1、 ReadingReadingGrammarGrammar Getting ReadyGetting ReadyText AText AText BText BContents Getting ReadyGetting ReadyGetting Ready1.Look at picture A.Can you name some kinds of the public services?Getting Ready2.Look at picture B.What is the future of modern trains?Reading Text A Reading Text A Intens
2、ive ReadingAfter-reading ActivitiesGlobal ReadingPre-reading questions Microsoft:Crafting Image through Public RelationsPre-readinglHave you ever remembered how many kinds of public transportation you have used?And what are they?lWhich do you think is better for our future world,private cars or publ
3、ic transportation?Why?APTA lAPTA is the leading force in advancing public transportation.lAPTA members are public organizations that are engaged in the areas of bus,paratransit,light rail,commuter rail,subways,waterborne passenger services,and high-speed rail.Members also include large and small com
4、panies who plan,design,construct,finance,supply,and operate bus and rail services worldwide.Government agencies,metropolitan planning organizations,state departments of transportation,academic institutions,and trade publications are also part of our membership.lTo strengthen and improve public trans
5、portation,APTA serves and leads its diverse membership through advocacy,innovation and information sharing.APTA and its members and staff work to ensure that public transportation is available and accessible for all Americans in communities across the country.Bus Rapid TransitlBRT is an innovative,h
6、igh capacity,lower cost public transit solution that can significantly improve urban mobility.This permanent,integrated system uses buses or specialized vehicles on roadways or dedicated lanes to quickly and efficiently transport passengers to their destinations,while offering the flexibility to mee
7、t transit demand.BRT systems can easily be customized to community needs and incorporate state-of-the-art,low-cost technologies that result in more passengers and less congestion.Global warming lGlobal warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earths atmosphere and oceans,which began to in
8、crease in the late 19th century and is projected to continue rising.Since the early 20th century,Earths average surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 C(1.4 F),with about two thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.Warming of the climate system is unequivocal,and scientists are more than
9、 90%certain that most of it is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels.These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all major industrialized nations.Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive
10、English(II)Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Skimming and ScanningAnswer the following questions according to Text A 1.What is the authors suggestion in this text?4.What do some people argue about the public transportation?2.According to the statistics from APTA,why should people u s e m o r
11、e p u b l i c transportation?3What benefits can the public transportation generate?5.What are the options in public transportation mentioned in the text?AnswerslSome people think it is a monopoly and bully,while many others consider it the champion of high-tech innovation.lBecause its public image i
12、s the importation factor in Microsofts success.And those professionals major role is to establish the positive image of Microsoft and its products.lBefore the introduction of every major update of Windows,computer users are bombarded by media coverage in newspapers,magazines,television,and radio for
13、 weeks.The company also sends newsletters and brochures in the mail to its users,or allows them to pick these up at local computer stores.lThe company has stepped up giveaways to get its products into grade schools,high schools,and colleges throughout the United States and around the world.Microsoft
14、 once provided free software for Indiana Universitys 91,000 students and free software training for its instructors.In addition,millions of dollars worth of Microsoft software were donated to U.S.public libraries through the chairmans charitable foundation.lThey will devote themselves to making use
15、of that power to polish the companys image so as to keep the Microsoft brand one of the best recognized in the computer industry.Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Difficult sentences1.Thirdly,people who use public transportation regularly tend to be he
16、althier than those who have private cars,since the former walk more(from home to the bus station and also from the office to the bus station)than the latter.public transportation 公共交通tend to 趋向；注意；易于；有的倾向private car 私人汽车the former 前者the latter 后者the bus station 汽车站transportation n.运输；运输工具Unit 8 Post
17、graduate Intensive English(II)Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Difficult sentences1.Thirdly,people who use public transportation regularly tend to be healthier than those who have private cars,since the former walk more(from home to the bus station and also from the office to the bus station
18、)than the latter.第三，经常使用公共交通的人们比有私家车的人们更健康，因为前者比后者走得更多（从家到车站，同样从办公室到家）。“people who use public transportation regularly”为定语从句，关系代词who修饰的先行词是people，who在从句中作主语，译为：经常使用公共交通的人们。Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Difficult sentences2.Some people argue that go
19、od public transportation isnt available in some parts of America like small towns and remote areas.be available 有空的，可供使用的like 像.remote area 偏远地区argue v.辩论，争论 available a.可得的，空闲的remote a.遥远的，偏僻的Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Difficult sentences2.Some
