1、 1 句子的成分句子的成分-从简单句到复合句从简单句到复合句 一简单句的一简单句的五种基本句型结构五种基本句型结构 1、句型、句型 1： Subject (主语主语) Verb (谓语谓语) （动词为不及物动词）（动词为不及物动词） The red sun rises in the east.红彤彤的太阳从东方升起来。 Lucy and Mary get up early every morning.露西和玛丽每天早上很早就起床。 His parents have worked in the company for ten years. 他的父母在这家公司工作十年了。 What he said
2、 does not matter.他说的话不重要。 They had to travel by boat.他们不得不乘船旅行。 The egg hatched. 这只蛋孵化了。 The accident happened because of his carelessness. 这次事故发生是因为他的粗细大意。 It weighs nearly 27 kilos (about 65 pounds) 它重近 27 千克(约 65 磅)。 2、句型、句型 2：Subject (主语主语) Link. V(系动词系动词) Predicate(表语表语) Our English teacher is
3、thirty years old.我们的英语老师 30 岁了。 The cake tastes delicious.这个蛋糕吃起来很可口。 The potatoes went bad in the field.土豆在地里就坏了。 They seemed very happy together.他们在一起好像很幸福。 It gets colder and colder.天气越来越冷了。 The leaves have turned yellow. 树叶已经变黄了。 3、句型、句型 3： Subject(主语) Verb (谓语)（谓语为及物动词） Object (宾语) He put the d
4、ictionary in the backpack. 他把词典放进了背包里。 I saw her just now and she was doing her homework in the classroom. 我刚才看到她了,她正在教室做作业。 They havent decided when and where to hold the party. 他们还没有决定什么时候、在哪儿举办这次聚会。 She stopped teaching English two years ago. 她两年前就不教英语了。 Do you know when he left for Beijing? 你知道他
5、什么时候去的北京吗? Mother promised to give me a present. 母亲答应要给我一件礼物。 Would you mind opening the window?打开窗户你介意吗? 注意注意：跟不定式 to do 作宾语的动词有： 打算(intend)计划(plan)和期盼(expect) 假装(pretend)喜欢(would like)表祝愿(wish) 决定(decide)同意(agree)设法(manage)说服(persuade)不拒绝(refuse) 好像(seem/appear)答应(promise)做努力(attempt)失败(fail)也付得起(
6、afford) 注意：注意：常要求接“疑问词不定式”作宾语的动词有 ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, know, learn, remember, tell, think, understand, wonder 等。 注意：注意：只接动词的-ing 形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有 2 admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 consider 考虑 delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免 excuse 原谅 fancy 想不到 feel
7、 like 意欲 finish 完成 forgive 原谅 give up 放弃 cannot help 情不自禁 imagine 设想 include 包括 keep 保持 mention 提及 mind 介意 miss 逃过 put off 推迟 practice 练习 resist 抵制 risk 冒险 4、句型、句型 4： Subject(主语)Verb(谓语) Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语) Mr.Smith taught us English last year. 史密斯先生去年教我们英语。 Grandma told me an
8、interesting story last night. 奶奶昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事。 Would you please pass me that dictionary? =Would you please pass that dictionary to me? 请你把那本词典递给我好吗? He bought his mother a new sweater with his first months salary. =He bought a new sweater for his mother with his first months salary. 他用第一个月的工资给母亲买了一件
9、新毛衣。 He showed the guard his ticket.他把票给守卫展示了一下。 His contribution won him a good fame.他的贡献为他赢得了良好的声誉。 注意注意：主语主语+谓语谓语+间接宾语间接宾语(人人)+直接宾语直接宾语(物物)。如果把表示物的直接宾 语放在表示人的间接宾语前,需要借助于介词 to 或 for。to 表示:朝着,向着, 对着;for 表示:为(某人),替(某人)。 需要借助介词需要借助介词 to 的动词有的动词有:bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,promise,return, send,sh
