1、Unit1 第二册第二册 1. 现在分词作状语 1）Growing up in England with a British father and a Chinese mother, Ive enjoyed food from both countries ever since I was able to hold a knife and fork and chopsticks!. 我在英国长大，父亲是英国人， 母亲是中国人。自从我能拿刀叉和筷子以来，我就喜欢上 了两国的食物。 现在分词短语作原因状语，一般位于句首，相当于一个原因状语从句。 2）Finding the course very
2、difficult, she decided to move to a lower level. 原因状语原因状语 3）Hearing that she had just been admitted to Beijing University, she jumped with joy. 时间状语时间状语 4）The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning unnecessary. 结果状语结果状语 5）The visitors stood on top of Mount Tai, enjoy
3、ing the rising sun. 伴随状语伴随状语 6）Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 让步状语让步状语 2. People say that one mans meat is another mans poison, but I feel at home with food from both my cultures. 人们说，甲之熊掌，乙之砒霜，但我对来自两种文化的食物都感到 自在。 People say that = Its said that. =sb./sth. is said to do sth. Its
4、reported that. 据报道 Its announced that. 据宣布 Its considered that. 人们认为 Its agreed that. 人们一致认为 Its believed that. 人们相信 Its hoped that. 人们希望 Its suggested that. 有人建议 3. To me, theres nothing better than a cross-cultural afternoon tea of English biscuits and a cup of Chinese oolong tea in a fine china c
5、up! There is nothing better than.意为 “没有什么比.更好的了” 否定词(常用 not, no, never, nothing, nobody, hardly)+ adj/adv 的比较级 (+than) 4. 不定式作表语，省略 to 的情况 All you have to do is select the photos of healthy food. 当主语部分有实义动词 do，作表语的不定式可以省略 to. 5. 情态动词表示说话人的某种语气、情绪，如可能、意愿、猜测、义务、需要等。 用法： 情态动词+动词原形 原形 过去式 May might Can
6、could Shall should Will would Have to had to Dare dared Dare 既可以作情态动词，又可作实义动词。 Dare 作情态动词时，没有人称和数量的变化， 但有过去式。 情态动词 dare 句型 I dare say.我想/敢说 How dare you.你怎么敢？ Had better do sth. Had better not do sth. Need 开头的疑问句， 否定回答 neednt “Need he stay here?” “No, he neednt.” Need 开头的疑问句， 肯定回答 must “Need he stay
7、 here?” “Yes, he must.” Must 开头的疑问句，肯定回答 must. “Must he stay here?” “Yes, he must.” Must 开头的疑问句，否定回答 neednt 或 dont have to. “Need he stay here?” “No, he neednt.” 6. So, dont forget to pick up some chicken on your way home and try this recipe out. Pick up a few bargains 买到几件便宜或货 Pick up a coin 捡起一枚硬币
8、 Pick sb. up 开车接某人 Pick up some French 学会一些法语 Pick up bad habits 染上坏习惯 Pick up a signal 接收信号 Pick out 精心挑选，辨认出 Pick up 是动词+副词短语，接宾语时，要放在 pick 和 up 之间。 7. No family meal is complete without some form of meat. 没有肉的家庭餐是不完整的 双重否定结构，表达强烈的语气，意为“没有.就不.” No/not/never/+without No/not+ 表否定意义的形容词 No/not/never/
9、nobody/few 等+ 表否定意义的动词(短语) Eg. No smoke without fire. 无风不起浪。 Nothing is impossible. 没有什么是不可能的。 Nobody disagrees. 没人不同意。 8. There are five of us living in our shared student house. There be+ 主语 +doing ( 表示主动和进行) There be+ 主语 +done ( 表示被动或完成) There be+ 主语 +to do (表示动作尚未发生) Unit2 9. May Day is a festiv
10、al to celebrate the start of summer, with celebrations held across Europe and in parts of North America. With+宾语+宾补常做状语，表示时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随等。 With+宾语+现在分词( 表示主动或正在进行) With+宾语+过去分词( 表示被动或已经完成) With+宾语+动词不定式( 表示尚未发生) With+宾语+adj./adv./介词短语 With 复合结构还可以做定语 Do you know the lady with a baby in her arms? 你认识
11、那个抱着婴儿的女士吗？ 10. Thats why letters from Father Christmas could be the perfect book for those who regard Christmas as a special time of year. That/This/It is why +结果 （why 引导表语从句） That/This/It is because+原因 （because 引导表语从句） The reason (why). is that. (why 引导定语从句)(that 引导表语从句) 11. 情态动词+have done 结构 Coul
