1、Grammar and usage()Past Perfect TenseUnit 1 The mass media1.He regularly visited the library and studied English and Lawby then he had learnt very little French.()2.By the age of 25,he had become a teacher.()3.He used the same business strategy he had employed at the St Louis Post-Dispatch and sales
2、 of the newspaper mounted up until it was the bestselling newspaper in the country.()FEnglishFpublisherT1.When and where was Joseph Pulitzer born?2.When did Joseph Pulitzer found the newspaper the St Louis Post-Dispatch?3.In 1892,what did he offer Columbia University money to start?4.When were the f
3、irst Pulitzer Prizes were awarded?1.When and where was Joseph Pulitzer born?Joseph Pulitzer was born on April 10,1847,in Hungary.2.When did Joseph Pulitzer found the newspaper the St Louis Post-Dispatch?In 1878.3.In 1892,what did he offer Columbia University money to start?He offered Columbia Univer
4、sity money to start a school of journalism.4.When were the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded?Six years after Joseph Pulitzers death.Read and complete the table.April 10,1847 Joseph Pulitzer was born.1._ He moved to America and became an American citizen.2._ He became a publisher.18783._1883Pulitzer
5、 bought the New York World.1892He offered Columbia University money to start a school of journalism.4._ Pulitzer died.5._ The Columbia School of Journalism was established.1917The first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded.1860s1872Pulitzer founded the St Louis Post-Dispatch 19111912Find the sentences using
6、 the past perfect tense in part A.1.He regularly visited the library and studied English and Lawby then he had learnt very little English.2.by the age of 25,he had become a publisher.3.He used the same business strategy he had employed at the St Louis Post-Dispatch and sales of the newspaper mounted
7、 up until it was the bestselling newspaper in the country.We often use the past perfect tense to talk about something that happened(1)_(before/after)a past action or state.The verb form of the past perfect tense is“(2)_(have/had done)”.beforehad doneWorking out the rulesl work tirelesslyl accuse sb.
8、of sth.l shoot upl mount upl advocate the training of l regard.as a noble profession l of unequaled importancel influence on the minds and morals Useful ExpressionsWorking out the rules一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点:概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即或完成了的动作，即“”。例：例：They ha
9、d already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.She had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning.构成构成had donehadnt doneHad 主语主语done？例句例句Tom had finished his homework by 8 oclock last night.Tom hadnt finished his homework by 8 oclock last night.Had Tom finished his homework by
10、8 oclock last night?二、过去完成时的判断依据二、过去完成时的判断依据:1.由由来判定：与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：来判定：与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：(1)by+过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.(2)by the end of+过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.(3)before+过去的时间点。如：过去的时间
11、点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2.由由“”来判定：是指过去某一动作之前已经发生来判定：是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即或完成的动作，即这种用法常出现在：这种用法常出现在：(1)宾语从句中宾语从句中:在在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾等动词后的宾语从句。如：语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.(2)状语从句中状语从句中:在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，
12、主、主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动，动作在后的要用作在后的要用一般过去时一般过去时。如：如：When I got to the station,the train had already left.After he had finished his homework,he went to bed.(3)表示意向的动词，如表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示等，用过去完成时表示原本原本，未能，未能我们原本希望你会来，但你没来。我们
13、原本希望你会来，但你没来。We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.3.根据上、下文来判定。根据上、下文来判定。昨天我在街上见到了王涛，自从他来到北京后我们还没见过面。昨天我在街上见到了王涛，自从他来到北京后我们还没见过面。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.We hadnt seen each other since he came to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法三、过去完成时的主要用法 1.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时