10、ow,teach,tell,write 等。 需要借助介词需要借助介词 for 的动词有的动词有:bring,buy,cook,find,get,make,order,save,spare 等。 5、句型、句型 5： Subject(主语主语)Verb (动词动词)Object (宾语宾语)Complement(补语补语) If you let me go. Ill make you king. (名词作宾补) I consider Tom my best friend. (名词作宾补) Leave the door open. (形容词作宾补) We found Li Ming out wh
11、en we arrived. (副词作宾补) Make yourself at home. (介词短语作宾补) I saw a stranger enter the building. (不定式作宾补) 省略 to 的不定式 The boss kept them working all day. (现在分词作宾补) Yesterday he had his leg broken. (过去分词作宾补) 二二并列句并列句 由并列连词由并列连词 and/but/or/so/however/for 等把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来。等把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来。 并列连词：并列连词： 1、表转
12、折的并列连词、表转折的并列连词 主要有 but(但是), yet(可是), while(而，却)等 2、表选择的并列连词、表选择的并列连词 主要 or (或者，还是，否则), either, or (不是、就是), neither, or,(既不、也不) otherwise (要不 然)等。 3、表联合的并列连词、表联合的并列连词 主要有 and, not only, but also,(不但,而且 ), when(=and just at this time 就在这时)等。 4、表因果的并列连词、表因果的并列连词 主要有 for(因为), so(因此)等。 并列句例句： （1） . This
13、 is the custom of China. They are not like us to finish it in one drink, _but_prefer to drink by taking a small amount at a time. （2）. My mother wants to decorate our rooms in a modem look_while_my father prefers a traditional style. 3 （3）. It was time for her to have a new baby, _and_it was also ti
14、me for the young panda to independent. （4）. He is a shy man，_but/yet_he is not afraid of anything or anyone. 解析：But/yet 转折连词。 （5）. Give me a chance,_and_ Ill give you a wonderful surprise. （6）. Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, _so_plants can spread to new places. （7）.Make up your
15、mind, or/otherwise you will miss the valuable chance. 三三复合句复合句 主句是主体，从句只是句子的一个成分，换言之，将句子（除谓语外）的各个成分扩展开来就成了从句。 关联词分五类关联词分五类： 疑问代词：who（whom/whose） ， which, what, 关系代词：who（whom/whose） ， which, that, 疑问副词：when, where, why, how 关系副词：when, where, why 从属连词：that (无词义)， whether, if, although, after because,
16、before, when, since， as soon as, as long as 只有从属连词没有句子功用，即不担任句子成分。只有从属连词没有句子功用，即不担任句子成分。 从句分为五类从句分为五类： 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 前三项都是名词性从句，句中作用如同名词。一般都不用逗号，所用关联词相同：1,连词 that/whether/if 2, 疑问代词 who/what/which 3, 疑问副词 when /where /how /why（引导间接疑问句） 定语从句 状语从句 记住一个句子学会一种句法现象。 （一一） 主语从句主语从句 subject clause，也可分为三种三种
17、：that 引导的主从 / 由连接代副词引导的主从 / what 和 whoever 等引导的主从。 1 由 that 引导的主从，用得最多。(that 后面是主语) “That she became an artist may have been due to her fathers influence.” 她成为画家可能是受其父亲的影 响。 上面句子看着别扭陌生，换成 it 引导的句子就熟悉了，因为一般除强调外都后置而由 it 代替，有五种形 式： （1）It + be + adj + that 、 、 、 It is natural that they should have diffe
18、rent views. （2）It + be + noun + that、 、 、 Its a wonder that you are still alive. （3）It + verb (+ object(宾语) or adverbial(副词) + that、 、 、 It seems that youre right. It struck me that we ought to make a new plan. 我忽然想起我们应该制订一个新计划。 It never occurred to me that perhaps she was lying. 我从未想到或许她是在说谎 （4）It
