1、 时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。动词时态是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。所谓时就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段,即:现在、过去、将来、过去将来四种;所谓态就是行为或状态发生时所呈现的状态,有一般状态、进行状态、完成状态和完成进行状态四种。由时态结合,便形成下列十六种时态:时态现在过去将来过去将来一般时态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时一般过去将来时进行时态现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时完成时态现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来完成时完成进行时态 现在完成进行时
2、过去完成进行时 将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时一般时态一般现在时(Simple Present Tense)表示现在的状态、经常的或习惯性的动作、主语具备的性格和能力等。1.时间状语:Always,usually,often,sometimes,every week(day,year,month),once a week(day,year,month),on Sundays(on Mondays).2.基本结构:主语+be/do+其他;(如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)。否定形式:主语+am/is/are+not+其他(此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加dont,如
3、主语为第三人称单数,则用doesnt,同时还原行为动词)。一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。I am a student.I am not a student.Am I a student?Yes,you are./No,you are not.I like oranges.I do not like oranges.Do I like oranges?Yes,you do./No,you do not.一般过去时(Simple Past Tense)概念:表示过去某个时间内(或某一段时间内)发生的动作或存在的状态,过去经
4、常或反复发生的动作。时间状语:ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week,last(year,night,month),in1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,long long ago,once upon a time,etc.基本结构:主语+动词的过去式或be的过去式+名词。否定形式:主语+was/were+not+其他(在行为动词前加didnt,同时还原行为动词)。一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。例句:She often came to
5、help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。I didnt know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。一般将来时概念:表示将要发生的动作、打算、计划或准备做某事。标志:Tomorrow,soon,in a few minutes,,the day after tomorrow,etc.基本结构:(1)主语+am/is/are+going to+do sth(2)主语+will/shall+do sth否定形式:在系动词is/am/are或情态动词will/shall后加not一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。首字母大写例句:T
6、hey are going to have a competition with us in studies.他们将与我们在研究方面比一赛。It is going to rain.天要下雨了。一般过去将来时概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。时间状语:The next day(morning,year),the following month(week),etc.基本结构:主语+was/were+going to+do+其它;主语+would/should+do+其它否定形式:主语+was/were+not+going to+do;主语+would/should+not+
7、do.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他说他第二天要去北京。I asked who was going there.我问,谁要去那里。现在进行时(Present Progressive Tense)概念:表示现在(说话时)或当前阶段正在进行或发生的动作。时间状语:Now,at this time,days,etc.look,listen基本结构:主语+be+doing+其它否定形式:主语+be+not+doing+其它一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。例句:Ho
8、w are you feeling today?你今天感觉如何?He is doing well in his lessons.在课上他表现得很好。过去进行时概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语:at this time yesterday,at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。基本结构:主语+was/were+doing+其它否定形式:主语+was/were+not+doing+其它一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写).例句:At that time she was working in a PLA
9、unit.那段时间她在人民解放军部队工作。When he came in,I was reading a newspaper.他进来时,我正在读报纸。将来进行时概念:表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时间开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来 表示询问、请求等。时间状语:Soon,tomorrow,this evening,on Sunday,by this time,in two days,tomorrow evening.基本结构:主语+shall/will+be+现在分词+其它否定形式:主语+shall/will+not+be+现在分词+其它例句:This time next d
10、ay they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的这个时间,他们正坐在电影院。He wont be coming to the party.他不去参加聚会了。过去将来进行时概念:表示就过去某一时间而言,将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,主要用于宾语从句中,尤其多用于间接引语中。基本结构:should/would+be+现在分词例句:He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他说他不能来因为要开会。They said they would be coming.他们说了他们将
