1、大学英语四级考试长难句翻译练习英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如 and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。这种句式虽然难度不一定很高，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的.Classroom ：1. Now,Shaw is exaggerating,but there is something in what he says,and the question is worth following up,for the sake of the light it
2、throws on modern knowledge。要 点：本句是由并列连词but，and引导的并列复合句。在第三个分句中it throws on modern knowledge是定语从句，修饰名词light，定语从句的引导词that被省略。“throw light on sth.”的意思是“make sth. clear”。参考译文：当然萧伯纳是言过其实了，但他所说的也确实有些道理，这一问题值得进一步探讨，因为它会帮助人们看清现代知识的真实情况。2.It was mostly he who talked and he seemed afraid to stop for fear shed
3、 ask him to leave her by herself.要 点：这是一个由and连接的并列复合句。And前面的句子是强调句，强调的成分是he。for fear(that)=in order thatshould not happen意为“生怕，以免”，to leave her by herself=to leave her alone。参考译文：大部分时间都是他在讲话。他似乎害怕停下来，生怕话一停，她就会请他离开。Exercise :1. If you are a man,you can point out that most poets and men of science are
4、 male;if you are a woman,you can retort that so are most criminals.要 点：这是一个句型结构十分对称的并列复合句。“so are most criminals”是倒装结构，most criminals是主语，so是表语，代替male以避免重复。参考译文：如果你是男人，你会指出，大多数诗人和科学家都是男性的;如果你是妇女，你会反驳说，大多数罪犯也都是男性的。2. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discr
5、imination by private employers would be greater.参考译文：根据政府和私人雇主的性质来看，私人雇主更有可能采取歧视。3. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi.参考译文：这种化合物通过碳的释放来实现循环，主要依靠喜氧和厌氧细菌以及一些菌类的活动。4. A spiri
6、ted discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they havent.参考译文：一场激烈的争论在一个女孩和一位少校中展开了，前者说女人们已经不再“看到老鼠就从椅子上跳起来”了，而后者说她们依然那样。5. They are trying to find out whether there is something about th
7、e way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.参考译文：他们在尝试寻找是否我们教授孩子们语言的方法中有阻碍孩子们迅速学习语言的东西。6. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to buil
8、d a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.参考译文：使用计算机来拷贝大脑工作方式的数学家们发现即使使用最先进的电子设备，他们也要建造一台超过10，000公斤的计算机。 7. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish,
9、to learning about the stars and making model ships.参考译文：既然不同的人们在他们的业余时间做不同的事情，我们可以列出一长串爱好列表，包括从收集火柴盒到养珍稀鱼类以及学习星学和制造航模等各种消遣。8. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.参考译文：他们知道在冰面下面游泳的海豹呼吸的热气会使冰面上出现
10、洞口，于是他们就在洞旁守侯并捕杀海豹。9. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.参考译文：只要一个人没有属于其他人种的明显的特征，我们就可以判断他是否属于白色人种。10. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much m
11、ore numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?参考译文：尽管在学校，企业和政府中不诚实的欺诈行为近年来比以往都要多，大那也许是因为我们在这些方面加大了揭露的力度。11. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may
12、be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.参考译文：并不是与独立理论不一致，而是与其应用不相符合：爱情小说可以以任何一种形式展现或者根本没有特殊的规律，他们没有累积效果，就象现代小说家的作品一样独立。12. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the