19、+ be verb-ed + that、 、 、 It was rumored （It is said） that you was suffering from a stone in the kidney. 谣传说/据说你得了肾结 石。 （5）It + verb be + that、 、 、 No, no, it couldnt be that they were interested in him. 不，不，他们不可能对他有兴趣。 口语中 that 可以省略： 4 It was clear(that) his words pleased her. 显然他的话使她高兴。 2 由连接代/副词引导
20、的主从 When hell be back depends much on the weather. Who is to be sent there hasnt been decided. Its clear enough what he meant. 两种结构都能用，但是 it 结构更多， 有四种形式。 it + be + adj + clause It was not clear to me why he behaved like that. 我不太清楚他为什么会这样做。 it + be + noun + clause Its a puzzle how life began. 生命如何开始
21、是一个谜 it + verb (+ object or adverbial) + clause It doesnt matter much where I live. 我住在哪里都没多大关系。 it + be verb-ed + clause It is not yet settled whether I am going to American. 3 由 what / whatever / whoever 引导的主从 What will be, will be. 该发生的事总会发生。红色为从句红色为从句 What is over is over. 过去的事就过去了。 Whatever my
22、dad did was right. 俺爹做的都是对的。 Whatever she says goes. 一切她说了算。 Whoever comes will be welcomed. 谁来都欢迎 Whichever you want is yours. 你要哪个，哪个就归你。 （二二） 宾语从宾语从句句 object clause. 1 由 that 引导到宾从，有时 that 可省略 I suspected that it was a trick to get our money. 我怀疑这是一个骗我们钱的圈套 Who can guarantee that hell keep his wo
23、rd? 谁能保证他会遵守诺言？ You can depend upon it, I shall be there. 先行宾语(现行宾语中间要有逗号) 你放心，我会去那里的。 I take it they have left for home. 我猜想他们已经回家了。 2 由连接代词或副词引导宾从 Write me how you got home. 写信告诉我你怎能到家的 Only you can decide who the best choice is. 只有你能决定谁是最佳人选。 I wonder what you call this stuff. 我想知道，你管这玩艺叫什么。 3 由
24、whether/if 引导的宾从 Im wondering whether you would care to spend the evening with me. 不知道你是否愿意跟我们共度今宵。 I asked her if I might call and see her. 我问她是否可以去看她。 4 由关系代词 what 引导的宾从 Show me what youve bought. 把你买的东西给我看看。 I could not express what I felt. 我无法表达内心的感受 As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what
25、 I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想把听到的事告诉你。 5 作介词的宾从，其他从句这样用较少： Dont oke your nose into 探听 what doesnt concern you. 别多管闲事。? 5 6 whatever/whichever/whomever 这类词也可引导宾从： Ill just say whatever comes into my head. 想到什么就说什么。 Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。 Give it to whomever you like. 你愿意给谁就给谁。 （三三） 表语从句表语从句 predicati
26、ve clause，有二类，有二类 1 由 that 引导的表语从句 The fact is (that) she never liked him. 事实是她从未喜欢过他。 His only fault is that he lacks ambition. 他唯一的缺点是缺乏雄心大志。 2 由连接代/副词引导的、由关系代词型的 what 引导的 Thats not what I meant. 这不是我的意思。 The question is whos responsible for what has happened. 问题是发生了这事该谁负责。 Times arent what they w
27、ere. 时代不同了。 Thats what I am here for. 这就是我来这里的目的。 (四四） 定语从句定语从句：一个句子在另一个句子中作定语：一个句子在另一个句子中作定语 1 定从的关联词有二定从的关联词有二：关系代词（在从句中作主/宾/定）who（whom/whose）, which, that 和关系副词（在 从句中作状语）when, where, why 等。 例如：Girl who works in restaurant is called waitress. This is Johnson, whose wife work at a department store.
