1、.1The History of China.2 1 Prehistory(史前时代史前时代)1.1 Paleolithic 1.2 Neolithic 2 Ancient era(传说时代传说时代)2.1 Xia Dynasty 2.2 Shang Dynasty 2.3 Zhou Dynasty 2.4 Spring and Autumn Period 2.5 Warring States Period 3 Imperial era(帝王时代帝王时代)3.1 Qin Dynasty 3.2 Han Dynasty 3.3 Wei and Jin Period 3.4 Southern an
2、d Northern Dynasties3.6 Sui Dynasty 3.7 Tang Dynasty 3.8 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3.9 Song,Liao,Jin,and Western Xia Dynasties 3.10 Yuan Dynasty 3.11 Ming Dynasty 3.12 Qing Dynasty 4 Modern era(近，现代时期近，现代时期)4.1 Republic of China4.2 1949 to presentContents.3Remote Antiquity to Slave Society(1.7
3、 million years ago-476 B.C.)China,one of the worlds most ancient civilizations,has a recorded history of nearly 4,000 years.A fossil anthropoid unearthed in Yuanmou in Yunnan Province,“Yuanmou Man,”who lived approximately 1.7 million years ago,is Chinas earliest primitive man known so far.Yuanmou Ma
4、n site.4 “Peking Man,”who lived in the Zhoukoudian area near Beijing 600,000 years ago,was able to walk upright,make and use simple tools,and knew how to make fire.Peking Man sitePeking Man skull tools(Paleolithic Age).5 The Neolithic Age started in China about 10,000 years ago,and relics from this
5、period can be found all over the country.Artificially grown rice and millet as well as farming tools have been found in the remains of Hemudu in Yuyao,Zhejiang Province,and Banpo,near Xian City,Shaanxi Province,respectively.These relics date back some 6,000-7,000 years.HemuduBanpo.6 Xia Dynasty Chin
6、ese civilization began with the legendary sage-emperors Huang Di and Yan Di in the area of the Yellow River BasinAfter centuries,the two tribes gradually merged into one by the time of the Xia Dynasty.Chinese people,usually regard themselves as“the descendants of Yan and Huang”.Chinese generally tel
7、l the history from Xia Dynasty,which was founded in 2070 B.C.With the Xia Dynasty,China entered slave society YuDressArts and crafts.7The Shang Dynasty(1600 B.C.-1046 B.C.)The Shang Dynasty enjoyed the most advanced bronze civilization in the world The development of a writing system can be witnesse
8、d on the oracles like tortoise shell or animal bones,and these writings were the beginning of the written Chinese language.司母戊鼎司母戊鼎 四羊方尊四羊方尊甲骨文甲骨文.8The Zhou Dynasty(1046 B.C.-221 B.C.)The Zhou Dynasty reigned for the longest period of all Chinese dynasties The Zhou Dynasty fell into several sub-peri
9、ods:the Western Zhou,the Eastern Zhou which was further divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period The Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods are famous for the cultural prosperity with“Hundred Schools of Thought”.All Schools of Thoughts Contend for Attention.9 Dur
10、ing the Spring and Autumnand the Warring States periods,there was a great upsurge of intellectual activity,producing many famous philosophers,such as Lao Tzu,Confucius,Mencius and Mo Tzu,and the well-known military scientist Sun Wu.10 Lao Tzu 道德经道德经 The Book of Tao and Teh.11Confucius Analects of Co
11、nfucius.12 Mencius 富贵不能淫，富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈。威武不能屈。此之谓大丈夫。此之谓大丈夫。孟子孟子.13 Mo TzuMo Tzu尚贤、尚同、兼爱、非攻、节用、尚贤、尚同、兼爱、非攻、节用、节葬节葬.14 Sun Wu 孙子兵法孙子兵法，现收藏于故宫博物馆，现收藏于故宫博物馆 The Art of War.15The Qin Dynasty Qin Shi Huang(259-210 B.C.)and His Empire In 221 B.C.,Ying Zheng,ruler of the State of Qin and a man of
12、great talent and bold vision,ended the 250-odd years of rivalry among the independent principalities during the Warring States Period,establishing the first centralized,unified,multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese historythe Qin Dynasty(221-207 B.C.).He called himself Qin Shi Huang or“First Emperor
13、of Qin”.16秦的统一秦的统一远交近攻远交近攻合纵连横合纵连横秦秦韩韩楚魏魏齐燕燕赵赵.17 He standardized the written script,weights and measures,and currencies.The sovereigns of the next 2,000-odd years followed the feudal governmental structure established by him.Written Script.18 圆形方孔钱圆形方孔钱Currencies.19度度衡衡量量Weights and Measures.20 The
14、 Qin Dynasty was well-known for beginning the construction of the Great Wall which was later augmented and enhanced during the Ming Dynasty.21Qin Shi Huang had worked on his enormous mausoleum started early in his reign.The terracotta warriors of the“underground army”guarding the mausoleum,unearthed
15、 in 1974,amazed the world.The 8,000 vivid,life-size pottery figures,horses and chariots have been called the“eighth wonder of the world.”.22Han Dynasty(206 B.C.-220 A.D.)and the Silk Road Liu Bang established the powerful Han Dynasty in 206 B.C.During theHan Dynasty,agriculture,handicrafts and comme
