1、iBT TOEFL Reading (Basic Level)主讲:何 康Introduction niBT TOEFL托福阅读简介niBT TOEFL基础阅读课程设置简介n攻克iBT TOEFL阅读的基本要求niBT TOEFL托福Direction讲解n托福真题测试n总结iBT TOEFL考试的特点和做题原则n讲解句子的结构iBT 托福阅读托福阅读V.S.笔试托福阅读笔试托福阅读iBT托福托福笔试托福笔试托福文章数量文章数量3 5篇篇5篇篇文章长度文章长度650 750单词单词/篇篇300 400单词单词/篇篇题目数量题目数量12 14 个个/篇篇9 11 个个/篇篇测试时间测试时间20分
2、钟分钟/篇篇55分钟分钟/5篇篇测试分数测试分数0 30 分分0 67 分分niBT TOEFL 特点1.新托福所有的文章都加了标题新托福所有的文章都加了标题nmain idea题型取消,取而代之的是文章内容小结题题型取消,取而代之的是文章内容小结题2.文章明显加长文章明显加长 n老托福老托福 350 新托福新托福 700n老托福老托福 11分分/篇篇 新托福新托福 20分分/篇篇n 注意加试:注意加试:第第1部分若部分若3篇,则听力为篇,则听力为9个段落或篇幅的文章个段落或篇幅的文章第第1部分若部分若5篇,则听力为篇,则听力为6个段落或篇幅的文章个段落或篇幅的文章niBT TOEFL 特点3
3、.新托福的生词明显增多新托福的生词明显增多n高中:高中:3500个单词个单词;四级:;四级:4000多多;n新托福:新托福:8000(质的突破)(质的突破)n词汇题占词汇题占1/4的分数的分数4.题目大多都是具有客观无争性(混淆题不多)题目大多都是具有客观无争性(混淆题不多)5.顺序原则顺序原则出题的顺序和文章议论的顺序基本一致的出题的顺序和文章议论的顺序基本一致的第第1题,一般在前题,一般在前3行;第行;第2题,题,4-6行行niBT TOEFL 特点6.明显增加了对句子和篇章的考察明显增加了对句子和篇章的考察 n体现在新增题型中体现在新增题型中7.新增题型新增题型n句子简化题:句子结构的理
4、解句子简化题:句子结构的理解n句子插入题:考查逻辑句子插入题:考查逻辑n文章内容小结题目:文章内容小结题目:6选选3(2分);分);7选选5(3分)分)n图表题图表题:从文字到表格:从文字到表格TOEFL iBT Reading Question Types Basic Information&Inference questions 1.Factual Information questions 2.Negative Factual Information questions3.Inference questions 4.Rhetorical Purpose questions 5.Vocab
5、ulary questionsTOEFL iBT Reading Question Types5.Sentence Simplification questions 6.Insert Text questionsReading to Learn questions 7.Prose Summary 8.Fill in a Table niBT 托福阅读的考察重点托福阅读的考察重点(1)主题主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题。辨析段落主题。(2)细节细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪。:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪。
6、(3)词汇词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义。些词汇和短语的含义。(4)推断推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息。:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息。(5)态度态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度。:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度。(6)结构结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构。的结构。3攻克攻克iBT 托福的基本要求托福的基本要求(1)词汇是基础:如何有效地记忆词汇?词汇是基础:如何有效地记忆词汇?n四级词汇开始,四级词汇开始,6000 9000 n词汇书如何看:词汇书如何
7、看:最难的:最难的:s,t,c,d,e,l,p最易得:最易得:q,u,v,w.x,y,zn词汇书的选择词汇书的选择nTOEFL词汇词汇 n王玉梅编著王玉梅编著n 适合高中生,词汇适合高中生,词汇基础比较差的同学基础比较差的同学n 收录词汇比较多而全收录词汇比较多而全n 网络价:¥网络价:¥21.1nTOEFL词汇,词以词汇,词以类记类记n张红岩编著张红岩编著n前面的题材分类词前面的题材分类词汇不错,但后面的汇不错,但后面的分类词汇总结一般分类词汇总结一般n 适合有一定基础的适合有一定基础的同学同学n 网络价¥网络价¥23.8nTOEFL词汇精选词汇精选n 张红岩编著张红岩编著n 收录了比较多的
8、常考收录了比较多的常考的中高级托福词汇的中高级托福词汇n比较适合过了比较适合过了4级的级的同学同学n网络价¥网络价¥17.3nTOEFL核心词汇核心词汇21天天突破突破n李笑来编著李笑来编著n此书比较有成就感和规此书比较有成就感和规划感,并且每个单词都划感,并且每个单词都配备了托福考试的真题配备了托福考试的真题的原句的原句n 适合有一定基础,特适合有一定基础,特别是看得懂单词可看不别是看得懂单词可看不懂句子的同学懂句子的同学n 网络价:¥网络价:¥21.8 词典的选择¥22.5¥77.0n词汇记忆方法词汇记忆方法 零散时间背诵零散时间背诵 15天内必须重复天内必须重复 背单词背单词+阅读阅读
9、一词多义一词多义nE.g.freshman n freshwomann句子是关键:句子是关键:如何快速高效地读懂句子?如何快速高效地读懂句子?句子的结构句子的结构 n背景是补充:背景是补充:老真题老真题 的阅读理解的阅读理解 National Geography Discovery 原版专业教材原版专业教材 美国历史文化书籍美国历史文化书籍n美国风情录美国风情录、美加概况美加概况、美国介绍美国介绍n 比较原始的,中英文对照的,涵盖地理、历史、自比较原始的,中英文对照的,涵盖地理、历史、自然风光、社会人文然风光、社会人文n几个重要的网站几个重要的网站 www.wikipedia.org http
10、:/ Once you make up your mind to succeed,failure will never defeat youn To do much is to be much To do little is to be littlen阅读能力薄弱的原因 词汇量不够词汇量不够 词汇量足够,但是没掌握一词多义词汇量足够,但是没掌握一词多义 无法在文中快速定位找答案无法在文中快速定位找答案 单词看得懂也能定位,但是放到句子就看不懂单词看得懂也能定位,但是放到句子就看不懂 想要看懂每一句话,没看懂不放心想要看懂每一句话,没看懂不放心nRead iBT TOEFL Directions
