitsmassislocated.Thisisknownasitscentreofmass.许多物体在三维上都有重心Itisapointaboutwhichtheforkliftwouldbalanceifplacedontopofapointedsupport.许多情况下叉车获得平衡，只要这个点上给与支持。Whentheforkliftisstationary,theonlyforceactingonthispointistheforceofgravityverti
11、callydown.Forastationaryforklift,providedthiscentreofmassiswithinthestabilitytriangle,theforkliftwillneithertipforwardsorsideways.当平稳行驶的时候，只有一个作用力就是重力，那就可以保证重心在稳定三角形内。Whenweplaceanincreasingloadontheforktynes,thecentreofmassoftheforkliftandloadcombinedmovesforwardtowardsthefrontaxle当我们增加重量在货叉上，载荷中心就
12、会前移Ifsufficientloadisaddedtheforkliftwillreachapointwhereittipsforward.Thisgenerallyoccursifanoperatortriestoliftaloadthatismuchtooheavyfortheforklift,andthesteeraxleliftsofftheground.当货物足够重时，中心点临界后，就会前翻。基本上会出现在司机想要超载或者转向轮离地。4.Dynamicforces,centreofmassandstability活动受力，重心及稳定性Whenaforklifttravelsonas
13、lope,orwhenaforkliftistravellingaroundacorneratsomespeed,orwhenaforkliftbrakesoraccelerates,forcesaredevelopedthatactontheforkliftsidewaysortothefrontorrear.当叉车行驶在斜坡或在拐弯的时候，当叉车刹车和加速的时候，受力会作用在叉车侧面或前后。Ifthesumofalltheforcesactingonthecentreofmassactsuchthattheypassoutsidethestabilitytriangle,thenthefo
14、rklifteithertipsforwardsofsideways.当所有受力作用在重心，导致它们偏出稳定三角形，就会导致侧翻或前翻。5.Tipoversidewaysversustipoverforwards侧翻与前翻Asnotedabove,addingloadtothetynesmakesthecentreofmassoftheforkliftandtynescombinedmoveforwardclosertotheforwardtipoveraxisofthestabilitytriangle.Theforkliftbecomesprogressivelylessstableinr
15、espectofforwardtipover.如上面所述，增加载荷至叉车重心，以及货叉接近前向轴心，会导致重心前移至侧翻的稳定三角形轴线。叉车会渐渐变得不稳定，从而导致前向侧翻。Howeverthecentreofmassatthesametimeismovingawayfromthetwoothertippingaxis.SotheForkliftbecomesmorestableinrespectoftippingsideways.无论如何叉车的重心会远离稳定轴线，这样叉车就能保持更稳定。Henceforkliftsaremuchmorelikelytotipsidewayswhenemp
16、ty75%oftheseincidentsoccurwhentheforkliftisempty.所以叉车在空载的时候更容易侧翻-75%的事故发生在空车的时候。Andtheyaremorelikelytotipforwardwhenloaded.而载货后更容易发生前翻。6.Stabilityandraisedloads稳定性与举升的载荷Raisingtheloadreducesstabilityinalltipoverdirectionsasthesizeofside,frontorrearforcesrequiredtocauseforwardorsideortipoverarereduce
17、d.举升载荷后会降低稳定性，导致不同方向的侧翻。7.Australianandinternationalstandardsforforkliftstabilityorsafety澳大利亚和国际关于叉车稳定性和安全的标准Alistofthesestandardsisshownbelow.NotethatinadditionJapan,amajorsupplierofforklifts,hasitsownstandards.一些列的标准显示如下。请注意在日本主要的叉车供应商有其自身的标准。Andthereareotherstandardsthatalsoimpactonforkliftsafety
18、includingstandardsforpalletsandcontainers.还有其他的标准同样会影响叉车额安全，包括托盘和集装箱STANDARD标准COMMENT说明AS/NZS1425:1999LPGasfuelsystemsforvehicle engines车辆液化燃油系统ForLPG powered forklifts液化天然气叉车AS/NZS1596:2002Thestorage and handlingofLPGas存储液化天然气ForLPG powered forklifts液化气叉车AS2402-1994 Tractionbatteries-Lead-acid铅酸动力电
19、池Forbattery powered forklifts电动叉车AS 2548.1-1998Batterychargers forlead-acid traction batteries-Battery chargers for vented cells动力电池充电器Forbattery powered forklifts电动叉车AS 1763-1985Industrialtrucks-Glossaryofterms工业车辆名词术语AS 2359-1995 Poweredindustrialtrucks动力工业车辆Part 1: General Requirements. Part 2: O
20、peration. Part 3:Counterbalancedforklift trucks-Stability tests. Part 4: Reach andstraddle forklifttrucks-Stability tests. Part 5: Control symbols. Part 6:Safety Code. Part 7: Terminology. Part 8: Pallet stackers and high-lift platform trucksStability tests. Part 9: High-lift rider trucksOverhead gu
21、ards. Part 10:ForklifttrucksHookon type forkarms-Vocabulary. Part 11: Forklift trucksHook ontypeforkarmsDimensions.Part12:Hazardous areasPrincipal Australianstandardforforklifts. Being progressivelychanged bytheadoption ofequivalent ISOstandards澳大利亚叉车标准AS3713-1989 Acoustics-Industrialtrucks-Noisemea
22、surement叉车遭遇AS 4972(Int)-2001Counterbalanced trucks handlingfreightcontainersfor6m(20 ft)lengthandabove-Additional stabilitytests平衡重叉车处理的集装箱Australian version ofISO10525additional notesonrisks addedAS 4973-2001Industrialtrucks-Inspectionand repairofforkarmsinserviceonfork-lift trucks检查和维修叉车叉齿Basedon
