1、八年级英语下册Unit2词句精讲1.短语动词小结常见动词短语结构有下面几种:(1)动词+副词 如:give up 放弃;turn off 关掉; stay up 熬夜,这种结构有时相当于及物动词,如果其宾语是代词,就必须放在动词和副词之间,如果是名词,则既可插在动词和副词之间,也可放在短语动词后。(2)动词+介词 如:listen to 听;look at 看;belong to 属于, 这种结构相当于及物动词,后面跟宾语。(3)动词+副词+介词 如:come up with 提出,想出;run out of 用完,耗尽(4)动词+名词+介词 如:take part in参加;catch ho
2、ld of 抓住2.each 每个,各自的,强调事物的个别情况,常与of 连用every 每个,每一个的,一切的,有“全体”的意思不能与of 连用3.help sb.(to) do 帮助某人做某事 help him (to) studyhelp sb.with sth.帮助某人做某事 help him with Englishhelp do 帮助做某事 help study4.spend.doing.花费做I spent a day visiting Beijing.我花了一天的时间去参观北京。spend on sth.花费在 I spent 3 years on English.5.join
3、 参加 (指参加团体、组织) 如:join the Party 入党take part in 参加 (指参加活动) 如:take part in sports meeting 参加运动会6.run out 与 run out of(1)run out (become used up).其主语往往为物。如时间,食物,金钱,油等,本身就含有被动意义。His money soon ran out.他的钱很快就花光了。Our time is running out.我们剩下的时间不多了。(2)run out of 主语为人,表示主动含义。He is always running out of mone
4、y before pay day.他总是在发工资的日子还没有到就把钱花完了。两者在一定条件下可以互换如:The petrol is running out.汽油快用完了。= We are running out of petrol.Our time is running out.我们剩下的时间不多了。= We are running out of time.7.work out(1)结局,结果为The strategies that he came up with worked out fine.他提出的这个策略效果很好。(2)算出,制订出,消耗完(精力等)He never seems to
5、be worked out.他好像永远不会疲乏似的。He worked out a plan.他制订了一个计划。I have worked out our total expenses.我已经算出了我们总的费用。8.hand out 分发 hand out bananasgive out 分发 give out sth to sb.分.给某人give up doing 放弃 give up smoking 放弃吸烟give away 赠送 捐赠 give away money to kidsgive sb.sth.给某人某东西 give me money 给我钱give sth.to sb.给
6、某人某东西 give money to me 给我线9.train n.火车 v.训练train sb.to do.训练某人做某事She trains her dog to fetch things.她训练她的狗去取东西。10.clean up意为“打扫”,up为副词,此短语是动副型短语,如果宾语为代词,应放在短语中间;如果宾语是名词,可放于短语之间或两词之后。例如:Please clean up this street at once.请马上把这条街打扫干净。 This street is dirty.Please clean it up.这条街道太脏了,请把它打扫干净。11.cheer u
7、p意为“变得高兴,振奋起来”,是“动词+副词”结构的短语。cheer up既可作及物动词短语,也可作不及物动词短语。例如:He cheered up at once when I agreed to help him.我同意帮助他时,他马上高兴起来。 Cheer up! The news isnt too bad.振作起来!这消息不是太坏。 He took her to the cinema to cheer her up.为了让她高兴,他带她去了电影院。【拓展】(1) cheer作不及物动词,意为“欢呼;喝彩”。例如:The girls cheered as the famous singe
8、r arrived. 当这位著名的歌手到达时,女孩子们大声欢呼。(2) cheer作及物动词,意为“为欢呼,高呼”。例如:The whole village turned out to cheer the hero.全村人都出来向那位英雄欢呼。(3) cheer作可数名词,意为“欢呼声;喝彩声”。例如:We can hear the cheers of students outside the gym.我们在体育场外就能听到学生的欢呼声。(4) cheer on意为“为加油”。例如:We will have a basketball game this afternoon.Would you
9、like to come and cheer us on? 我们今天下午有一场篮球比赛,你愿意来为我们加油吗?12.give out意为“散发;分发”,相当于hand out,是“动词 + 副词”结构的短语动词。 例如:Can you give the drinks out, please? 请你分发一下饮料好吗?【拓展】give out的不同含义:(1) give out表示“发出(光、热、声音、气味等)。”例如: The sun gives out light and heat to the earth.太阳给大地光和热。(2) give out表示“用完;耗尽”。例如:Our food
10、supplies began to give out.我们存的粮食要吃完了。13.put off意为“推迟”,是“动词 + 副词”结构的短语动词,其后可跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语。例如:They put off the match because of the heavy rain.因为大雨他们推迟了比赛。 Please dont put off doing your homework.请你们不要拖延做作业。 Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.今天的事不要拖到明天办。【拓展】由put构成的常用短语有: put away将收起来