11、要来。现在完成时概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或 状态。时间状语:yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点,for+时间段,recently,lately,in the past few years,etc.基本结构:主语+have/has+p.p(过去分词)+其它否定形式:主语+have/has+not+p.p(过去分词)+其它一般疑问句:have或has放句首。例句:The countryside has changed a lot in the past few yea
12、rs.在过去的几年,农村发生了巨大的变化。Ive written an essay.我已经写了一篇论文。过去完成时概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即过去 的过去。时间状语:Before,by the end of last year(term,month),etc.基本结构:主语+had+p.p(过去分词)+其它否定形式:主语+had+not+p.p(过去分词)+其它肯定句:主语+had+p.p(过去分词)+其它否定句:主语+had+not+p.p(过去分词)+其它一般疑问句:Had+主语+p.p(过去分词)+其它特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般
13、疑问句一般疑问句:had放于句首。例句:As soon as we got to the station,the train had left.当我们到车站的时候,火车已经开走了。By the end of last month,we had reviewed four books.到上个月底,我们已经复习了四本书。将来完成时概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态。时间状语:by the time of;by the end of+时间短语(将来);by the time+从句(将来)基本结构:主语+be going to/will/shall+have+p.p(过去分词)+其它例句:By
14、the time you get back,great changes will have taken place in this area.到你回来的时候,就将发生巨大的变化。过去将来完成时概念:表示在过去某一时间对将来某一时刻以前所会发生的动作,常用在虚拟语气中,表示与过去的事 实相反。基本结构:should/would have done sth.例句:I thought youd have left by this time.我想这会儿你已经走了。He told them he would have finished it by 8 oclock.他告诉他们他会在8点以前干完。现在完成
15、进行时概念:表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并 可能延续到将来。基本结构:主语+have/has+been+doing+其它时间状语:since+时间点,for+时间段等。例子:I have been sitting here for an hour.我已经在这里坐了一个小时。The children have been watching TV since six oclock.从6点起,孩子们一直看电视。过去完成进行时概念:表示某个正在进行的动作或状态,持续到过去某个时刻,还未完成,一直持续到之后的当前才结 束。基本结构:主语+had+bee
16、n+doing+其它例子:She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。Had they been expecting the news for some time?他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧?特殊含义:尚未完成:He had been writing the novel.他已经在写小说了。(他没写完)企图:He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾经学习过这个谚语。(他曾努力学习 过它)未得结果:We had been stu
17、dying what our enemy had said.我们一直致力于敌人所说的。(但是 我们没有理解)最近情况:He had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一场架。(最近)反复动作:He had been asking me the same question.他一直问我相同的问题。(屡次)情绪:What had he been doing?他做了什么这块应该是what have he been doing+一个表示时间的clause将来完成进行时概念:表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间。是否继续下去,要视上下文而定。基本结构:s
18、hall/will have been doing例子:I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底,我将在这个工厂工作20年了。If we dont hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there.咱们如不快一点儿,等我们到了那儿,店门就会关了。过去将来完成进行时概念:表示从过去某时看至未来某时以前会一直在进行的动作。基本结构:should/would+have+been+现在分
19、词例子:He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.他告诉我,到年底时,他就在那住了30年了。主动语态 主语是谓语动作的使动方。也就是说谓语的动作源自主语,而施加于宾语。相反,被动语态中,主语是谓语动作的受动方,如果有宾语的,宾语往往是谓语动作的使动方。在语法机构上,主动语态和被动语态的区别主要在于,主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语,然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法;而被动语态则使用系词+动词的过去分词作为谓语,各种时态和其他语法也施加在系词上。被动语
20、态 英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍,许多课本及考试乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动式。须注意的是,许多地方与汉语不同。注意那些汉语中没有被的意思,英语却应该用被动态。还要注意,英语的被动态往往由by引出,而有用介词by的短语往往又不是被动态,而是系表结构。还有些特殊现象,如:known to man(人类.所知),on foot步行(美国人有时用by foot),in carriage(乘四轮马车)等等。还有假主动,真被动的十几个常用词的用法,以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to
21、 be carried 等习惯用法。有关这类情况,做到心中有数对全面掌握被动态,准确无误地解答习题非常关键,被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。英语的时态本来很复杂,怎样记住各自的被动形式呢?首先要明确将来进行无被动,现在完成进行同。这两种时态无被动形式。另外,不及物动词带有同源宾语的动词,反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式。即便如此,还有不定式,动名词,分词,以及它们的复合结构的被动态,再加上情态动词,助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂,真是令人头痛,眼花缭乱。下面口诀就以动词do为例,即do did过去式done过去分词,以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态,一定对你有所启示。一、被
