1、整理课件1易栓症易栓症整理课件2Normal hemostasis(止血)VIIVIITF-VIIaXXaIIIIaFbgnFibrinsIXTFFibrinpVIIIVTFTF-VIIaIXaadhesion 粘附粘附aggregation 聚集聚集coagulation pathway 凝血途径凝血途径整理课件3整理课件4Coagulation balance anticoagulantmechanismsprocoagulantmechanismsfibrin formation整理课件5 (VIIa)Xa ,IXaCa2+VIIaIIaTM+IIa VIIa IIa Coagulati
2、on waterfallPrecallicreinaXIIXIIa XIXIa IX IXa TF X XaVIIIa Va II IIaFibrin clotXIIIa XIIIChininogenProtein CAPCPSInhibitionIIa VVIIa VIICallicrein FibrinogenPlasminogen PAI-1PlasminVIIITFPIAntithrombin APC inhibitorCa2+Ca2+Ca2+Ca2+FibrinmonomerEndothelial cell surface整理课件6 coagulation factors antic
3、oagulant proteinsgain-of-function mutations fibrinolysis antiphospholipid Ab fibrin formationanticoagulantmechanismsprocoagulantmechanisms整理课件7易栓症(易栓症(Thrombophlilia)l指由于抗凝蛋白、凝血因子、纤溶蛋白等的遗指由于抗凝蛋白、凝血因子、纤溶蛋白等的遗传性或获得性缺陷,或存在获得性危险因素,传性或获得性缺陷,或存在获得性危险因素,而容易发生血栓栓塞的疾病状态。而容易发生血栓栓塞的疾病状态。l不是单一的疾病。不是单一的疾病。l血栓栓塞类
4、型:静脉血栓栓塞血栓栓塞类型:静脉血栓栓塞整理课件8Annual incidence of DVT Whites 0.8-1.2 x 1000Hong Kong Chinese 0.16 x 1000 Liu et al,Hong Kong Med J 2002rate ratio(vs white)African Americans 1.27(1.07-1.51)Hispanic 0.60(0.54-0.67)Asians/Pacific Islanders 0.26(0.22-0.30)*White et al,Ann Intern Med 1998*idiopathic or secon
5、dary整理课件9VTE:a multifactorial diseaseacquiredgeneticmixedtransientVTErisk factors整理课件10 the old story.Genetic risk factors inheritedthrombophilia deficiency of anticoagulant proteins year of discovery antithrombin 1965 protein C 1981 protein S 1984整理课件11ANTITHROMBIN,PROTEIN C,PROTEIN S:type of defic
6、iencyType I:Quantitative deficiencyType II:Qualitative deficiency antigenic test functional test functional test=antigenic test整理课件12Prevalence of deficiencies general unselected population VTE patients antithrombin 0.02-0.2%1%protein C 0.1-0.5%3%protein S?1-2%整理课件13Risk of VTE associated with defic
7、iencies increase relative risk antithrombin 5-50 protein C 7-15 protein S 6-10 整理课件14Genetic risk factorsinheritedthrombophilia year of discovery resistance to activated protein C 1993/94and factor V Leiden(G1691A)prothrombin mutation(G20210A)1996 the new story.整理课件15 the old story.Acquired risk fac
8、torsoften persistent(unremovable)older agecancerantiphospholipid antibodiesprevious venous thromboembolism整理课件16Age and VTE0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 796005004003002001000Anderson et al,1991Incidence Rate per 100,000FemalesMales整理课件17Cancer and VTETissue factor,constitutive of mal
9、ignant cells,promotes angiogenesis and increases plasmin production(metastases)Prothrombotic cancer substances(cancer procoagulant,IL1,TNF,etc.)The risk of VTE is higher if chemotherapy(tamoxifen,thalidomide,L-asparaginase)VTE and occult cancer整理课件18Mixed risk factorsinherited or/and acquired year o
10、f discoveryhyperhomocysteinemia 1994high factor VIII 1995 the new story.整理课件19 the old story.Transientrisk factorstemporary,removablesurgery and major traumaprolonged immobilizationpregnancy/puerperium(6 weeks postpartum)oral contraceptives/hormone replacement therapy整理课件20Transientrisk factorstempo
11、rary,removableyear of discoveryActivated protein C resistance 1993Air travel 1999 the new story.整理课件21易栓症的分类遗传性易栓症获得性易栓症一、天然凝血抑制物缺乏一、易栓疾病1、遗传性抗凝血酶缺乏症1、抗磷脂抗体综合征2、遗传性蛋白C缺乏症2、肿瘤性疾病3、遗传性蛋白S缺乏症3、后天性凝血因子水平增高4、遗传性肝素辅因子-II缺乏症4、获得性抗凝蛋白缺乏二、凝血因子缺陷5、糖尿病1、遗传性抗活化的蛋白C症6、骨髓增生性疾病2、凝血酶原20210A基因突变7、肾病综合征3、异常纤维蛋白原血症8、阵
12、发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症4、凝血因子XII缺乏症二、易栓状态 三、纤溶蛋白缺陷1、年龄增加1、异常纤溶酶原血症2、血栓形成既往史2、组织型纤溶酶原活化物(tPA)缺乏3、长时间制动3、纤溶酶原活化抑制物-1(PAI-1)增多4、创伤及围手术期四、代谢缺陷5、妊娠和产褥期1、高同型半胱氨酸血症6、口服避孕药及激素替代疗法2、高组氨酸糖蛋白增多症整理课件22整理课件23易栓症初筛项目易栓症初筛项目 PT、aPTT、Fib、(TT?)抗磷脂抗体抗磷脂抗体(LA、ACA)空腹同型半胱氨酸空腹同型半胱氨酸 F VIII:C 蛋白蛋白C活性活性 蛋白蛋白S活性活性 抗凝血酶活性抗凝血酶活性 APC-R F
13、V Leiden 凝血酶原凝血酶原G20210A国内大多国内大多三级医院三级医院可以检测可以检测国内部分国内部分三级医院三级医院开展检测开展检测国外部分国外部分医院开展医院开展整理课件24 不应在血栓急性期筛查易栓症的理由不应在血栓急性期筛查易栓症的理由 1.检测结果不影响急性期的初始治疗(除检测结果不影响急性期的初始治疗(除非非APTT延长,考虑存在狼疮抗凝物);延长,考虑存在狼疮抗凝物);2.急性期可因轻度消耗或急性炎症,引起急性期可因轻度消耗或急性炎症,引起几种凝血成分的一过性降低或升高,包括几种凝血成分的一过性降低或升高,包括PC、PS、AT和多种凝血因子。和多种凝血因子。整理课件25。整理课件26整理课件27整理课件28