14、间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去过去的过去”。如：我醒来时，雨已经停了。如：我醒来时，雨已经停了。When I woke up,it had stopped raining.2.过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：如：他告诉我他写了一本新书。他告诉我他写了一本新书。He told me that he had written a new book.(had written 发生在发生在 told 之
15、前之前)3.过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already,yet,still,just,before,never 等时间副词及等时间副词及 by,before,until 等引导的短语或从句连用。等引导的短语或从句连用。如：如：Before she came to China,Grace had taught English in a school for about five years.Pearl had collected more than 300 Ch
16、inese stamps by the time he was ten.4.过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，且动作尚未结束，仍有继续的可能。一直延续到这一过去时间，且动作尚未结束，仍有继续的可能。如：如：By the end of last year,he had worked in the factory for twenty years.(had worked 已有了已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可年，还有继续进行下去的可能能)三、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别三、过去完成时与现在完成时的区
17、别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为”have(has)+过去分词过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更去，更强调强调“过去的过去过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它才用到它。到目前为止我已经学会了到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。个英语单词。I have learned 1000 English w
18、ords so far.到那时为止我已经学会了到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.Im sorry to keep you waiting.Oh,not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等等”的动作从过去某一时的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）间点持续到现在）John returned home yesterday.约翰昨天回到家的。约翰昨天回到家的。Where had he be
19、en?他去哪儿了？他去哪儿了？（使用过去完成时是指约翰在（使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪之前去了哪些地方，即些地方，即“过去的过去过去的过去”）四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：用时应注意以下几点：1.时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间.他们昨天十点他们昨天十点前前就到
20、车站了。就到车站了。They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.他们昨天十点到了车站。他们昨天十点到了车站。They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。后发生的则用一般过去时。She was very happy.Her whole family were pleas
21、ed with her,too.She had just won the first in the composition competition.3.当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或或 but 连接时，按连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在另外，在 before,after,as soon as引导的从句中，由于这些连词引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时时.他进入房间，打
22、开灯，看晚报。他进入房间，打开灯，看晚报。He entered the room,turned on the light and read an evening paper.我离开办公室前给她打了电话。我离开办公室前给她打了电话。I(had)called her before I left the office.过去完成时在固定句式中的运用过去完成时在固定句式中的运用1.hardly/scarcely.when.和和No sooner.than.句型中，表示句型中，表示“一一.就就.”.Hardly had he known what happened when the audience br
23、oke in and interrupted him.No sooner had he arrived than he began to investigate the false news.2.在在”It/This/That was the+序数词序数词+time that sb/sth had done”句式中，表示句式中，表示”某人第几次做某事某人第几次做某事“。It was the second time that he had travelled along the ancient Silk Road.3.在在”It was+一段时间一段时间+since sb/sth had don
24、e”句式中句式中.It was almost ten years since he had made a documentary to retell the history of the Palace Museum in detail.Exercises 翻译句子：翻译句子：1.到上个月底到上个月底,你看了多少部英文电影你看了多少部英文电影?How many English films had you seen by the end of last month?2.今天上午十点钟前今天上午十点钟前,他已完成了这项工作。他已完成了这项工作。He had finished the work bef
25、ore ten oclock this morning.3.在我妈妈回来之前在我妈妈回来之前,我已经完成了作业。我已经完成了作业。I had already finished my homework before my mother returned.4.我到运动场时我到运动场时,比赛已经开始了。比赛已经开始了。The match had already begun when I got to the playground.5.八点钟八点钟,学生开始在田里劳动学生开始在田里劳动,这时雨已经停止这时雨已经停止,太阳出来了。太阳出来了。The students started working in
26、 the fields at eight oclock.The rain had stopped and the sun was shining.6.在我爸爸搬到这里之前在我爸爸搬到这里之前,他已在学校工作五年了。他已在学校工作五年了。My father had worked in the school for five years before he moved here.7.昨天我看到了昨天我看到了David。自离开学校以来。自离开学校以来,我们都没有见过面。我们都没有见过面。I saw David yesterday.We had not seen each other since we
27、 left school.8.到六月底他们已经治疗了一万多病人。到六月底他们已经治疗了一万多病人。By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients.9.他在部队干了十年，去年退役了。他在部队干了十年，去年退役了。He had served in the army for ten years before he retired last year.10.他告诉我他从小就认识她。他告诉我他从小就认识她。He told me that he had known her since he was a child.11.汤姆乘飞机回家，他的
