1、 定语从句用法详解英语句子中用来修饰名词、代词或句子的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句在句子中的作用相当于形容词，因此也被称为形容词性从句，它可以用来修饰一个名词或代词，也可用来修饰句子中的某个短语，甚至整个句子。1. 被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。2. 引导定语从句的词被称为关系词，它包括关系代词和关系副词两种。I 定语从句中关系词的分类及用法 关系词不仅在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，而且作从句中的一个成分。 关系词例词所修饰的先行词在从句中所作成分省略情况关系代词who人主语、宾语作宾语时可省略关系代词whom人宾语可省略关系代词which物主语、宾语作宾语时可省略关系代词that人或物主语
2、、宾语、表语作宾语时可省略关系代词as人、物或事主语、宾语不省略关系代词whose人或物定语不省略关系副词when时间名词时间状语不省略关系副词where地点名词地点状语不省略关系副词why原因名词原因状语不省略II定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句和间隔式定语从句。1. 限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰、限制与确定的作用，若去掉它，先 行词便不能明确表示其所指对象，因此，限制性定语从句和它的先行词 所指意义有着不可分割的联系，不能用逗号与先行词隔开。 1）He has two sons who work in th
3、e same company. 他有两个在同一家公司工作的儿子。 2）Ill never forget the day when we first met each other. 我将永远忘不了我们初次见面的那一天。 3）This is the factory where/in which I worked ten years ago. 这是我十年前工作过的工厂。2. 非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句对先行词或主句起补充说明的作用，即使省去也 不影响主句的语义完整性。非限制性定语从句与先行词或主句之间常 用逗号隔开。 Yesterday Jimmy left for Canada, wher
4、e he had stayed for two years. 昨天吉米动身到加拿大去了，他曾在那儿呆过两年。 We have three foreign teachers, two of whom are from America. 我们有三个外教，其中两个来自美国。3. 间隔式定语从句：间隔式定语从句是指为了某种特殊的需要，与先行词分离的定语从句。 The day will come when the people all over the world will win peace. 全世界人民得到和平的日子就要到来了。 There are altogether eleven books o
5、n the shelf, of which five are mine. 书架上共有十一本书，其中五本是我的。III关系代词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词的作用：1）代替先行词 2）连接先行词与定语从句 3）在定语从句中作句子成分注意：关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据：1） 根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性；2） 根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物；3） 根据它在从句中所充当的成分-主语、宾语、表语或定语。2. 关系代词的用法：关系代词指代的是先行词，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。 作宾语时，口语中常可以省略； 如果关系代词作介词的宾语且介词提到关系代词的前面时，关系代词不能省略。1） who
6、; whom; whose who, whom二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语，whom在定语从句中作 宾语。 作宾语时二者可以换用，也可省略； 但在宾语且介词提到关系代词的前面时，关系代词不能省略。 The policeman to whom I spoke is my brother. 刚才和我讲话的那个警察是我弟弟。（作介词宾语） He is a man who doesnt care about anything. 他是个对什么都不在乎的人。（作主语） Yesterday I happened to meet the professor (who/whom)I got t
7、o know at the party. 昨天我碰巧遇见了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。（作动词宾语） whose一般指人，但有时也指物，在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系。 This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. 这就是那位拥有卓越成就的科学家。 Look out! Dont get too close to the house whose roof is under repair. 当心！不要太靠近屋顶正在维修的房子。 注意：（1）whose有时可用“of which/whom+限定词+n.”或“限定词+n.+of w
8、hich/whom” 替代。 You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. = You are the only one of whom the advice/the advice of whom he might listen to. 只有你的建议他可能会听。 （2）当定语不表示所属关系，而是指代所提到的内容时，用which引导非限定性 定语从句，译为“而这个（些）”。 I told him to see a doctor, which advice he took. 我叫他去看医生，他听取了这个建议。（which指看医生一事，而
9、非医生的建议）2） which: which 指代事物，可做主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略。 The letter which came this morning is from my father. 今天早晨收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的。（作主语） This is the necklace (which)I received as a birthday present. 这就是我收到的作为生日礼物的那条项链。（作宾语） 在非限制性定语从句中，只用which。 The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 我们上个月买的这幢房子很漂亮。