28、 2 Which 和和 that 的区别的区别： 关系代词 which 指物，做主语和宾语。限制性定从中作宾语时可省略。 关系代词 that, 指物也指人，做主语和宾语，指物时与 which 相同。 There are the things that（which）you need. 这些就是你要的东西。 A dictionary is a book, which gives the meaning of words. 词典是解释词义的书。 Who is the person that is working at a computer over there. 在计算机上干活的那个人是谁？ 3 在
29、下列情形下，只能用在下列情形下，只能用 that: （1）先行词是 all / everything / nothing / something（有时例外用 which） / anything / little 等不定代词时。 Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town? 有什么事我可以在城里代你办吗？ Thats all (that) I know. 我知道的就是这些。 （2）先行词为序数词所修饰时。 The first thing (that) I should do is to work out a plan. 我该做的第一件事是订
30、个计划。 （3）先行词为形容词最高级所修饰时。 This is one of the most exciting football games (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的足球赛中最激烈的一 场。 4 限制性定从和非限制性定从限制性定从和非限制性定从： 意义上可缺否，形式上有无逗号。 （1）that 引导的定从大多是限制性的引导的定从大多是限制性的。 注意：非限制性定从不能使用 that 和关系副词 why, 也不能省略任何关系副词，这类从句主要出现在书 面语中。如： This is the best film that I have ever seen. L
31、ast night I saw a very good film, which was about the Anti-Japanese War. “昨晚我看了一部很棒的电影， 是关于抗日战争的”只是补充说明，翻译时多译成并列句： Sunday is a holiday, when people do not go to work. 礼拜天是假日，这一天人们不上班。 （2）非限制性定从中）非限制性定从中 which/whom 常可以跟常可以跟 of 或其他介词连用或其他介词连用。 Mr. Smith, for whom I was working, was very generous about
32、 overtime payments. 6 史密斯先生是我的老板，她付超时工资很大方。 The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多都已满载，周围是一大群愤怒的人。 My kids, both of whom study abroad, ring me up, saying Hi, every week. 我的俩孩子都在国外读书，每周给我打来电话问安。 （3）在限制性定从中，当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，大多可省略，特别是在被修饰的词为）在限制性定从中，当关系代词在从句中
33、作宾语时，大多可省略，特别是在被修饰的词为 all / everything 等词时等词时。如： Thats the only thing we can do now. 这是我们现在唯一能做的事。 All you have to do is to fill out this form. 你只需要填这张表就行了。 关系副词 when 时间状语, where 地点状语，why 原因状语。 Do you remember the time when he fell off his bicycle? 你记得他从自行车上摔下来的时间吗？ The book is on the table where yo
34、u left it. 那书在你拉在那儿的桌子上。 I dont know the reason why he was so rude. 我不知道他为什么这么无礼。 （4）注意，有些时间定从并不由）注意，有些时间定从并不由 when 引导，特别在某些句型中引导，特别在某些句型中。 Every time the telephone rings, he gets nervous. 电话铃一响他就紧张。 Come any time you like. 你随便什么时候来都行。 She made me feel at home the moment I arrived. 我一到达她就使我感到无拘无束。 （
35、5）在在 way 后面的定从，不跟关系代词或副词后面的定从，不跟关系代词或副词。 Thats the way I look at it. 这就是我对这事的看法。 I did not like the way he eyed me. 我不喜欢他瞪着我瞧的样子。 （6） 关系代词关系代词 which 的先行词，有时是整个主句或部分意思，这时的先行词，有时是整个主句或部分意思，这时 which 的意思相当于的意思相当于 and this。 They rely on themselves, which is much better. 他们依靠自己，这样好得多。 He drank beer, which
36、 made him fat. 他喝啤酒，这使他发胖。 （7）Which 有时在定从中作定语有时在定从中作定语 I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I should apologize. 我把他的名字叫错了，对此错误我应 道歉。 （8） 定语从句被分词短语代替定语从句被分词短语代替 由 who 或 that (which) 作主语的限制性定从，有时可以被分词短语代替，更为简练。 There are many students who are studying English in this school. - There are m
37、any students studying English in this school. （9）一些其他定语从句）一些其他定语从句 as 主要和 such 连用,也可用作关代引导定从： Such money as he earned was spent on spirits 烈性酒 and tobacco. 他挣的那点钱都花在烟酒上了。 There was a look of fear in his eyes, such as people have when they are suddenly awakened. 他眼中透出一种 人们突然被叫醒时露出的惊恐情绪。 as 可以单独引导定从 H
38、e was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. 我可以从他的口音中听出他是个外国人。 You are a teacher, as is clear from your manner. 你是位教师，这从你的举止上可以看得很清楚。 As was expected, he performed the task with success. 正像预料的，他成功地完成了任务。 7 （五五） 状语从句状语从句 adverbial clause 状从句修饰动词，形容词和副词等，由从属连词引导。其位于句首时，常用逗号；其位于句首时，常用逗号；而放在句末一般不用。 八种