11、 nTPO(TOEFL Practice Online)nhttp:/toeflpractice.ets.org/n Sample Test:Passage 22 on your handoutnAnswer to Passage 22 1-5 C D B B D 6-10 A B D D An托福考试三大原则托福考试三大原则 不要通读全文不要通读全文n 先读段落首末句,然后带着题目回原文找答先读段落首末句,然后带着题目回原文找答案案 阅读考试题目具有很强的客观性阅读考试题目具有很强的客观性n 原文必有出处,不能靠猜测原文必有出处,不能靠猜测在速度与准确率无法兼得的情况下,一定以准在速度与准确
12、率无法兼得的情况下,一定以准确率为主确率为主n 不可以边做题边查字典不可以边做题边查字典n标点符号的用法:句号句号 分隔句子分隔句子逗号逗号 逗号之间可以不用看逗号之间可以不用看冒号冒号 抽象到具体的过程,表示解释抽象到具体的过程,表示解释分号分号 并列(语义上和结构上的并列)并列(语义上和结构上的并列)破折号破折号-之间是说明成分,可以不看之间是说明成分,可以不看引号引号 引用别人的观点,表讽刺引用别人的观点,表讽刺括号括号 解释作用解释作用阅读的方法n精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法1.简单句简单句:S+V+O 2.复合句复合句:主句主句+从句从句3.三大从句:三大从
13、句:n泛读泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读快速阅读与有效阅读1.快速阅读方法快速阅读方法2.阅读中需要详略结合阅读中需要详略结合 3.理解单位扩大理解单位扩大 精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法1.简单句简单句:S+V+O 谓动单一性原则谓动单一性原则:在一个句子中,有且只有:在一个句子中,有且只有一个一个 谓语动词谓语动词nI am a student study economics.()nI am a student studying economics()非谓语动词非谓语动词:现在分词现在分词 V-ing 过去分词过去分词 V-ed(P.P.)不定式不定式 to do 精读精
14、读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法2.复合句复合句:主句主句+从句从句主句单一性原则:在一个句子中,有且只有一主句单一性原则:在一个句子中,有且只有一个个主句主句(从句从句 可以有若干个可以有若干个)nS+V+O,S+V+O()SVO,and/but SVO SVO,引导词引导词+SVO精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法n3.三大从句:三大从句:名词性从句名词性从句:主语从句、同位语从句、强调句型:主语从句、同位语从句、强调句型形容词性从句:定语从句形容词性从句:定语从句 副词性从句:状语从句副词性从句:状语从句精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解
15、析方法名词性从句名词性从句(1)主语从句主语从句 引导词引导词:what,that,how,why,whether 结构:结构:That+S.+V.+O.=n what/whatever+S.+V.=n精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法nExample What you said is right That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known 改写改写:It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法名词性
16、从句名词性从句(2).同位语从句同位语从句:同位语:同位语:n1,n2 n1=n2 同位语从句同位语从句 S,n,V.O.S,that+SVO,VO e.g.The fact,that the ancestor of birds are dinosaurs,is known.可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词,如:可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词,如:n view,idea,suggestion,fact,reason,conclusion,doubt.e.g.There is no doubt that he was a fine scholar精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法n
17、Test:Analyze the sentence structure (1)Though the actual boundaries and sizes and shapes of the plates are not known for sure,it has been postulated that there are six major plates.(2)It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed,that Panagaea subsequently
18、broke apart into two giant pieces,Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north,and that the continents attached to the various crystal plates separated and drifted in various directions.精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法n强调句型:It is.that+SV/+VO .注意强调句型的结构注意强调句型的结构 “It is/was+被强调部分被强调部分+who/that+其它部其它
19、部分分”,此结构常译为,此结构常译为 “是是;正是正是”。其特点是:去掉强调结构其特点是:去掉强调结构“It is/was who/that”原句仍成立原句仍成立It was about 600 years ago _ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.A.that B.until C.before D.when 精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法n 强调句型强调句型:It is.that+SV/+VO .注意注意 who 和和 that 的选用的选用:n在强调句型中,若被强调部分是主语,且指人在强调
20、句型中,若被强调部分是主语,且指人时,可用时,可用 who 代替代替 that;n若被强调部分是宾语,且指人时,可用若被强调部分是宾语,且指人时,可用 whom 代替代替 that;但若被强调部分是状语时,则只能;但若被强调部分是状语时,则只能用用 that,即使指时间、地点、原因等,也不能,即使指时间、地点、原因等,也不能用用 when,where 或或 because 等替代。如:等替代。如:精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法nIt was my sister whom I met in the street yesterday.nIt was only when I