10、 位于介词后指物的关系代词只用which。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. 我过去住的那所房子现在变成了一家鞋店。3） that 指人或物，在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语。作宾语或表语时可以省略。 The picture (that) we are studying was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student. 我们正在研究的这幅画是一个十五岁的学生画的。 This is the book that has been translated recently by this yo
11、ung man. 这就是那个年轻人最近翻译的那本书。 注意：限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况： （1）当先行词是不定代词all, little, few, much, anything, everything, nothing, something, none, the one等时，只能用that。 Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你还有什么想要为自己辩解的吗？ You should hand in all that you have. 你应该把你拥有的一切都上交。 （2）当先行词被the only,
12、 the very（恰恰，正好）,the right等词修饰时，只能用 that。 This is the very person that Im waiting for. 这正是我在等的人。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 我们能做的唯一的事情是给你提供资金。 （3）先行词有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时或者先行词本身就是序数词或形容词 最高级时只用that。 What is the first American film that you have seen? 你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？ This is th
13、e best that has been used against pollution. 这是已经被采用的抵制污染的最佳办法。 （4）先行词既有人又有物时只能用that。 The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. 客人们高度赞扬了他们在少年宫看到的这些孩子及他们的表演。 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 你知道他们在谈论的人和事吗？ （5）当
14、主句的主语是疑问词who或which时只用that。 Which is the bike that you lost? 哪一辆是你丢的自行车？ Who is the boy that won the gold medal? 获得金奖的那个男孩是谁？ （6）当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时，只用that。 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是过去的上海了。 （7）以here或there开头的句子只能用that。 Here is a hotel that youve been looking for.
15、这就是你一直在找的旅馆。 There is still a seat in the corner that has not been taken. 在角上还有一个未被占的座位。 （8）句子中有两个定语从句时，其中一个已用关系代词which，另一个宜用that， 反之亦然。 They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution. 他们秘密地建起了一个小工厂，这个工厂生产会引起污染的东西。 Let me show you the novel that I borrowed f
16、rom the library which was newly open. 让我把从新开放的图书馆借来的那本小说拿给你看看。4） as引导定语从句主要用于两种情况：一种是限制性定语从句，先行词由so, such或the same修饰；一种是修饰整个主句的非限制性定语从句。 （1）用于先行词前由as, so, such, the same修饰的限制性定语从句： We have found such materials as are used in their factory. 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。（as作主语） You can take as many as you need
17、. 你需要多少就拿多少。（第二个as作宾语） He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。（as作表语）注意：the same . that 也常在定语从句中出现，但它表示“同一个，就是那一个”的意思； the same .as 表示“与.同样的”，但不是同一个。 This is the same book that I lost yesterday. 这就是我昨天丢的那本书。 This is the same book as I lost yesterday. 这与我昨天丢的那本书一样。 such. as. 引导的定语从句与such.that.引导的状
18、语从句的区别： He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.（定语从句） 他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。 He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.（状语从句） 他是如此聪明的孩子以至于人人都喜欢他。（2） as引导非限制性定语从句，先行词一般是整个句子，常出现在下列短语中： as we all know 大家都知道 as I can remember 正如我所记得的 as often happens 这经常发生 as we expect正如我们预料的那样 它引导的从句可以位于主句前，也可以位于主句后
19、，还可以位于主句中间。 He is a great hero, as is described in the report. 正如报道中描述的那样，他是一个伟大的英雄。（as用作主语，位于主句后） She is a famous film star, as we all know. 我们都知道，她是一个著名的影星。（as作宾语，位于主句后）注意：as与which引导非限定性定语从句的区别： as与which引导的非限定性定语从句都可以修饰整个主句，都可在从句中作主语、 宾语、表语。（1）as引导的从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、解释或评论，意为“正如，像， 由.而知，与.一致”，翻译时有时可