20、 people argue that good public transportation isnt available in some parts of America like small towns and remote areas.有些人争论到在美国的一些地方，比如小镇和偏远地区很难利用到好的公共交通。在主从复合句，主句的谓语argue后可带宾语从句，起到主句宾语的作用，所以此句为宾语从句。Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Difficult sentenc
21、es3.What we should do now is to persuade people with access to good public transportation to use it more often,whats more,to offer more reasonable public transportation to the people in remote areas or small villages.access to 接近，有权使用，通向的路口whats more 而且offer.to 向.主动提供access n.进入，使用权persuade v.说服，被说服
22、reasonable a.合理的，公道的Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Difficult sentences3.What we should do now is to persuade people with access to good public transportation to use it more often,whats more,to offer more reasonable public transportation to the peopl
23、e in remote areas or small villages.我们现在要做的是劝说人们能使用好的公共交通并且经常使用，而且要为偏远地区和小村落地区的人们提供适当的公共交通。“What we should do now”此句为what疑问词引导的主语从句，可以位于句首，主语从句采用陈述句语序。“to persuade people with access to good public transportation to use it more often,whats more,to offer more reasonable public transportation to the p
24、eople in remote areas or small villages.”动词不定式：to+动词原形，to persuade和to offer，在此句中作表语。Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Difficult sentences4.We live on the earth,a planet which needs more oxygen,more beautiful sunshine and sufficient resource.我们生活在地球上，一个
25、需要更多氧气，更美丽阳光，足够资源的星球。此句中earth和planet是同位语关系，两个单词所指的是一个事物地球。而后半句a planet which needs more oxygen,more beautiful sunshine and sufficient resource.是定语从句，先行词planet 由关系代词which修饰。connect generate pollution argue available convenient persuade reasonable v1.Since you know the topic of lecture,please ask ques
26、tions that _ to it.v2.The new policy of the government tends to raise the future price to more _ level.v3.It is a _ way to raise money by selling shares in profitable enterprises.v4.The new conflicts between the two countries generate a series of problems.v5.Others _ that the education is not fair i
27、n some remote area.v6.Unfortunately,there is no specific book about Africans _ for the study.v7.Air _,water _ and light _ will cause the disease.v8.Typically,these managers can _ some possible clients to follow them.Answersv1.connectv2.reasonablev3.convenientv4.generatev5.arguev6.availablev7.polluti
28、onv8.persuadeUnit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Reading Text Reading Text B Speed ReadingUnit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Speed-reading Speed-reading 2.Why can people have the developing transportation sy
29、stems step by step?A.Because people first change the living standards first.B.Because only the finance can push the transportation systems.C.Because the development of the technology results in the transportation systems.D.Because people have the dreams of more advanced transportation systems.1.Peop
30、le used the transportations as the followings EXCEPT .A.locomotive B.human and animal C.steam engines D.chicken powerUnit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Speed-reading Speed-reading 3.The word breakthrough in the second line of the second paragraph means
31、.A.a productive insightB.making an important discovery C.a penetration of a barrier such as an enemys defense D.inventionsUnit 8 Postgradaute Intensive English(II)Unit 8 Postgradaute Intensive English(II)Speed-reading Speed-reading 4.Which of the following is NOT true?A.In the industrial revolution,
32、the locomotives and ships were powered by steam engines.B.Now more new management systems have been invented to keep trains and metros on time.C.Computer hasnt been fit into the satellite system and cant keep track of everything.D.Computers also are engaged in air traffic control for take-offs and l
33、andings at the airports.5.According to the last paragraph,the future would be?A upsetB no changeC changed by technology D gloomyAnswers 1.D 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.ClaUnit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Unit 8 Postgraduate Intensive English(II)Present Participle and Past ParticipleGrammar point Present P
34、articiple and Past Participle（现在分词（现在分词和过去分词）和过去分词）分词有现在分词与过去分词两种。作为非谓语，分词可用作形容词和副词，在句中充当定语，表语，补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语，状语构成分词短语。现在分词与过去分词的区别如下：现在分词与过去分词的区别如下：现在分词：过去分词作谓语be+现在分词构成进行时be+过去分词构成被动语态。Have/has+过去分词构成完成时形式有主动态和被动态（being+过去分词）过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。语态表示主动的意思（表示所修饰的人
35、或物的行为）；过去分词则表示被动的意思（表示所修饰人或无的动作的承受者）；时间一般表示正在进行的动作；过去分词表示已经完成的动作例子boiling water 开水/an inspiring leader 具有号召力的领袖boiled water 开水/the inspired soldiers 受到鼓舞的士兵1.现在分词的完成式（having+done）表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或是两个动作在时间上有一定的间隔。Having written the letter,John went to the shopping mall.2.现在分词的被动态（being+过去分词）通常表示“
36、正在被.”的意思。如强调现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，可用现在分词被动态的完成式（having+been 过去分词）。Having been kept out of the classroom about half an hour for being late,John was let in.备注备注分词在句中的作用：现在分词过去分词分词作定语This is an interesting film.The factory run by Lucy was established by Shanghai people.分词作状语Seeing the professor ente
37、ring the classroom,the students clapped.Heated,the metal expands.分词作宾补Can you get the clock going again?You should not have your homework done.分词作表语The film is touching.The patients looked surprised.分词作独立成分 Flags flying,the college students marched in the streets.All vases broken,he stood half dead.Thank you!