13、 academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professors classroom duties.参考译文：即使是学术界被长时间认作必须“同盟卡”的博士学位，现在也因为仅仅为了学习本身和知识的累积而学习，却不把知识应用到教授的教学职责中去而受到了严厉的批评。13. While a selection of neces
14、sary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended t
15、o provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.参考译文：尽管收集必要的信息对于两者来说都是需要的，但官员必须以中立和清晰的态度来提供事实的画面，而艺术家从已设字的信息或者态度开始，并将其过用激发读者共鸣和情绪反应的词语描写的动用细节描述出来。14. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, igno
16、ring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.参考译文：流行期刊中甚至有文章批评国民生产总值，因为它并不是一个福利目录，一方面忽视了它从来就没有这种倾向，另一方面的建议是通过正确的改变它才能被转化过来。15. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arra
17、ngement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.参考译文：其他的实验揭示神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和连接的细微变化，但就神经关联而言，这些感觉区域的相似性比那些细微的区别更有意义可言。
18、16. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.参考译文：中国向农民和其它农村住户发放了宣传刊物，指导他们观察动物，以便每户人家都能参与帮助地震预报。17. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system
19、hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.参考译文：星球大战防御系统的支持者们希望它不仅能保护一个遭受核攻击的国家，也希望它能成为使核攻击永不发生的足够威胁。18. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the E
20、arths atmosphere, from hitting their targets.参考译文：它也不能防止轨道在地球大气层以内的洲际导弹和轰炸机命中目标。19. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable o
21、rders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.参考译文：人民活动家一直认为黑人和拉丁美人难以在生意上立足的原因是因为他们难以取得大公司的大宗定单和分包合同20. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” chil
22、d who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.参考译文：她认为十九世纪给家庭经济作出贡献的孩子才“有用”的概念慢慢改变了，今天提到那些没有挣取收入的“无用”孩子，甚至还要花销很多，仍然在情感上被认为是无价的。21. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800s, this ne
23、w view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a childs emotional value made child labor taboo参考译文：这种关于孩子的观点到19世纪时已在中上阶级中建立，并于19世
24、纪末20世纪初在社会上广泛传播，当时改革者们推行童工规定和义务教育法，部分来源于孩子的情感价值的假设，这都使得使用童工被禁止了。22. No prudent person dared to act on the assumption that, when the continent was settled, one government could include the whole; and when the vast expense broke up, as seemed inevitable, into a collection of separate nations, only dis
25、cord, antagonism, and wars could be expected.参考译文：、没有一个谨慎的人能按如下的假设行事：当陆地确定以后，一个政府并不能包括全部；当这种巨大的开销终于分裂为几个民族时，这看起来是不可避免的，人们就只能等待着争论，敌对和战争了。 23. If they were right in thinking that the next necessity in human progress was to lift the average person upon an intellectual and social level with the most fa