12、d have done 本能够做而未做 May/might have done 可能做过 Should have done 本该做而未做 Shouldnt have done 本不该做而未做 Neednt have done 本不必做而做了 12. The letters did, however, change as Tolkiens children got older 然而，随着托尔金的孩子们年龄的增长，这些信确实发生了变化 Do/does/did+ 动词原形， 用来表示强调， 对一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定谓语的 强调，没有否定和疑问式。 13. 情态动词 2 Can 与 could
13、1) 表示能力， 常译为“能，会”。Could 是 can 的过去式， 表示过去的能力。 2) 表请求或许可，常译为“可以”。 could 比 can 的语气更加委婉。 3) 表示可能性。 4) 表示惊讶，不相信等。常用于否定句中。 Cant/couldnt have done 表示对过去情况的否定推测，意为“不可能做了某事” Could have done 既可以表示对过去的推测，还可表示“过去本可以做（却没做）” Must 1) 表示“必须”， 否定形式 mustnt 表示“不准，禁止”。 Must 的一般疑问句： 肯定回答 must 否定回答 neednt / dont have to
14、2) 表示肯定推测， 意为“一定，肯定”。 表推测时，否定推测是 cant 3) 表示偏要，偏偏。 4) Must have done 表示对过去情况的肯定推测，意为“一定做了某事” May 与 might 1) 表示请求和许可，常意为“可以”。Might 表请求时语气更委婉 一般疑问句： 肯定回答用 may/can 否定回答用 mustnt/cant. 2) 表示可能性时， 意为“也许，可能，大概”，might 比 may 的可能性要小 3) May 表祝愿。 May your dreams come true! 4) May/might have done, “可能做过某事” 5) Can
15、t/couldnt 表不可能 May not/ might not 表可能不。 14. Not only. but (also). It was not only for the delicious food that we seldom got to eat, but for the opportunity to have our whole family gathered together. Not only.but also. 是并列连词，连接两个对等的成分， 谓语动词遵循就近原则。 当连接两个分句时，not only 位于句首， not only 部分要用部分倒装。 15. .but
16、not everyone is keen on this idea. 但并不是每个人都喜欢这个想法。 总括性代词/副词与 not 连用时，表示部分否定。 总括性词有 all, both, every, everything, everybody, everyone, always, altogether 等等。 全部否定：none, neither, nothing, nobody, no one, never 等 与肯定形式的谓语动词连用。 Unit3 16. Given that Neil Armstrong wanted to take a football to the Moon, w
17、e could even say that it is also the most popular sport out of this world. 考虑到。 Given that 表示一个真实条件，其从句谓语动词用陈述语气。 引导条件状语从句的常用词有 If, unless, Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents opinion unless he wants their support. as/so long as, You wont find paper cutting difficult as long as ou k
18、eep practising it. in case, On condition that, I can tell you the truth, on condition that you promise to keep it a secret. supposing (that), Providing (that), You can borrow the car, provided/providing I can have it back by six oclock. provided (that) Given that Given that hes had six months to do
19、this, he hasnt made much progress. 17. That 引导的主语从句 That football is such a simple game to play is perhaps the basis of its popularity. That 引导主语从句时，在从句中不充当句子成分，也无实际意义， 只起连接作用，不可省略。 如果从句太长，为避免头重脚轻，常用 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。 18. Whether.or Whether youre a professional athlete or keen sportsperson, DX Spor
20、ts Watch is the ideal choice for you. Whether. or.可引导让步状语从句， “不管。还是。” Whether.or. 还可引导表语从句， 宾语从句， 主语从句和同位语从句， “是.还是.” 19. 不定式作定语 The first, the second, the last, the best, the only thing 常 + 不定式作定语 常接不定式作定语的名词有 ability, ambition, chance, attempt, decision, need, plan, promise, reason, time, way, 等。
21、20. 不定式作结果状语 不定式作结果状语常与 only 连用， 表示出乎意料的结果。 Enough to do, too.to do, so.as to do, such.as to do 结构中， to do 表示结果。 21. But before I knew it, I was taking part in local races. Before sb. can do sth. 某人还没来得及做。 It was+时间段+before 过了多长时间才 It will be+时间段+before 要过多长时间才. Unit4 22. So.that. Some of the female
22、 voices were so high that I was sure they could break glass! So that 以便， 为了（目的状语从句，从句中往往有 will/would/can/could/may/might 等 情态 V，表明动作尚未发生。） So that 因此，所以 (结果状语从句) 23. 现在分词作状语时的形式 Doing, Having done, Being done, Having been done 1) 现在分词作时间状语 (相当于时间状语从句) When reading the newspaper, I heard the doorbell
