1、2020新牛津译林版高中英语必修一 Unit 1突破语法大冲关 一、语法精读一、句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语等。观察例句观察黑体部分在句中所作的成分1The early bird catches the worm.定语，谓语2They are birds of a feather.定语3I heard the birds singing.宾语补足语4She bought the bird a cage.宾语5This is a picture.表语6The manager asked the college student to
2、come in.主语7Light travels most quickly.状语归纳用法1主语(subject)主语是一个句子所叙述的主体、动作的发出者，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等构成。To swim in the river is a great pleasure.在河里游泳是件快乐的事。When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.我们将什么时候进行英语测试仍然没决定。2表语(predicative)表语说明主语的身份、特征和状态，在系动词(be，beco
3、me，get，look，grow，turn，seem等)之后。表语由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语及表语从句构成。His job is to teach English.他的工作就是教英语。The truth is that he has never been abroad.事实就是他从来都没出过国。3宾语(object)宾语是动作的施加对象或承受者，在及物动词后，或“不及物动词相应介词”后。宾语由名词性的词充当。宾语按词性分为：动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构。I think (that) he is fit for his office.我认为他适合
4、做办公室工作。有些动词后边需要跟双宾语，指人的是间接宾语；指物的是直接宾语。Lend me your dictionary，please.请把你的词典借给我(用一下)。4宾语补足语(object complement)有些及物动词，除有宾语以外，还需有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句来充当。Do you consider him trustworthy?你认为他可靠吗？ We found everything in the lab in good order.我们发现实验室的一切井然有序。5定语(attribute)修饰名词、代词的
5、词称为定语。可由单词、短语、从句充当。定语有形容词的特征。Guilin is a beautiful city.桂林是个美丽的城市。He is reading an article about how to learn English.他在读一篇怎样学好英语的论文。6状语(adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。状语种类有：时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、地点状语、方式状语、伴随状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语、比较状语。He has lived in the city for ten years.他已经在这个城市住了10年了。Once y
6、ou begin，you must continue.一旦开始了，你必须继续下去。即学即练1分析下列句子成分1. .主语谓语宾语状语2. .主语定语系动词表语3. .谓语宾语状语4. .主语谓语宾语宾补状语5. .状语主语谓语主补二、基本句子结构按照结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫作简单句。简单句有7种基本句型：1主谓(SV)观察例句The rain stopped.雨停了。The moon rose.月亮升起来了。归纳用法句型特点：谓语动词是不及物动词，本身能表达完整的意思，后面不需接宾语。2主谓状(SVA)观察例句Th
7、e time passed quickly.时间过得很快。The old man walks in the park every morning.那个老人每天早上在公园里散步。归纳用法句型特点：谓语动词是不及物动词，副词、介词短语等作状语。3主谓宾(SVO)观察例句We are learning English.我们正在学习英语。I dont know how to get there.我不知道怎么去那儿。归纳用法句型特点：谓语动词是及物动词，不能表达完整的意思，其后必须要接一个宾语，即动作的承受者。作宾语的可以是：名词、代词、动词不定式、疑问词动词不定式、动词ing形式和从句。4主谓宾状(S
8、VOA)观察例句I like to stay at home on Sundays.星期天我喜欢待在家里。We planted many trees in our hometown.我们在家乡种了许多树。归纳用法句型特点：谓语动词是及物动词，其后接宾语。副词、介词短语等作状语。5主谓双宾语(SVIODO)观察例句Her mother bought her a skirt.她妈妈给她买了一条裙子。Mr.Li told us an interesting story.李先生给我们讲了一个非常有趣的故事。归纳用法句型特点：谓语动词后接有两个宾语，这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者，其中指人的是间接宾语
9、，指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时，其前通常需要加介词for或to。名师点津常跟双宾语的动词：需借助于to的动词：bring，give，lend，hand，offer，pass，promise，return，send，show，teach，tell，write等；需借助于for的动词：buy，call，cook，choose，draw，find，get，make，order，sing，save，spare等。6主谓宾宾补(SVOC)观察例句The news made us very sad.那个消息令我们非常难过。The teacher asked us to answer th
10、e question.老师让我们回答那个问题。My mother asked me to clean my room.妈妈让我打扫我的房间。归纳用法句型特点：谓语动词后虽然已接有一个宾语，但意思还不完整，必须再加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。名师点津用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的结构。即：“主语谓语it宾补真正宾语”。it作形式宾语，通常和下列动词连用：consider，think，make，find，believe，feel，guess，imagine，
11、judge，prove，see，suppose，take等。7主系表(SVP)观察例句My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是个护士。I feel quite hungry.我感觉很饿。Leaves turn yellow.树叶变黄了。归纳用法句型特点：动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语的身份、特征、类属、状态等的表语。系动词除了be动词之外，还有：表示感官的动词：feel，appear，look，smell，taste，sound等；表示状态延续的动词：remain，stay，keep，continue等；表示转变、变化的动词：become，get，turn，go，r