39、状从八种状从：时间，地点，原因，目的，结果，方式，让步，条件。 1 时间状语从句时间状语从句 Adverbial Clauses of Time： when / as 当，一边一边 / while 在、 、 、期间 / after / before / as soon as / since / till(until) / whenever 等等 All things are difficult before they are easy. 凡事总是先难后易。 On and on he went, till/until he reached the outskirts of the wood. 他
40、走啊走啊，直到走到树林边。 Once youve finished, go to bed. 你一干完就去睡觉。 Come and talk to me whenever you feel lonely. 感到寂寞时就来和我说说话。 注意注意 when / as / while 的区别：的区别： when 从句动作可以和主句动作从句动作可以和主句动作同时同时发生，也可以发生，也可以先于先于主句动作。主句动作。As 和和 while 都是都是同时同时。 It was raining when we arrived. 同时发生 When I pressed the button the radio
41、stopped. 从句动作先于主句动作。 She sang as she worked. 同时，边、 、 、边、 、 、 While you were away, two persons came to see you. 同时。你不在时有两个人找你。 注意注意 2：有些时状从：有些时状从句不用连词引导句不用连词引导 He came directly I called. 我一叫他就来了。 He had no sooner reached the door than he came back. 他刚到门口又走了回来。 2 地点状从地点状从of Place：where / wherever / an
42、ywhere 例如： Well go wherever you say. 你说到哪，就到哪。 You can go anywhere you want. 你想去哪就去哪。 He was always ready to give help where help was needed. where 还可表示处境等，译法灵活还可表示处境等，译法灵活。 Its your fault that she is where she is. 她今天这样是你的错。 Where others are weak, he is strong. 别人的弱点正是他的优势。 Where bees are, there is
43、 honey. 有蜂就有蜜。 3 原因状从原因状从of Reason： because / for / since 既然 / now that 既然 / as 由于 例如： Maize is also called Indian corn because it was first grown by the American Indians. 因为玉米是美洲印第安人首先种植的，所以又叫印第安玉米。 （回答 why，语气最强，是全句的重心所在） As you make your bed, so you must lie on it. 你是自作自受。-表示较明显原因，常放在主句前面 Since Im
44、 here today, I saw everything. 今天我既然在这，我一切都看见了。 （跟 as 相似，表示稍加分析后的原因，且多少是对方已知熟悉而不待言的原因） The days are short, for it is now December. 白天短了，因为现在已经是十二月了。 （跟 because 相似，但 for 只能表示上文未表示的新情况，只能放在句末） Now that you have the chance ，you had better avail yourself of it. 既然你有了机会，你最好利用起来。 Please dont try to back o
45、ut now that everything has been arranged. 现在一切都安排好了，请不要打退堂鼓。 Now youre here, you may make yourself useful. 你已经来了，不妨帮帮忙。 Considering（专门存在这个词不是派生） hes only just started, he knows quite a lot about it. 考虑到他才刚 8 刚开始，他对此已经懂得相当多了。 4 目的状从目的状从 Adverbial Clauses of Purpose： that 以便 / so that 以便 / in order th
46、at 以便 / “We have so arranged matters that one of us is always on duty”. 我们作了这样的安排，以便我们总有一人值 班。 (so that / in order that 从句中都常用 may/might，但 so that 引导的从句也可用 can/could) I spoke slowly and in simple English in order that the students might understand what I said. Ill show you so you can see how its don
47、e. 我将做给你看，以便你知道怎样做。 They spoke in whispers lest they should be heard. 他们低声说话，以防被人听见。 Shut the window for fear that it may rain. 关好窗子以防下雨。 5 结果状从结果状从 Adverbial Clause of Result： sothat (so that) 如此、 、 、以至于 / suchthat / that / otherwise / or else (else) So many people came to the concert that some cou
48、ldnt get in. 那么多人来听音乐会，以致有些人没法进来。 Shes so ill (that) she cant get out of bed. 她病得很重，都下不了床了。 English is such a difficult language that you have to apply yourself. The situation is such that agreement is unlikely. 局势是这样，达成协议的可能性不大。 There was such a draught（dra:ft）, it is no wonder he caught a cold. 过堂
49、风这样厉害，难怪她感冒了。 Im so busy; I have no time to write a letter. 我忙极了，没时间写信。 She had intellect; otherwise I would have scorned her. 他很聪明，否则我早就瞧不起他了。 Run or else youll be late. 快跑，否则就迟到了。 Drink this, else youll be sick. 把这个喝掉，否则你会生病。 6 方式或比较状从方式或比较状从of Mannerof Comparison： as 正如 / like / as if (as though) 好像，宛如 / than 比 / asas / not as(so)as