16、rce flourished,and the population reached 50 million.Liu Bang.23Emperor Wudi During his reign(140-87 B.C.),the most prosperous period of the Han Dynasty,Liu Che,Emperor Wudi,expanded the territory of the empire from the Central Plain to the Western Regions(present-day Xinjiang and Central Asia).24Si
17、lk RoadHe dispatched Zhang Qian twice as his envoy to the Western Regions,and in the process pioneered the route known as the Silk Road from Changan(todays Xian,Shaanxi Province),through Xinjiang and Central Asia,and on to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea.Chinese silk goods were traded to the
18、 West along the Silk Road.25As contacts between the East and West increased,Buddhism spread to China in the first century.In 105,an official named Cai Lun invented a technique for making fine paper,which is considered to have been a revolution in communication and learning.26 Jin(265-420)The Three K
19、ingdoms was followed by the Western Jin with Luoyang as its capital city,and Eastern Jin with Jiankang(Nanjing)as its capital city.The Jin Dynasty did not last long with a lot of confrontations and conflicts.The Upheaval of the Eight Princes.27Tang Dynasty(618-907)Li Yuan founded the Tang Dynasty wi
20、th its capital at Changan.28Zhenguan Reign Period Reforms Li Shimin,or Emperor Taizong(626-649),son of Li Yuan,adopted a series of liberal policies,pushing the prosperity of Chinas feudal society to its peak.Li Shimin.29 During the Tang Dynasty,Buddhism flourished and gradually became localized as a
21、n important part of Chinese traditional culture A Buddhist monk Xuan Zang traveled from Changan through Gansu,Xinjiang and central Asia to India for the furtherance of Buddhist classics.30Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties(960-1911)The period of the Five Dynasties and Ten States,which succeeded the T
22、ang Dynasty,was one of almost continual warfare.31Song Dynasty(960-1279)In 960,Zhao Kuangyin,a general of the State of Later Zhou,established the Song Dynasty(960-1279),historically known as the Northern Song Dynasty.32 When the Song Dynasty moved its capital to the south,historically called the Sou
23、thern Song Dynasty,it brought advanced economy and culture to the south,giving a great impetus to economic development.Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival.33 China in the Song Dynasty was in the front rank of the world in astronomy,science and technology and printing technology as evidenced,for exa
24、mple,by Bi Shengs inventing movable type printing,a great revolution in printing history.Bi ShengMovable type printing.34Yuan Dynasty(1271-1368)In 1271,Kublai,a grandson of Genghis Khan,conquered the Central Plain,founded the Yuan Dynasty(1271-1368),and made Dadu(todays Beijing)the capital.元朝花瓶元朝花瓶
25、元朝建筑元朝建筑.35 Kublai wrote finis to the centuries-long situation in which many independent regimes existed side by side,and formed a united country that brought Xinjiang,Tibet and Yunnan under its sway.Kublai.36Four Great Inventions(Song-Yuan period)printing papermaking the compass gunpowder During th
26、e Song-Yuan period,the“four great inventions”in science and technology of the Chinese people in ancient were further developed,and introduced to foreign countries,making great contributions to world civilization.37 Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)In 1368,Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)i
27、n Nanjing,reigning as Emperor Taizu.When his son and successor Zhu Di(1360-1424)ascended the throne,in 1360,he built and expanded the palaces,temples,city walls and moat in Beijing on a large scale.In 1421,he officially moved the capital to Beijing.Zhu YuanzhangZhu Di.38 During his reign,he dispatch
28、ed a eunuch named Zheng He to leada fleet of many ships to make sevenfar-ranging voyages.Passing the Southeast Asian countries,the Indian Ocean,Persian Gulf and Maldives Islands,Zheng He explored as far as Somalia and Kenya on the eastern coast of Africa.These were the largest-scale and longest voya
29、ges in the world before the age of Columbus.39Qing Dynasty(1644-1911)The Manchus of northeast China established the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911)in 1644,under the leadership of Nurhachi.Kangxi(1661-1722)was the most famous emperor of the Qing Dynasty.He brought Taiwan under Qing rule,and resisted invasion