26、vored, they stood at least three generations nearer than Europe to that goal.参考译文：如果他们认为人类进步的下一步必需是把普通人的智力水平和社会地位向着最受欢迎的方向提高的看法正确的话，他们至少要比欧洲超前三代接近那个目标。24. Somehow he knows that if our huckstering civilization did not at every moment violate the eternal fitness of things, the poets song would have be
27、en given to the world, and the poet would have been cared for by the whole human brotherhood, as any man should be who does the duty that every man owes it.参考译文：他认识到如果不是我们的“小贬”文明每时每刻地破坏事实内部的和谐的话，诗人的诗歌就该已经奉献给了世界，而诗人也该被全人类关怀着，每个为大家做事的人都该被如此对待。25. The instinctive sense of the dishonor which money-purch
28、ase does to art is so strong that sometimes a man of letters who can pay his way otherwise refuses pay for his work, as Lord Byron did, for a while, from a noble pride, and as Count Tolstoy has tried to do, from a noble conscience.参考译文：金钱购买给艺术的本能耻辱感如此强烈，以致可有时文人可以获得报酬却拒绝为其作品给予的报酬，Lord Byron有时因为尊贵的自豪而
29、这么做，而Count Tolstoy则出于贵族的良知而尽力这么做。26。Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.参考译文：也许他认为他批评美国的外支政策就会使他从联帮政府那里获得的对人权和的支持受到威胁。27. Abraham Lincoln, who presided in his stone temple
30、 on August 28, 1963 above the children of the slaves he emancipated (解放), may have used just the right words to sum up the general reaction to the Negroes massive march on Washington.参考译文：Abraham Lincoln在1963年8月28日在他掌管的石头寺里解放了奴隶的孩子们，使用了正确的词语来总统对待华盛顿的黑人群众游行。28. In the Warren Court era, voters asked t
31、he Court to pass on issues concerning the size and shape of electoral districts, partly out of desperation because no other branch of government offered relief, and partly out of hope that the Court would reexamine old decisions in this area as it had in others, looking at basic constitutional princ
32、iples in the light of modern living conditions.参考译文：在Warren法庭时代，选民们要求法庭通过有关选区的大小和形状的问题，一方面因为出于绝望-没有什么其他的政府部门提供缓解的办法；一方面出于希望-法庭根据现代的生活条件来审视基本的宪法原则,像其他地区一样重新审查在这一地区的旧的规定。29. Some even argue plausibly that this weakness may be irremediable : in any society that, like a capitalist society, seeks to beco
33、me ever wealthier in material terms disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.参考译文：有些人甚至看似事理地认为这一弱点无可补救：在任何一个在物质财富方面追求更加富裕的社会中，比如说资本主义社会，比例不均衡的回报肯定要流向那些在创造财富增长的过程中提供设备的人。30. This doctrine has broadened the application of the
34、 Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination
35、in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts.参考译文：这一学说把十四修正案的应用扩大到了其他方面，由于一些法官拒绝用宪法来给除种族外的东西来进行法定分类予以否定，许多人觉得这一论点可以接受；至少有一些非种族的歧视，特别是性别歧视被怀疑要受法庭的仔细审查。31. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves o
36、r to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to have more room for creative accident.参考译文：但由于照相机变得越来越精细，越来越自动化了，一些摄