20、不必译出。常作实义动词（如see, know, hear, watch, remember, say, tell, show, expect, guess等）的宾语。 As we had expected, the plan worked out very well. 正如我们所料，这个计划结果非常好。（as作宾语） 当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态。 She has been absent again, as is expected. 她又缺席了，这在预料之中。 as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，也可在主句后，还可在主句中。 As everyone knows, Sha
21、kespeare is a famous writer. Shakespeare, as everyone knows, is a famous writer. Shakespeare is a famous writer, as everyone knows. 众所周知，莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。（2） which引导的此类从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明，表明事物的状态或结 果。which此时指前面主句提到的这件事，常译为“这一点，这件事”等。 which在句法上一般用作实义动词的主语或宾语，这时它所引导的从句与主句之 间常含有并列、因果关系。 Jim passed the drivin
22、g test, which surprised everybody in the office. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这件事让办公室里所有的人都感到吃惊。 which引导的非限制性定语从句，主句与从句通常用逗号隔开，which只能位于 被修饰句子的后面。 The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. 结果天气很好，超出了我们的预料。 当非限定性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。 He came here very fast, which was unexpected. (no
23、t expected). 他迟到了，这是意料之外的。 当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合宾语结构时，一般用which。 She was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which, of course, made the others unhappy. 她总是吹嘘自己在剧中的角色，这当然使得其他人不高兴。 Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange. 贝蒂总是说谎，她的父母觉得奇怪。IV 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词主要有when, where, why 等
24、，在定语从句中作状语。关系副词在定语从句中不可省略。1） when的用法：when指时间，在从句中作时间状语。 它的先行词通常为time, day, date, morning, night, week, year等表示时间的 名词，有时when也可以和部分介词一起引导定语从句。 Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 你知道林肯的出生日期吗？ She went to Japan two years ago, since when I havent heard from her. 她两年前去了日本，从那以后我没有收到过她的来信。2） where的
25、用法：where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常为place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等表示地点的名词。where引导的定语从句 还可以放在from后。 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这就是我去年呆过的山村。 The little boy hid himself behind the door, from where he could see his mum enter the room. 那个小男孩躲在门后，从那里他可以看见他妈妈进入
26、房间。3） why的用法：why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason, 在定语从句中作原因状语。 Is this the reason why she refused our offer? 这就是她拒绝我们帮助她的理由吗？ I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting. 我来是为了向你解释我当时没到会的原因的。4） 关系副词的省略：在表示方式、时间或地点的先行词后，常用that来替代in which, when, where; that也可以省略。that在句中充当副词使用，只引导定语从
27、句， 不作任何成分。被修饰的先行词常为the way（方法），the time（次数）， the direction（方向），the day(s)，the place(s)等。 Can you work out a way (that/in which) we can solve this problem? 你能找出一种我们能够解决这个问题的办法吗？ This is the third time (that/for which) he has been late this week. 这是他本周内第三次迟到。 Then came the day (that/when/on which) he
28、had to leave. 到了他必须走的日子了。V“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句 “介词+which”可以替代when, where, why等； “介词+whom/whose”在定语从句中没有与之对应的替代词。1. 替代when Ill never forget the days on which (when) we studied together. 我永远忘不了我们一起学习的日子。 The year in which (when) the earthquake happened was 1976. 地震发生的那年是1976年。2. 替代where This is the
29、town in which (where) Shakespeare was born. 这是莎士比亚出生的城镇。 I forgot the exact place in which (where) I had hidden the box. 我忘记了埋藏这盒子的确切地点。3. 替代why Theres no reason for which (why) we shouldnt be friends. 我们没有理由不能称为朋友。 Id like you to explain the reason for which (why) you were absent. 我想让你解释一下你没来的原因。4.