28、父亲却已经去世了。汤姆乘飞机回家，他的父亲却已经去世了。Tom flew home,but his father had already died.12.我本来希望昨晚回来的，但没搭上火车。我本来希望昨晚回来的，但没搭上火车。I had hoped to be back last night,but I didnt catch the train.13.我们本想早回来的，但他们不让我们走。我们本想早回来的，但他们不让我们走。We had thought to return early but they wouldnt let us go.14.我原以为我以前见过他。我原以为我以前见过他。I t
29、hought I had seen him before.15.到他到来时，那人已经离开了。到他到来时，那人已经离开了。By the time he arrived,the man had already left.Circle the mistakes and correct them in the blanks below.1)Pulitzer knew that he had learnt very little English,so he had started to work hard at the language._2)Pulitzer was very hard-working
30、.Quite often,when he arrived home at midnight,he was working for over 10 hours._had started 去掉去掉 had was working 改成改成 had workedB1Circle the mistakes and correct them in the blanks below.3)For the time he was 25,Pulitzer had become a journalist and publisher._4)Many of the best reporters have worked
31、 for his paper before its failure in 1931._ For 改成改成 By have worked 改成改成 had workedB1The Pulitzer Prizes are a set of awards honoring excellence in journalism and the arts.The prizes were established largely due to the efforts of Joseph Pulitzer,who(1)_ his reputation as a newspaper publisher.He lef
32、t money in his 1904 will to fund the establishment of the prizes,stating that he wanted four awards in journalism,four in letters and drama,one for education,and five traveling scholarships.Since the first prizes(2)_ in 1917,there have been many winners and some people have won more than once.Past w
33、inners include such famous names as Eugene ONeill.When ONeill received the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 1957,it was the fourth time he(3)_ it.had built were awarded had wonComplete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs.B2win build intend award allowThere have been a number of changes to the
34、Pulitzer Prizes over time.Some of these resulted from advances in technology.For example,online content from newspaper websites(4)_ in all of the journalism categories since 2006.The Pulitzer Prizes have also expanded to include such categories as photography and music.Nevertheless,journalism is sti
35、ll what the Pulitzer Prizes are best known for.Today,winning the Pulitzer Prizes is considered by many to be the hightest achievement possible in journalism just as Pulitzer(5)_.has been allowed(had)intendedComplete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs.B2win build intend award allow1.Who
36、had devoted a lot before the Pulitzer Prizes were established?Joseph Pulitzer.2.What categories have The Pulitzer Prizes also expanded to include?Photography and music.Answer the following questions:Page 58 Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.1.had finished 2.had been 3.have been
37、4.(had)studied 5.had wanted 6.called 7.had recommended 8.had leftC Talk about Zou Taofens life story according to the timeline and share it with each other.Example:By the time he was 31,Zou Taofen had become the chief editor of Life Weekly.B3Sample AnswerZou Taofen was born in 1895,in Fujian.He grad
38、uated from university at the age of twenty-six,in 1921.The next year,he became an editor.He had worked as an editor for four years before he became the chief editor of Life Weekly.In 1931,he started campaigning against the Japanese invasion.By the time he was forty,he had started a new journal calle
39、d Life of the Masses.Zou had established himself as a famous journalist and publisher before he died in Shanghai in 1944.Fill in the blanks with proper and correct forms of the verbs.1.He _(try)his best although he failed again.2.By the time,Tom _(found)his own business.3.The train _(leave)before I
40、got to the station.4.I _(learn)English for seven years when I graduated from high school.had triedhad foundedhad lefthad learned/learnt5.Julie _(finish)cleaning the house by the end of last weekend.6.Rowling began to write a review after she _(watch)the movie.7.She said she _(see)the headmaster already.8.No sooner _ we _(go)out than it rained.had finishedhad watchedhad seenhad goneFill in the blanks with proper and correct forms of the verbs.1.Search the information online and write a life story of your favorite people.2.Complete part C of the workbook on page 56.