11、put on穿上;上演 put down放下,记下 put out熄灭;伸出 put back放回原处 put up张贴;搭建14.notice在课文中作可数名词,意为“公告牌;布告”。例如:There is a notice on the wall, saying “No Parking”.墙上的告示上写着“禁止停车”。 Ill put up a notice about the meeting.我将会贴一张会议通告。【拓展】(1) notice作不可数名词,意为“注意”。例如:Take notice of what they say.注意听他们说。(2)notice作动词,意为“注意到,留
12、心,看到”。例如:Did you notice Jack come in? 你注意到杰克进来了吗? Did you notice his hand shaking?你注意到他的手在抖吗?15.lonely表示“寂寞的,孤寂的”,带有较强感情色彩,可用作表语或定语;表示“荒 凉的,偏僻的”,用来说明地方,多用作定语。 When his wife died, he was very lonely.他妻子死后他非常孤独。 The old man lived in the lonely mountain village.那个老人住在荒凉的山村。【拓展】lonely与alone的辨析:lonely作形容
13、词,意为“(人)孤单的,寂寞的”,它更强调一种主观的感觉;alone作形容词和副词,意为“独自的(地),单独的(地)”,它更强调一种客 观情况。alone作形容词,在句中只用作表语。例如:Dont leave me alone.I will feel lonely.别留下我一个人,我会觉得孤单的。16.raise是及物动词,意为“筹集”。常用短语:raise sth.for sb./ sth.意为“为某人/物 而 筹集”。例如:We raise money for Hope Project.我们为希望工程筹钱。【拓展】(1) raise作及物动词,意为“提升,举起,升起”。例如:raise o
14、nes hand举手 raise prices涨价(2) raise作及物动词,还可意为“种植;饲养;培养;抚养”。例如:Their family raised much corn.他们家种了很多玉米。17.repair是及物动词,意为“修理;修补;修缮(房屋等)”。例如: He repairs old furniture.他修理旧家具。18.imagine是动词,意为“想象,推测”,后面可接名词、代词、宾语从句、复合宾语,常用于结构:imagine doing sth.想象做某事。例如: We cant imagine what China will be like in the futur
15、e.我们无法想象将来中国是什么样子。 I cant imagine leaving all my friends.我无法想象离开我所有的朋友。 No one can imagine what would happen next.没有人能想象出下一步会发生什么。19.They told me stories about the past and how things used to be.used to do sth.是一个固定结构,意思是“过去经常做某事”,后面用动词原形,表示过去的 某种经常性、习惯性的行为或者动作,并意味着这种动作目前已经不存在。肯定句:I used to play wit
16、h my friends after school.过去放学后我常常和朋友们一起玩。否定句:You didnt use to like pop songs.=You usednt to like pop songs.你过去不喜欢流行歌曲。一般疑问句:Did your sister use to be quiet? = Used your sister to be quiet?你的妹妹过去常常是很安静吗?there be句式:There used to be a lot of fishes in this river.过去这条小河常常有许多鱼。【拓展】(1) be used to do some
17、thing意思是“被用来做某事”,是动词短语use to do的被动语态结构。 例如:Knives are used to cut things.小刀是用来切东西的。(2) be used to doing something意思是“习惯于做某事”,to后接动词-ing形式。例如:My father is used to living in the village.我爸爸习惯于住在小山村。20.I take after my mother.take after意为“像;与相像”,指由于血缘关系而(在外貌、性格等方面)相似;相当于be similar to,其中after是介词,其后常接名词或代
18、词。例如:Your daughter doesnt take after you at all.你女儿长得一点都不像你。【拓展】(1) look like意为“看上去像”,多指外貌。例如:You look like my brother.你和我弟弟长得像。(2) be like意为“像”,可指外貌,也可指性格。例如:What is your sister like? 你妹妹的性格怎么样?21.Ive run out of it.(1) run out of意为“用完,用尽”,相当于use up。例如:We have run out of paper.我们的纸用完了。(2) run out“用完
19、了”,是不及物动词短语,其主语通常为表示“时间、食物、金钱等”词;而run out of意为“用完了”,是及物动词短语,表示主动含义,主语一般是人。例如:Youd better go home before your money runs out.你最好别等钱花光再回家。We ran out of coal, and had to burn wood.我们的煤用光了,只好烧柴。22.Lucky makes a big difference to my life.make a difference to 意为“(对)产生影响”。difference前面可加修饰词,如big, great 等;to
20、是介词,其后可接名词、代词或动名词。例如:Education can make a big difference to the quality of a persons life.教育对一个人的生活质量有很大影响。The accident has made a great difference to his life.这次事故对他的人生产生了重大影响。One false step will make a great difference.失之毫厘,谬以千里。【拓展】make no difference to意为“对没有影响”。例如:It makes no difference to me.这对我没什么影响。23.I was excited about the idea of having a dog.be excited about意为“对感到兴奋、激动”。例如:I was excited about going to the zoo.去动物园令我兴奋。【拓展】be excited to do sth.意为“对做某事感到兴奋”。例如:Jack was excited to travel there by plane.杰克对于乘飞机去那里旅行感到很兴奋。5