1、 小升初英语语法要点动词的分类类别特点意义举例实义动词 (vt. vi。)及物动词跟宾语须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思I have a book.。不及物动词不能直接接宾语能独立作谓语She always comes late。系动词(link-v)跟表语不能独立做谓语，跟表语构成完整意思I am a student。助动词(aux. v。)跟动词原形或分词(无词汇意义)不能独立做谓语，跟主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定及各种时态He doesnt speak Chinese。I am watching TV。情态动词 (mod. v。)跟动词原形(有自己的词汇意思)不能独立做谓语。表示说话人
2、语气、情态，无人称和数的变化We can do it by ourselves。That would be better。第二方面：短语动词，短语动词是由一些动词和其它词构成短语，表达一个完整的意思。其构成方式如下。构成方式举例动词+介词Look at, look after动词+副词Give up, put into动词+副词+介词Catch up with, look down upon动词+名词+介词Take care of, pay attention toBe+形容词+介词Be proud of, be afraid of复杂结构Make up ones mind, wind one
3、s way第三方面：按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。1、 谓语动词形式意义举例人称与主语在人称一致I am reading now. 第一人称数与主语在数上一致He writes well. 第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a letter to me last month. 过去时态语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者We study English。主动The road was filled with rubbish. 被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等He has flown to America. 事实I wish I could fly to the mo
4、on some day. 愿望2、 非谓语动词形式意义用途举例不定式起形容词和名词作用可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语It takes me 20 minutes to go to school。动名词起名词作用作主语和宾语She likes reading。分词现在分词起形容词、副词作用，表主动作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语The cup is broken过去分词起形容词、副词作用，表被动The steam is seen rising from the wet clothes。名词的数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。这和汉语不同，比如，在汉语中，我们说一个苹果，那就是一个苹果，没什么特殊变
5、化。你要说三个苹果，只需把“一”换成“三”就可以了。而在英语中，一个苹果是one apple，三个苹果是 three apples，不仅数量词变化了，名词也有相应的变化。下面我们就将名词变复数的规则分为规则变化和不规则变化。第一部分：规则变化情况构成法读音例词一般情况(包括以e结尾的名词)加-s-s在清辅音ptk f后读Cups, cats, cakes, roofs, flags, keys, faces在浊辅音和元音后读z口诀：清清浊浊元浊以s, x, ch, sh结尾加-esClasses, boxes, watches, brushes以辅音+y结尾变y为i，加es读zCities,
6、countries, studies以元音+y结尾加-s读zBoys, rays, days有人还把以下两个加入了名词有规则变复数的行列：情况构成法读音例词以o 结尾加-es读zHeroes, tomatoes, potatoes, Negroes加-s读zBamboos, radios, zoos, photos, pianos以f, fe结尾变f, fe为v，再加-es读vzLeaf-leavesLife-livesWife-wivesThief-thievesHalf-halvesKnife-knivesWolf-wolvesSelf-selvesLoaf-loaves加-s读Roofs
7、, proofs, chiefs, beliefs, gulfs第二部分：不规则变化我们经常会看到有些名词变复数时并没有遵循上述规则。这就是名词的不规则变化。还有一些名词，单复数是同一个形式的。不过，我们还是可以通过一些比较，发现其中的一些奥妙。以下我将为大家讲讲名词的不规则变化。一、有些名词中保存了英语中古旧的复数形式，如：man-men woman-womentooth-teeth foot-feetchild-children goose-geesemouse-mice ox-oxen二、有些是外来词，仍保有原来的复数形式，如：Phenomenon-phenomena(现象)Formul
8、a-formulae(公式)Thesis-theses(论文)Basis-bases(基础)Analysis-analyses(分析)Criterion-criteria(标准)Crisis-crises(危机)Appendix-appendices(附录)三、部分单词的复数形式不变。例：fishfish; sheepsheep; cattlecattle; deerdeer; salmonsalmon, meansmeans四、compound nouns，这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示例：daughter-in-lawdaughters-in-law 媳妇; father-in-lawfa
9、thers-in-law岳父man-of-warmen-of-war兵舰; maid-servantmaid-servantsstep-sonstep-sons晚子; son-in-lawsons-in-law。但是，也有些合成名词，特别是由man和woman构成的合成名词，里面所含的成分，全都要变为复数，如：Man-servant-men-servants，woman doctor-women doctors等五、有些名词经常是带着-s词尾的，但通常都作单数看待，如：Phonetics(语音学)，physics(物理学)，optics(光学)，politics(政治)，news(新闻)等。六
10、、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多例：bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀，trousers长裤，wages工资，belongings所有物， surroundings环境，savings储蓄，findings调查结果，arms武器，clothes衣服，stairs楼梯，等七、另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，例：goods货物，waters水域，fishes(各种)鱼，papers文件，证件，greens青菜，manners礼貌，ruins废墟，troops军队，lo
11、oks外貌，times时代，等第三部分：不可数名词的计量方法(1)一般用“数字+of+计量单位+名词”表示，(注意：当数字大于一时，表示计量单位的名词可以有复数形式)。如：a piece of news 一则新闻 a piece of meat 一块肉 a glass of wine一杯酒 two bowls of rice 两碗米 a sum of money 一笔钱 five bags of flour 一袋面粉 a drop of water 一滴水 three bottles of milk 三瓶牛奶 two pieces of advice 两条建议(2)用much/some/ a
12、little/ little/ a lot of/ plenty of+不可数名词练习题：1、 All the people at the conference are _。a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacherb. mathematics teachers d. mathematics teachers (C)2、All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month。a. women doctors c. woman doctorsb. women doctor d. woman doctor (a
13、)3、-Are there any _ on the farm?-Yes, there are some。A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep (D)4、- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ?- Certainly。A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters (B)5、Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident y
14、esterday。A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear (B)6、There is some _ on the plate。A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears (B)7、The little baby has two _ already。A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths (C)8、We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe (C)9、Please
15、 remember to give the horse some tree_。A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave (B)10、He gave us_ on how to keep fit。A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice (B)11、Please pass me _。A. two glass of water B. two glasses of watersC. two glasses of water D. two glass water (C)12、There are a lo
16、t of _ down there but hardly any _。A. sheeps, people B.sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples (B)13、This table is made of _。A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass (D)14、_ can get a better view of the game than the participants。A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on C. Looker-ons D. Looker
17、s-ons (B)15、Some _ are flying kites near the river。A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs (C)16、Mr. Smith always has _ to tell us。A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good newsC. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news (B)17、Twelve _ were hurt, but no _ were lost in that accident。A. p
18、erson; life B. people; lives C. peoples; lives D. persons; life (B)18、In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here。A. much B. lots of C. a great deal of D. many (A)19、The police investigated those _ about the accident。A. stander-by C. standers-byB. stander-bys D. standers-bys (B)20、Gen