21、reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty.nIt was for this reason that her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small town 精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法n强调句型强调句型:It is.that+SV/+VO 强调句型通常强调主语、宾语和状语,一般不强强调句型通常强调主语、宾语和状语,一般不强调谓语。调谓语。需强调谓语时,要在谓语动词原形前面加上助动需强调谓语时,要在谓语动词原
22、形前面加上助动词词 do,does 或或 did,尤其是在祈使句或肯定,尤其是在祈使句或肯定句中,用来加强语气。句中,用来加强语气。如:nDo tell me where on earth you are now!nBoys and girls,let me tell you something that does sound strange.nTo my surprise,he did come here on time last night.精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法 形容性从句形容性从句:定语从句定语从句 引导词引导词::that,which,who,whom
23、 :when,where,whose结构结构:第第类引导词类引导词 第第类引导词类引导词 +VO=a +SVO=a +SV=a 精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法举例举例 n 第第I类引导词类引导词 This is the pig that/which is very fat This is the pig that/which I ate This is the pig from which I make fun This is the pig,which is very fat This is the pig,which I ate This is the pig,fr
24、om which I make fun精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法n第第II 类类:whose,when,where+SVOThe book,whose cover is red,is quite interesting.This is the place where I grew up.=in which I grew up.精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法n形容词性从句的省略形容词性从句的省略 当当that/which/whom在定于从句中充当在定于从句中充当宾语宾语时,时,可以将它们省略:可以将它们省略:This is the movie
25、I love.当当that/which 在定语从句中充当主语时,并在定语从句中充当主语时,并且从句中的谓语动词为且从句中的谓语动词为be动词动词时可将它们时可将它们省略省略 n.that/which+be n,The house,which was built in 1919,was destroyed.The house,built in 1919,was destroyed.精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法n个别情况下,which或as在引导定语从句时,也指代前面整个一句整个一句 As the plates drifted,they may have diverged
26、,which was associated with the spread of the seafloor,or they may have converged,which resulted in collision,seduction and mountain building 精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法n(III)副词性从句副词性从句:省略省略引导词引导词when,though,while,although,if结构结构When+s*+v*+adj/V-ing/V-ed,S+V+O省略条件:省略条件:s*=S v*=be 则:从句的则:从句的主语主语和和谓语谓语
27、一起省略。一起省略。举例:举例:When he was young,he was always beaten by his father.When young,he was always beaten by his father精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法n测试测试1:写出省略句:写出省略句If you are in doubt,you could ask at your local library.If in doubt,you could ask at your local libraryThe room was a little shabby,though it
28、 is large.The room was a little shabby,though large.精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法n测试测试2:找出该句子中的省略:找出该句子中的省略 Other possible chemical defenses,while not directly toxic to the parasite,may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of parasitic relationship.For example,glycol-protein in plant cell
29、walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls.精读精读 句子结构分析和解析方法句子结构分析和解析方法n 7 比较结构比较结构:比较的形式要一致比较的形式要一致:The United States is larger than UK/UK is/is UK 比较的对象要泛指:比较的对象要泛指:Your car is much more expensive than the one I have.比较的对象要一致:比较的对象要一致:The temperature in Alaska is much lower than that of T
30、exas.二、泛读二、泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读快速阅读与有效阅读n1快速阅读方法快速阅读方法(I)句子简读法句子简读法:所有的句子都先读主干,再看引所有的句子都先读主干,再看引导句导句 (1)n+that+V=定语从句定语从句 (2)V.+that=宾语从句宾语从句 (3)S+V,O “”省略不读省略不读 (4)S,V+O “”省略不读省略不读二、泛读二、泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读快速阅读与有效阅读(II)n1,n2,n3(名词并列,则名词并列,则找一个自找一个自己认识的读己认识的读)n e.g.Aggressive behavior is intended to cause injury,pa