23、ISO5057:1993ISO1074:1991 Counterbalancedfork-lift trucks;stabilitytests平衡重叉车稳定性测试Equivalent to AS 2359 Pt 3: 1995ISO2328:1993 Fork-lift trucks; hook-on typeforkarms and forkarm carriages; mountingdimensions叉车连接型货叉Equivalent to AS 2359 Pt 11:1995ISO2330:2002 Fork-lift trucks-Forkarms-Technicalcharact
24、eristics and testing货叉技术特征和测试ISO2331:1974 Fork-lift trucksHookontypeforkarmsVocabulary连接型货叉词汇Equivalent to AS 2359 Pt 10:1995ISO3184:1998 Reach and straddlefork-lifttrucks-Stabilitytests前移式和跨腿式叉车稳定性测试Equivalent to AS 2359 Pt 4: 1995ISO5057:1993Industrialtrucks; inspection and repairofforkarmsinservi
25、ceonfork-lift trucks叉车检查和维修Equivalent to AS 4973: 2001ISO5766:1990Palletstackers andhighliftplatformtrucks.Stabilitytests托盘堆高机和升降台稳定性测试Equivalent to AS 2359 Pt 8: 1995ISO5767:1992Industrialtrucks operatinginspecial conditionofstackingwithmast tiltedforward; additional stability test叉车高位前倾ISO6292:199
26、6Poweredindustrialtrucks andtractors -Brakeperformanceand component strength动力叉车和拖车的刹车Tobe an Australian Standard-additional notes relatingtoriskISO10525:1997 Counterbalanced trucks handlingfreightcontainersof6m(20 ft)lengthand above-Additional stabilitytests平衡重叉车处理的集装箱Equivalent to AS 4972 (Int) 20
27、01lessAppendixZZISO10658:1996 Industrialtrucksoperatinginspecial conditionsofstackingwithloadlaterallydisplacedbypowereddevices-Additional stability test叉车堆垛和直接摆放ISO13284:2003 Fork-lifttrucks -Fork-arm extensionsandtelescopic fork arms-Technicalcharacteristicsandstrengthrequirements货叉延长套ISO13562: 20
28、00 Industrialvariable-reachtrucks-Part 1: Stabilitytests. Part 2: Additional stabilitytestsfortruckshandlingfreightcontainers of6mlength and above.ISO13563-1:2001Singleside loadingfork-lift trucks-Part 1: Stability tests. Part 2:Additional stabilitytestsfortruckshandling freight containers of6mlengt
29、h andabove单面载货Covered in AS 2359 Pt 1:1985:Appendix A5ISO15794:2001Bi-directional and multi-directional fork-lifttrucks -Stability tests双向和多向叉车ISO15870:2000 Poweredindustrialtrucks-Safetysigns andhazard pictorials-General principles动力叉车的安全标识ISO15871:2000 Industrialtrucks-Specificationsforindicatorli
30、ghtsfor container handling and grappler arm operations叉车灯光8.Australianandinternationalstandards-forkliftstabilitytests关于叉车稳定性测试的澳大利亚和国际标准TherequiredteststodeterminethemaximumratedcapacityofforkliftsareincludedinAS2359anditsparts,andinAS4972(Int).ForotherstylesofforklifttrucksISO13563orISO15794mayapp
31、ly要标识额度载荷能力测试的标准是AS2359和AS 4972。其他类型的叉车标准有ISO13563和ISO15794Ingeneral,foreveryforkliftstyle,therearefourstabilitytests,plusothersasappropriateforthestyleofforklift.总的来说，每种型号的叉车都有自己的稳定性测试，还有其他相关需要的关于该型号叉车的测试Australianandinternationalstandards-counterbalanceforkliftstabilitytests澳大利亚和国际标准-平衡重叉车Forcount
32、erbalanceforkliftstherearefourtests:关于平衡重叉车有四个测试项目1.Stackingwiththemastverticalandforksatmaximumheight,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedforwardonaplatformto:堆高-门架垂直提升至最大高度，最高处的载荷能力由前倾至最大时的能力来决定Aslopeof4%forforkliftsofratedcapacityupto4999kg;and在4度的斜坡测试最大至4999kg的载荷能力Aslopeof3.5%forfor
33、kliftswithcapacitiesof5000kgto50000kg在3.5度的斜坡测试至5000-50000kg载荷能力2.Travellingwiththemastatfullrearwardtiltandforkslowered,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedforwardonaplatformtoaslopeof18%行驶-门架前倾到底和货叉降落，最大载荷能力由18度的坡道行驶的载荷能力来决定3.Stackingwiththemastatfullrearwardtiltandforksatmaximumheigh
34、t,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedsidewardsonaplatformtoaslopeof 6%堆高-门架后仰到底和货叉在最高处，最大的载荷能力由 6度的斜坡上载荷能力来决定4.Travellingwiththemastatfullrearwardtiltandforkslowered,theforkliftistiltedsidewaysonaplatformtoaslopeofupto40%forforkliftsofratedcapacityupto4999kg;andAslopeof50%forforkliftsw
35、ithcapacitiesof5000kgto50000kgdependingontheforkliftcapacityandmaximumspeed行驶-门架完全后仰和货叉降落，叉车在侧面倾斜的平台上 剩余40%的额定载荷能力-4999kg以下的叉车剩余50%的额定载荷能力-5000-5000kg的叉车Tests1and2primarilydetermineforwardtipoverstability,test3determinessidetipoverstabilitywhenloaded,andtest4determinessidetipoverstabilitywhenempty.测试1和测试2初步确定前向稳定性，测试3决定侧面稳定性和测试4决定空载的侧向稳定性。