37、影师禁不住开始解除他们的装备或者说他们根本没什么装备，而倾向于运用那些非现代的照相技术，因为一架未成熟，力不大的机器被认为更加有趣或者说更能有情绪结果，给人更多的创作空间。考生四级阅读笔记：长难句分析及猜单词技巧课程目标：1. 准确分析历年真题的规律(比如题目出处，问题特点，答案特点，常见考点)2. 准确分析历年真题的做题技巧(比如态度题，主体题，猜词题，细节题，推理题)3. 准确把握难句规律及阅读技巧(英语和汉语的区别)4. 准确把握命题人的思维规律(即三个“一切”)课堂安排：1. 以传统阅读为主(传统阅读是新题型的基础)2. 新题型最后一节课总结归纳全面提高阅读综合素质必须处理好4大关系：
38、1.阅读和单词的关系：a.单词的三部曲b.单词的三个不能逾越过程(单词书背诵阶段练习巩固阶段白词阶段)c.单词的三个种类(黑白灰：灰词-相似易混单词，最熟悉的陌生人单词的三种记忆法(模糊循环记忆法，对比记忆法；联想记忆)特别强调词干法可以参考，但不能为主要记忆方法，因为有很多意思解释牵强附会。d.单词的其他需要注意的问题: 1. 态度 2. 抄写 3. 任务 4. 分段2.阅读和语法的关系(长句讲，主谓，句型，固定搭配，同位语，分词定语，名词型从句，补语，从句不考)3.阅读和练习的关系(即精读和泛读的关系；建议以历年真题作为自己的阅读材料。)4.阅读和理解的关系(1. 命题规律，2. 基础 3
39、. 常识(自然常识和西方社会文化常识)阅读的常见问题:1. 两度的问题2. 常见的误区3. 阅读看了后面忘了前面4. 做题先入为主，靠感觉和印象做题目 笔读：1. 用横线标出题干及原文的关键词2. 用中英文甚至阿拉伯数字做笔记3. 用中文总结全文主题或段落主题笔读的好处：1. 理清脉络，抓住主题2. 目标明确，有的放矢3. 节约时间，避免回读猜词题的做法：1. 上下文原则 2. 代入法 3. 似非而是，似是而非黑词对策： 下定义(mean, is) 同位语 近义词 解释说明 标点符号(括号，破折号) 构词法 定语从句 句子前后对比 上下文 常识转折词显性转折词：常见的：but, however
40、, yet不常见的：on the other hand, in contrast, nevertheless, on the contrary隐性转折词：1. while, despite/in spite of, though / although2. The trouble is, The problem is, The difficulty is3. 否定的强调形式(does not, could not, can not etc.)词的同意替换：1. 近义词替换 2. 相同含义替换细节题(即词的定位) 在原文中直接找到题干中的关键词(主要关键词：名词，名词短语；次要关键词：动词，形容词
41、，副词；注意主要关键词和次要关键词是相对的。关键词2个特点：唯一性和特殊性) 根据专有名词回原文定位，如人名，书名，地名，年代，阿拉伯数字 找不到关键词要注意同意替换 根据提干所指段落回原文查读(注意ABCD选项中有关键词) 提干未指出来自何段，如果题目在中间，根据题目顺序和自然段顺序一般一致的原则，定位相应的自然段(注意ABCD选项中有关键词)难句分析：(grape and bamboo) 原则：先分析结构，后把握意思固定结构：如，固定搭配，固定句型语法： 如，分析主谓，主谓宾，或句子做主语等标点符号：如，两个逗号，两个破择号 先主干(主谓)，后分支(定语，补语，同位语等等) 分支看得懂也不
42、提前看，看不懂放弃因为有关职务，头衔，社会地位等补充性的说明属于旁支信息，一般以两个逗号或两个破折号出现，第一遍阅读可以暂时先不管。如果题目涉及补充性的问题，那么在重新阅读时重叠选项和原文，一一考核；如果题目未涉及，那么忽略不看，把握句子主要意思。推理题：逻辑推理题常见词： infer, imply, suggest, conclude, true or false, except(废话！)推理题唯一特点：必须根据文章中的词、句所提供的事实基础推理得出，不能主观臆断，无中生有。推理题的四个角度：1.通过显性或隐性的转折词推理得出作者态度及文章主题。2.从逻辑意义上进行推理3.通过段首段尾句推理
43、得出文章主题。4.通过原文事实细节进行同义替换的推理。推理题必须注意的两点：1. 同义替换是关键(过于绝对，扩大缩小范围，推理过头都是错误的)2. 就近原则(勿跨段推理)最高级题：(即问最主要的理由，最主要的特点或最主要的方法等)1. 到文章中找最高级2. 到文章中找强调句3. 到文章中找笔墨篇幅最长的4. 文章中只有一个理由或特点。例子题：例子本身不重要，目的更重要，例子必须服从主题需要。主题题：主题题主要考查文章的整体把握(废话！)1.主题题型：文章中有主题句时，与主题句相对应的为正确答案。(主题句一般位于第一自然段或其它段落的段首段尾句)2.文章没有主题句时，综合各自然段段首句或重复率最
44、高的是主题。3.问题解决方案型文章，问题为文章主题所在4.现象报道型文章，报道的对象为文章主题所在。主题答案特征：1. 一般为名词短语或名词词组2. 关键词出现频率高3. 关键词一般位于段首句主题题型的变体：1. 标题best title 正确答案应当对应文章的主题词 选项范围要恰如其分，过大过小都不行2. 写作目的 purpose 等于文章主题3. 态度题 方法与主题题一致。但要注意三类态度词汇褒义词 objective, impartial贬义词 biased, indifferent, impassive, disgusting, subjective, contempt, foolish, stupid中性词 approve, support，positive, negative, cautious, neutral, critical, humorous贬义词是永陪选项，绝对不是答案褒义词像正确选项，但要从原文事实来判断。中性词：即是支持还是反对还是中立，这要看原文的段首段尾句以及转折词。错误答案的特点1. 过分绝对 2. 无中生有3. 正反混淆 4. 就事论事5. 以偏概全 6. 夸大内容7. 偷换概念 8. 增减词汇9. 答非所问 10.违背常识正确答案的特点1照抄原文 2同义替换3全面概括