23、 ring. 2) 现在分词作原因状语 (相当于原因状语从句) Being ill, he couldnt book the flight. Not knowing which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice. 3) 现在分词作条件状语 (相当于条件状语从句) Turning to the right, you will find a path. = If you turn to the right, you will find a path. 4) 现在分词作让步状语 (相当于让步状语从句) 有时现在分词
24、前可带有连词 although, even if, even though. Having tried many times, he still couldnt overcome the difficulties. 5) 现在分词作结果状语 现在分词作结果状语表示必然的结果， 通常放在句末。现在分词前可加 thus, 相当 于 so, so that 引导的结果状语从句。 不定式作结果状语从句时，常与 only, never 连用， 表示出乎意料。 He got up late and hurried to his office, leaving the breakfast untouched
25、. The actor intended to leave quickly, only to be surrounded by his fans. 6) 现在分词作方式或伴随状语 说明位语动词所表示的动作发生的方式、背景或情况。 分词的动作和谓语动词的动作同事发生。 方式状语可转成并列成分。 Morris lay on the grass feeling depressed about this whole situation. 7) 现在分词作评论性状语 Generally speaking, 一般说来 Roughly speaking, 大致说来 Frankly speaking, 坦率的
26、说 Judging from 由.判断 Considering 考虑到 Supposing 如果 Providing 如果 Assuming. 假设 8） 现在分词构成的独立主格结构 The meeting being over, we all went to the canteen. There being no taxi, we walked to the corporation. Time permitting, well wander around the mall. 24. If so. 如果是这样 If so, you have to suffer from great press
27、ure. If so, If not If possible, If necessary, If any, If ever, What if. Why not? What for? When/where necessary 25. Perhaps, one day, readers of F. Scott Fitzgeralds most admired work will find themselves glued to their screens by episodes of The Great Gatsby. We went home, finding our pet dog fixin
28、g its eyes on an insect. Looking through the window, she found the boss buried in his routine work. When he woke up, he found himself in hospital. When we got home, we found all the light on. Unit5 26. Maybe, but only if it doesnt look dangerous. 也许吧，但前提是看起来不危险。 Only if 意为“只有”， 引导条件状语从句，only 起强调作用。
29、only if 位于句首时， 主 句用部分倒装语序。 If only, 但愿， 要是.就好了 If only 用虚拟语气， 谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来难以实现的愿望， 用 had+过去分词。 If only I were rich. 但愿我很富有。 If only I had gone by taxi. 我要是乘出租车去就好了。 27. I was determined to make my dreams come true. Make+宾语+不带 to 的不定式 our parents always make me feel good about myself. He is made b
30、y his mother to do homework every day. Make 变被动语态时，不定式要带变被动语态时，不定式要带 to Make+宾语+名词/形容词 Make+宾语+过去分词 make himself heard Make it+ adj./n. +带 to 的不定式， it 是形式宾语， 带 to 的不定式是逻辑宾语。 He has made it a rule to go jogging every morning. 28. I use my photography to make an impact on people, especially when it co
31、mes to environment issues. 我用我的摄影对人们产生影响，尤其是在环境问题上。 When it comes to +n./pron./v.-ing 一谈到., 就.而论。 When it comes to maths, he is a little weak. Come up to Come on Come about Come across Come to Come over Come out Come up with 29. There is no doubt that. 毫无疑问 That 引导同位语从句，解释说明 doubt 的具体内容。 同位语从句一般由 th
32、at, wh- 类连词引导， 常放在 doubt, fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, thought 等抽象名词后，解释说明该名词的具体内容。 that 只起连 接作用，无实际意义，不充当句子成分。 30. 动词 -ing 作定语, 表示被修饰词的属性，作用或用途。 a swimming pool= a pool for swimming a reading room= a room for reading a washing machine= a machine for washing 1) Having done 一般
33、只用来作状语，不作定语 2) Done 表示动作已经完成 Being done 表示被动动作正在发生 To be done 表示被动动作将要发生 31. The moment. The minute The second 以上名词词组可做连词，相当于 As soon as.， 意为“一.就.” 32. I cant wait to share the stories with you. Cant wait to do sth. 迫不及待做某事 Cant help doing sth. 忍不住做某事 33. Id fallen asleep, when I heard Dads phone ri