30、s by tsarist Russia.To reinforce the administration of Tibet,he also formulated the rules and regulations on the confirmation of the Tibetan local leaders by the Central Government.He effectively administered over 11 million sq km of Chinese territory.NurhachiKangxi.40Modern Period(1840-1919)During
31、the 19th century,the Qing Dynasty declined rapidly.Britain smuggled large quantities of opium into China,making the Qing government impose a ban on the drug.41 In an effort to protect its opium trade,Britain launched a war of aggression against China in 1840.The Qing government finally signed the Tr
32、eaty of Nanking,a treaty of national betrayal and humiliation,with the British government.Many countries,including Britain,the United States,France,Russia and Japan,forced the Qing government to sign various unequal treaties following the Opium War.China was gradually relegated to a semi-colonial,se
33、mi-feudal country.42 The Revolution of 1911 The Revolution of 1911 led by Dr.Sun Yat-sen was one of the greatest events in modern Chinese history,as it overthrew the 200-odd-year-old Qing Dynasty,ending over 2,000 years of feudal monarchy,and established the Republic of China.43New-Democratic Revolu
34、tion(1919-1949)The May 4th Movement of 1919 is regarded as the ideological origin of many important events in modern Chinese history.Its direct cause was the unequal treaties imposed on China after the First World War.Out of strong patriotism,students initiated the movement,and it further developed
35、into a national protest movement of people from all walks of life.It also marked the introduction into China of various new ideologies,among which the spread of Marxism-Leninism was worthy of special mention.44 Under the influence of Russias October Revolution of 1917,12 delegates,including Mao Zedo
36、ng,representing communist groups in different places throughout the nation,held the First National Congress in Shanghai in 1921 to found the Communist Party of China(CPC).45 The Chinese people led by the CPC underwent successively the Northern Expeditionary War(1924-27),War of Agrarian Revolution(19
37、27-37),War of Resistance Against Japan(1937-45)and War of Liberation(1946-49).Owing to the cooperation and joint resistance of the CPC and Kuomintang the Japanese aggressors were defeated.War of Resistance Against Japan.46 But shortly after the anti-Japanese war,the Kuomintang launched a civil war a
38、gain.After the three-year War of Liberation led by the CPC,the Kuomintang government was finally overthrown in 1949.War of Liberation.47Peoples Republic of China(1949-)On October 1,1949 a grand ceremony was witnessed by 300,000 people in Beijings Tiananmen Square,and Mao Zedong,chairman of the Centr
39、al Peoples Government,solemnly proclaimed the founding of the Peoples Republic of China(PRC).48During the initial post-Liberation period,the Chinese government successfully carried out land reform in areas accounting for over 90 percent of the total national agricultural population.Amazing achieveme
40、nts were made during the First Five-Year Plan period,from 1953 to 1957.The average annual increase rate of the national income reached over 8.9 percent.49 China established basic industries necessary for full industrialization hitherto non-existent domestically,producing airplanes,automobiles,heavy
41、machinery,precision machinery,power-generating equipment,etc.The first plane made in China.50 Unfortunately,the“cultural revolution,”which lasted for ten years(May 1966-October 1976),made the state and its people suffer the most serious setbacks and losses since its founding.51 The Jiang Qing counte
42、r-revolutionary clique was smashed in October 1976,marking the end of the“cultural revolution,”and the beginning of a new era in Chinese history.52 The CPC reinstated Deng Xiaoping,previously general secretary of the CPC,in all the Party and governmental posts he had been dismissed from during the“c
43、ultural revolution.”In 1979,China instituted a guiding policy of“reform and opening to the outside world”under Dengs leadership,and the focus was shifted to modernization.Deng XiaopingShen Zhen.53 Major efforts were made to reform the economic and political systems.China was step by step establishin
44、g a road with Chinese characteristics,a road that would lead to socialist modernization.Profound changes have come about in China since the country embarked on the policy of reform and opening-up.The situation in the country is the best ever,characterized by a swiftly and vigorously advancing economy and markedly improved living standard.