19、erally there are _ television programs for children on Saturday。A. little B. much C. a large number of D. a large amount of (C)动词不定式分类1、动词+ 不定式afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happe
20、n, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertakeThe driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2) 动词+不定式;动词+宾语+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect, ha
21、te, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。3) 动词+疑问词+ todecide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show,
22、understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy。有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。2. 不定式作补
23、语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, selec
24、t, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warna. Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。Find 的特殊用法Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。I found him lying on the ground。I found it
25、 important to learn。I found that to learn English is important。The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead.A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying答案：A. find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称)， discover, fancy(设想)
26、， feel, find,guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解)， show, suppose, take(以为)， understandWe consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典型例题Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented答案
27、：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。3) to be +形容词seen, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。4) the
28、re be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, understandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。注意有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider。We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。3. 不定式作
29、主语1) Its easy (for me) to do that. 我做这事太容易了。easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enoughIts so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not u
30、se it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。2) Its very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的)， silly, selfish(自私的)It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
31、注意1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see。Its for sb。和 Its of sb。1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：Its very hard for him to study two languag
32、es. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2) of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。for 与of 的辨别方法用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)4. 不定式作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：My wor
33、k is to clean the room every day。His dream is to be a doctor。5. 不定式作定语不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light。6. 不定式作状语1) 目的状语To only to (仅仅为了)， in order to, so as to, so(such) as to (如此以便)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come her
34、e only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。2) 作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry。He searched the room only to find nothing。3) 表原因Im glad to see you。典型例题The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其
35、后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾。用作介词的toto 有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形; 一为介词+名词/动名词， to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于，be used to 习惯于，stick to 坚持，turn to开始，着手于，devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to注意省to 的动词不定式1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ou
36、ght to)：2) 使役动词 let, have, make：3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。注意在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance。The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night。4) would rather，had better：5) Why / why
37、 not：6) help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：7) but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。8) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) nice.他应该是个好人。举例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing
38、but go out. 比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine。典型例题1) - I usually go there by train.- Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。2) Paul doesnt have to be made _. He
39、 always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。动词不定式的否定式Tell him not to shut the windowShe pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见典型例题1) Tell him _ the window.A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut答案：B。 tell sb
40、to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth。2) She pretended _ me when I passed by.A.not to see B. not seeingC. to not see D.having not seen答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking。A. never to drive B. to never driverC. never driving D. never dri
41、ve答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never。4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _.A. not toB. not to doC. not do it D. do not to答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。5) The patient was warn
42、ed _ oily food after the operation。A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eatD. not eating答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。现在来总结一些动词不定式的特殊句型!不定式的特殊句型tooto1) tooto 太以至于He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?- Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you t
43、o carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为不太。Its never too late to mend.(谚语) 改过不嫌晚。3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常 等于very。Im only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。不定式的特殊句型so as
44、to1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2) so kind as to -劳驾Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。不定式的特殊句型Why notWhy not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为什么不? 干吗不?例如：Why not take a holiday?干吗不去度假?不定式的时态和语态时态语态主动被动一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