12、un，fall，come，grow等。即学即练2指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型1I will spend the summer holidays in the countryside.SVOA2All this will be interesting and good.SVP3In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life.SVOA4I can hear birds singing in the green trees.SVOC5The best fish swim near the bottom.SVA6My father
13、 bought me a new bicycle.SVIODO7The whole class laughed.SV二、冲关训练 .用所给的单词连成句子1have，yellow，the，turned，leavesThe leaves have turned yellow.2him，all，considered，honest，us，ofAll of us considered him honest.3the，would，me，you，dictionary，pass，pleaseWould you please pass me the dictionary?4successfully，have，t
14、hey，plan，the，out，carriedThey have carried out the plan successfully.5sun，east，the，in，rises，the，redThe red sun rises in the east.6look，things，the，after，boys，their，mustThe boys must look after their things.7begins，eight，the，English，at，class，oclockThe English class begins at eight oclock.8man，the，too，m
15、otorbike，the，on，travelling，fast，wasThe man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.9school，her，boy，of，to，he，take，out，asked，the，He asked her to take the boy out of school.10very，old，was，tired，man，the，feelingThe old man was feeling very tired.用给出的句型翻译下列句子1我每天起得很早。(SVA)Every day I get up early.2今天下午我想
16、同你谈谈。(SVOA)I want to talk with you this afternoon.3奶奶昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事。(SVIODO) Grandma told me an interesting story last night.4我要你把真相告诉我。(SVOC) I want you to tell me the truth.5这个报告听起来很有意思。(SVP)The report sounds interesting.6汤姆已经离开了。(SV)Tom has left.7我们完成了作业。(SVO)We have finished our homework.8学生们走出了教
17、室，又唱又跳。(SVA)The students walked out of the classroom，singing and dancing.9他在英语上快速的进步使我们很惊讶。(SVOC)His rapid progress in English made us surprised.10他的计划是在这个城市找到一份工作。(SVP)His plan is to find a job in the city.短文语法填空Easy Ways to Build VocabularyIts not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocab
18、ulary. Like many things in life, its 1._ ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that theres enough room for improvement，2._ means youll just keep getting better and better.Of course you have to work at it. You wouldnt think that a few 3._ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enou
19、gh 4._ the rest of your life, and thats also true for building your vocabularyyou have to keep at it daily, and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary.One of the 5._(effect) ways to build vocabulary is to read good books. You need to 6._(real) read at least one good book a w
20、eek, preferably a classic. This isnt as hard as it 7._(sound), and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while 8._(read) an interesting piece of literature. Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and 9._(they) use unconsciously，meaning that you will
21、tend to use the words 10._(learn) this way in conversations almost automatically.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了提高词汇量的方法。1an考查冠词。此处所填单词修饰名词process，是抽象名词的具体化的用法，意为“一个持续的过程”，ongoing以元音音素开头，故用an。2which考查非限制性定语从句。此处所缺单词引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的句子，因此用which。3months考查名词。此处所填单词由a few修饰，因此要用名词复数。4for考查介词。此处所填单词表示一段时间，因此用for。5effe
22、ctive考查词性转换。此处所填单词作定语修饰后面的名词，因此要用形容词形式。6really考查词性转换。此处所填单词作状语，修饰动词read，因此要用副词形式。7sounds考查动词时态。此处所填单词作状语从句的谓语动词，其主语是it，因此，用动词的第三人称单数形式。8reading考查非谓语动词。此处为状语从句的省略，补充完整为：while you are reading an interesting piece of literature，故填reading。9their考查代词。此处所填单词作定语，修饰名词use，因此要用形容词性物主代词。10learned/learnt考查动词时态和语态。此处所填单词作定语，修饰words，同时learn和被修饰词之间是被动关系，因此用过去分词。