31、in,suffering,damage or destruction.二、泛读二、泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读快速阅读与有效阅读(III)n1 of n2,n1是是中心词、核心词中心词、核心词 n1 of n2 of n3,n1是是中心词、核心词中心词、核心词n e.gAn understanding of the derivation of the word competition supports that.n 翻译的方式:从翻译的方式:从后后向向前前翻译依次加翻译依次加“的的”二、泛读二、泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读快速阅读与有效阅读 (IV)n1 or n2,n1 and n2(n1、n2认识
32、一认识一个就行个就行)e.g.Based-20 or Vigesimal system are less used.二、泛读二、泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读快速阅读与有效阅读(V)A such as B.C.D 或者或者 such A as B.C.D.只要认识只要认识A.B.C.D当中的一个就可以当中的一个就可以 Verbal attacks such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comments can also be a type of aggression.二、泛读二、泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读快速阅读与有效
33、阅读(VI)看到一下词组,只读逗号后面的内容 In addition to,In addition,Rather than ,While/though/even if/even though,.二、泛读二、泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读快速阅读与有效阅读(VII)more A than B Than以后的内容不读(VIII)as well as=and 同IV 二、泛读二、泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读快速阅读与有效阅读n2.阅读中需要详略结合阅读中需要详略结合 skimming but not skip.I 需要详细阅读的内容需要详细阅读的内容 结构主体结构主体(段落首末句段落首末句)非举例性质的概括、
34、描述非举例性质的概括、描述 题目定位返回原文的内容题目定位返回原文的内容 II 可以快速浏览的内容可以快速浏览的内容 大量数据堆积大量数据堆积 明显举例明显举例 对比、类比、让步、转折只读一半对比、类比、让步、转折只读一半二、泛读二、泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读快速阅读与有效阅读n 3.理解单位扩大理解单位扩大 I 阅读中的恶习阅读中的恶习 指读、声读、回读、视角过指读、声读、回读、视角过窄、二次阅读窄、二次阅读 II 理解单位扩大理解单位扩大 n理解单位理解单位 变单词为意群组合进行阅读理变单词为意群组合进行阅读理解解n焦点训练法焦点训练法:Example 二、泛读二、泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读快
35、速阅读与有效阅读n可以合并为意群的成分可以合并为意群的成分 Adv,介词短语,介词短语,分词短语,分词短语,非谓语不定式非谓语不定式 主谓或谓宾主谓或谓宾 固定搭配:固定搭配:tooto ,such as Topic 1:Geology(地质学地质学)crust:地壳地壳mantle 地幔地幔core 地核地核 n地球构造学说:地球构造学说:plate tectonics 板块构造学板块构造学 continental drifts 大陆漂移学大陆漂移学n 板块运动的方式板块运动的方式:converge 会聚运动会聚运动 split apart/diverge 分开分开 A dive under
36、 B A潜入到潜入到B的下方的下方 slide pass each other 互相擦肩而互相擦肩而过过nBoundary:板块与板块之间的边界 subduction zone 潜没区潜没区boundary mid-ocean ridge 海底山脊海底山脊nvolcano火山火山active volcano活火山活火山extinct volcano死火山死火山dormant volcano休眠火山休眠火山n volcano 火山火山eruption火山喷发火山喷发crater 火山口火山口lava火山岩浆火山岩浆magma 岩浆岩浆volcanic dust火山尘火山尘volcanic ash
37、火山灰火山灰nquake/tremor/seism地震地震seismic地震的地震的 seismology地震学地震学seismic wave地震波地震波magnitude震级震级epicenter震中震中aftershock余震余震nfault 断层断层fault plane 断层面断层面 fault zone 断层带断层带nglacier 冰川冰川glacial 冰川的冰川的glacial epoch/period冰川期冰川期iceberg冰山冰山Topic 1:Geology Read Passage 1 Topic 2 American geography(美国地理美国地理)North
38、east AmericanMaryland,nDelaware(特拉华州特拉华州),n New Jersey,n Pennsylvania,n New York,n Connecticut(康涅狄格州康涅狄格州),Rhode Island(罗德岛罗德岛),Massachusett Vermont(佛蒙特州佛蒙特州),New Hampshire(新罕布什新罕布什尔州尔州),Maine(缅因州缅因州)n North America:the land The Smallest:the smallest state is Rhode Island,which has 36 islands The Sh
39、ortest:New Hampshire has the shortest seacoast(18 miles)The Oldest:the oldest mountains in North America are the Appalachian Mountain.nNortheast America:cities Boston,Philadelphia New York City,Washington D.Cn North America:the economy Megalopolis:New York City,nWall Street is in south of Manhattan