30、 替代that There are varieties of ways in which (that) we can solve this problem. 我们有很多方法可以解决这个问题。 March is the best time in which/ during which (that) farmers plough their fields. 三月是农民耕地的最佳时间。5. “名词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构 此类结构常见的有“some/several/a few/ a little/many/more/most/the largest (land)+of+which/whom”等形
31、式。 Here are the questions, some of which I thought difficult for you. 问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说太难。 Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA, most of whom came from the US. 出席会议的大都是DNA方面的专家，其中大部分来自美国。6. 关系代词前介词的确定1） 依据定语从句中动词或形容词等所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。 I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my m
32、oney that I saved. 我买了很多书，这些书花了我积攒的所有钱。（on依据spend.on确定的） Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted. 皮鞋生意是格林一家非常投入的事业。（to依据be devoted to 确定的）2） 依据与先行词搭配的具体意义而定。 In ten years, Jill went from working in the mailroom to running the company, in which more than 1,000 people now
33、 work. 在十年的时间里，吉尔从在邮局做起，一直做到开公司，现在有1,000多人在他的公司 上班。 Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的时光。3） 根据所表达的意思来确定。 The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 这种无色的，离了它我们不能活的气体就是氧气。 Youve anyway made some mistakes, except for which y
34、our performance would be the best. 你不知为什么犯了几个错误，要不是这几个错误，你的表演将会是最好的。注意：1）在英语中有时为了强调某一名词，不定式前也可加上关系词。 Here is the money with which to buy a piano. (= Here is the money to buy a piano with.) 这就是买钢琴的钱。 2）有些“动词+介词”短语（如look for, look after, call on等）如果介词提前将会失 去动词短语的意义，所以不可把介词置于关系代词前。 My younger brother,
35、after whom I have to look, is demanding. My younger brother, whom I have to look after, is demanding. 我得照看我的小弟弟，真是让人费神。VI 关系词的省略1. 关系代词的省略1） 关系代词在从句中作动词宾语时可省略。 I have never regretted the decision (that/which) I made years ago. 我从来没为我几年前作出的决定感到后悔。 I have been to the city twice (that/ which) you just
36、visited. 你刚参观完的那座城市我去过两次。2） 关系代词在从句中作表语时可省略。 After a score of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy (who/ that) he used to be. 二十年后，约翰逊不再是当年那个淘气的男孩子了。 The village is not the one (that) it was years ago. Great changes have taken place. 这个村庄不再是多年前的样子了，已经发生了巨大的变化。3） 关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而介词在从句句尾时可省略。 Generat
37、ion gap is a problem (that) people are interested in. 代沟是人们感兴趣的问题。 Pamelas health is the biggest thing (which/that) her parents are greatly concerned about. 帕米勒的健康问题是她父母最担心的事情。2. 关系副词的省略1） 先行词the place后的关系副词可省略。 Thats the place (where) he lived when he was in Paris. 这就是他在巴黎时所住的地方。2） 先行词the reason后面的
38、关系副词可省略。 The reason (why) he did that is quite clear. 他那样做的理由是非常清楚的。3） 当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略。 I appreciate the way (that) you teach us. 我喜欢你教我们的方式。VII 定语从句中需注意的问题1. 关系代词与关系副词的判断依据依据用法根据从句谓语动词是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词；是不及物动词则用关系副词。根据先行词可在从句中作的成分把先行词放进定语从句中，若可作主语、宾语、定语用关系代词；作状语则用关系副词。 1）This is the factory wher
39、e he used to work. 这是他以前工作过的那家工厂。（work是不及物动词） This is the factory that/which I visited last year. 这是我去年参观过的那家工厂。（visit是及物动词） 2）Is this the museum (that/which) you visited a few days ago? 这就是你几天前参观的那家博物馆吗？（从句缺宾语） Is this the museum where the exhibition was held? 这就是举办展览的那座博物馆吗？（从句缺状语）2. 限定性定语从句与非限制性定
40、语从句的区别区分点限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句限制程度不可或缺，去掉后主句意思不明确补充说明主句，去掉不影响主句意义的完整句子结构先行词与从句间没有逗号先行词与从句间用逗号分开翻译方式一般译成前置定语一般译成并列句关系词的省略作宾语的关系代词可以省略任何关系代词均不可省略，且不可用关系代词that A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health. 医生就是照顾人们健康的人。 She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much. 她说她已经完成了她的工作，我对此深表怀疑。 We all