22、动语态的用法一般现在时的被动语态构成:is/am/are+及物动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned every day.我们教室每天都被打扫。一般过去时的被动语态构成:was/were+及物动词的过去分词A new shop was built last year.去年修了一座新商店。一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+be+及物动词的过去分词A new hospital will be built in our city.我们城市将要修建一家新医院。现在进行时的被动语态构成:am/is/are+being+及物动词的过去分词Uncle Wang is mending
23、 my bike now.My bike is being repaired by Tom now.王叔叔正在修理我的自行车。现在完成时的被动语态构成:has/have+been+及物动词的过去分词This book has been translated into many languages.这本书被翻译成多种文字。Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.在许多国家有许多人造卫星被送上了太空。过去进行时的被动语态构成:was/were+being+及物动词的过去分词The new roa
24、d was being made.这条新路正在修筑。过去完成时的被动语态构成:had+been+及物动词的过去分词The classroom hadnt been cleaned before the teacher came.在老师来之前,教室尚未打扫。将来完成时的被动语态构成:shall/will+have been doneThey will have been married for 20 years by then.届时,他们结婚将满20周年。含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词Young trees must be watered often.小树需要经常
25、浇水。二、主动语态改成被动语态1.先找出谓语动词;2.再找出谓语动词后的宾语;3.把宾语用作被动语态中的主语;4.注意人称、时态和数的变化。例:Bruce writes a letter every week.A letter is written by Bruce every week.布鲁斯每星期写一封信。Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.The broken bike was mended by Li Leithis morning.李雷今天上午在修理坏的自行车。He has written two novels so far.Two
26、novels have been written by him so far.至今他已写了两部小说。They will plant ten trees tomorrow.Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.他们明天将要种植十棵树。Lucy is writing a letter now.A letter is being written by Lucy now.露西正在写信。You must lock the door when you leave.the door must be locked when you leave.当你离开的时候你必
27、须把门锁上。三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题:不及物动词无被动语态。What will happen in 100 years?一百年里会发生什么事?有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well.这支钢笔很好写。感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to,但变为被动语态时,须加上to。(1)Make somebody do something somebody+be+made to do something(2)See somebody do something somebody+be+seen to do something例句:(1)A gi
28、rl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl whenshe passed by.当一个女孩经过的时候,看到我的钱夹掉了。(2)The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by theboss.这个老板让这小男孩干重活。如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)做主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。He gave me a book.
29、A book was given to me by him.他给了我一本书。He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him.他给我展示了一张票。My father bought me a new bike.A new bike was bought for me by my father.我父亲给我买了一辆新自行车。一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。We cant laugh at him.He cant be laughed at by us.我们不能嘲笑他。四、新兴形式的被动语态 G
30、et+过去分词也可以构成被动语态,用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如:The man got hurt on his way home.那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。How did the glass get broken?杯子怎么破了?著名学者周海中教授在论文Get-Passive研究中指出:Get+过去分词的被动语态是一种新兴的被动语态形式;相对来说它的使用还没有Be+过去分词构成的被动语态那么广泛,一般限于口语和非正式书面语;但它却有着用得愈来愈多的趋势,是一种生气蓬勃的语言现象。在英语中,语气是动词的一种形式,它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。陈述语气陈述语气表示
31、动作或状态是现实的、确定的和符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:(1)We are not ready.我们没准备好。(陈述句)(2)What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!(感叹句)祈使语气祈使语气表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如:(1)Open the door,please.请打开门。(请求)(2)Turn down the TV.关掉电视机。(命令)虚拟语气虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等,它是专门表达假设意义(hypothetical meaning)及其他非事实意义(non-factual meani
32、ng)的动词形式。虚拟词有wish(希望)、if(如果)、hope(希望)、want(想)、think(想、认为)等。如:(1)I wish I were a bird.我希望我是一只鸟。(我不是一只鸟)(2)If there were no gravity,we should not be able to walk.如果没有重力(我们有重力),我们就无法行走。(3)If I were you,I would accept it.如果我是你(我永远不可能是你,表虚拟),我将接受它。(4)If you had been here yesterday,you would have seen him.昨天你如果在这儿,就能见到他了。(事实是昨天你没在这儿,未见到他)