34、nging. Had just done sth. when. Be doing sth. when. Be about to do sth. when. Be on the point of doing sth. when. I had just arrived at the office when my wife phoned me to go back home at once. 34. Write a short introduction about why the place is worth visiting. Be worth 后接动名词的主动形式表示被动的含义。 Be well
35、 worth seeing 值得一看 Be worth a fortune 值一大笔钱 Be worthy of n. Be worthy of being done Be worthy of be done It is worthwhile to do sth. It is worthwhile doing sth. It wasnt worthwhile continuing the project. Unit6 35. Today, as we learn more about sharks, more people then ever want to protect them from
36、 extinction. as 表示随着， 在句子中引导时间状语从句。 as 的含义及引导的从句： 1) 当.时，随着（引导时间时间状语从句） 2) 由于，因为（引导原因原因状语从句） 3) 正如，依照 （方式方式状语从句） 4) 尽管，虽然 （让步让步状语从句） 5) 和.一样 （as.as 比较状语比较状语从句） 6) As 作关系代词（引导定语引导定语从句） As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home. 原因 As you make reading a regular part of your life, you w
37、ill understand the text better. 时间 When in Rome, do as Romans do. 方式 As is known to us, Nanjing is a famous city for her long history. 定语 As I looked at his face, something occurred to me. 时间 Hot as the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey. 让步 Thats not as s
38、imple as it sounds. 比较 36. The less energy you use, the less carbon dioxide is released. The+比较级（+主谓），the + 比较级（+主谓） The more you practise, the better you can understand. 37. 现在分词作宾语补足语 宾语与宾补是主动关系，其主要用于以下两类动词后作宾语补足语： 1）位于感官动词后，如 see, hear, feel, smell, watch, catch, find, listen to, look at, notice,
39、 observe 等。感官动词 see, hear, watch, observe 等后跟 doing 作宾补，表示 动作正在进行，后跟 do 作宾补，表示动作的全过程。 2）位于使役动词后，如 set, keep, have, get, leave 等。 1. See two women arguing 2. Feel something moving near his feet. 3. Find him lying on a bench 4. Watch boats passing by 5. Keep the traffic running smoothly 6. He was caug
40、ht stealing a car 7. When I came in, I saw Linda whispering to Danny. 38. 过去分词作宾语补足语 Have/get +宾语+过去分词 “让别人做”或者“遭遇某种不幸” Make+宾语+过去分词 过去分词表结果 现在分词，过去分词，动词不定式作宾补的判断标准： 1） 用哪种形式 主动关系现在分词 被动关系过去分词 2） 感官动词后的宾补 现在分词主动、进行的关系 过去分词被动、完成的动作 动词不定式动作的全过程 39. However, making a paper bag uses four times as much e
41、nergy as making a plastic bag and up to three times the amount of water. 动名词作主语，常用动名词作主语，常用 it 作形式主语作形式主语， It is no use/good doing something It is a waste of time doing something It is useless/fun/worthwhile doing something Its hardly any good/use doing sth. 40. 倍数表达法： 1）倍数+as+adj./adv.+as+其它 The ro
42、ad is four times as long as it was three years ago. 2）倍数+比较级+than+其它 This apartment is twice bigger than that one. 3）倍数+the+size/height/weight/length/width/depth+.+of 其它 The road is four times the length of what it was three years ago. 4）倍数+what 从句 The length of the road is four times what it was th
43、ree years ago. 海洋面积是陆地的两倍： There is twice as much water on earth as land. 41. 强调句 It is the production of food, not its transport, that uses most of the energy and produces most of the greenhouse gases. 强调句: It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子剩余部分 强调句注意：时态一致，主谓一致 Not. until. 的强调 It was/is not until+被强调部分+that+其它 He did not go to bed until 10 oclock. It was not until 10 oclock that he went to bed. 判断强调句的方法，去掉 it is/was 与与 that/who, 剩余部分若结构完整，句意明确，则为强 调句，否则不是。