40、nStatue of LibertynHudson River A capital city:Washington D.C.n Capitol(国会大厦国会大厦)n Congress(国会国会)n National Mall(草地广场草地广场)nNorth America:the culture New York City is the largest city in the nation with 7.5 million people.The Library of Congress in D.C.contains 80 million items in 470 languages.It is
41、 probably the biggest library in the world.The Declare of Independence was signed in Philadelphia in 1776 The nations first college was Harvard in Cambridge,Massachusetts.nGreat Lakes:Lake Superior Lake MichiganLake Huron Lake Erie Lake Ontario nMain States MinnesotaWisconsinIllinoisIndianaMichiganO
42、hioMidwest of AmericanChicago:钢铁城:钢铁城;Detroit:汽车城汽车城 nCharacteristics:abundance of ore,forestation,labor benefit from the transportation connection nThe land:The Midwest is the flattest region in the US.It is the only one with no mountain ranges The Midwest has more lakes than any other region in th
43、e country Midwest of AmericaThe Midwest of AmericanOne of the worlds biggest open pit iron mines operates near Hibbing,Minnesotan The tallest building in the United States is in Chicago.It is the Sears Tower,110 stories or 1454 feet talln More cars and trucks are made in Michigan cities,such as Detr
44、oit and Flintn Because Kansas is the nations top wheat-growing state,it has been called the bread-basket of America The Midwest of American Famous Universities:The University of Chicago The Northwest University Michigan University Illinois Institute of Technology The west of America n Main States:Wa
45、shington Oregon California Nevada California nWith many big cities including San Francisco,Los Angeles,and San Diego,California has the most people of any statenHollywood and Disneyland n The land:The tallest tree in the world is the General Sherman tree in Californias Sequoia National Park.It is 36
46、8 feet tall and is 3000 to 4000 years old Rocky Mountain is called the“the backbone”of America.The mountains form a line called the continental Divide.The Dead Valley is in sunny southern California.It is called“ground on fire”.On a summer day the air is usually around 100 degrees in the shade.n The
47、 economy Redmond,Washington is home to the biggest personal computer software company in the world,Microsoft Boeing,the largest aircraft manufacturer in the world,is one of Seattles most important employers.Silicon Valley in California is a cluster of towns that are high-tech today.Silicon is used t
48、o make computer chips that are brains of computers The West of America nUniversities UC of Berkeley UC of L.A.Stanford University the University of Washington corn,ricetobacco,cottonmanufactured goodsfinished productNew words summary:Geography nhemisphere 半球半球 equator赤道赤道nlatitude纬线纬线 longitude经线经线/
49、经度经度naltitude 海拔海拔 horizon地平线地平线ntopography 地形地形/地形学地形学nplain平原平原 basin盆地盆地nlowland 低地低地 oasis绿洲绿洲nplateau/highland 高地高地New words summary:Geography nwaterfall 瀑布瀑布 cascade小瀑布、喷流小瀑布、喷流nreef 暗礁暗礁 coral reef珊瑚礁珊瑚礁ntide湖水湖水 dune沙丘沙丘ncliff山崖山崖 valley山谷山谷nhillside/mountain slope 山坡山坡ncanyon/gorge峡谷峡谷 chan
50、nel/strait 海峡海峡nthe primeval forest原始森林原始森林ntropical rain forest热带雨林热带雨林Topic 2 American Geography Read Passage 2 Topic 3 American History(美国历史美国历史)nPre-Columbian period The earliest known inhabitants of what is now the United States are thought to have arrived in Alaska by crossing the Bering land