1、Unit1 第三册第三册 1. Disappointed by his behaviour, I said all this to my best friend. I was just letting off stream. 过去分词做状语，有时为了强调，前面可带连词 when, while, if, though, as if, unless 等, 表时间，条件，让步，方式等。 过去分词(短语) 做状语，表 1 时间，2 原因，3 条件，4 让步，5 方式或者伴随 1 Asked about his impression of the apartment, he made no answer
2、. =When he was asked about his impression of the apartment, . 2 Seriously injured, he had to be taken to the hospital. =Because he was seriously injured, he had to. 3 United, we stand; divided, we fall. = If we are untied, we stand; if we are divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。 4 Rejected many times, he di
3、dnt lose heart. =Though he was rejected many times, he didnt lose heart. 5 The boy slid out of his room, followed by hie pet dog. = The boy slid out of his room and was followed by his pet dog. 过去分词(短语)做状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语要一致。 如果主语不一致，要在 分词前加上逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。 The boy rushed into the classroom, his face co
4、vered with sweat. 有些过去分词已形容词化，做状语时表示主语的某种情绪或者状态。 常见的形容词化的过去分词有 Satisfied, surprised, interested, moved, worried, pleased, disappointed 等。 2. First, apologise to your teammate. Then, talk to your friend. Thirdly, think about your own behaviour. Firstly .and later. First.second.third. Firstly.secondly
5、.thirdly. 3. Its adj./n.+to do sth. 做某事是做某事是.的的 Its not easy for anyone to say sorry. Its not a good idea to criticise someone in front of others. 4. Its believed that.人们相信人们相信., 有人认为有人认为. Its believed that EQ plays an even more important role than IQ. 人们认为情商扮演的 角色比智商更重要。 Its believed that EQ plays
6、an even more important role than IQ =People believe that EQ plays an even more important role than IQ. =EQ is believed to play an even more important role than IQ. Its reported that. 据报道 Its announced that.据宣布 Its considered that. 人们认为 Its hoped that. 人们希望 Its thought that. 人们认为 Its believed that.人们
7、相信 Its suggested that.有人建议 5. Stop for a moment and consider that perhaps your friend wants some frank comments from you so that they can improve. (so that 引导的目的状语从句) So that 既可以引导目的状语从句，还可以引导结果状语从句。 引导目的状语从句时，意为“以便，为了”相当于 in order that，从句中往往有 will/would/can/could/may/might 等情态 V，表明动作尚未发生。 引导结果状语从句时
8、，意为“因此，所以”，从句中不用情态 V. 6. Perhaps the meal you said was “delicious” will be served every time you visit. Every/each time 意为“每次”，名词词组，可做连词，引导时间状从。 可做连词，含 time 的名词词组： The first time The second time (the) last time (the) next time Any time By the time 7. The more independent you are, the better your lif
9、e will be. The+比较级( +主谓)， the+比较级( +主谓) 前者表条件，后者表结果。 The more, the better. 多多益善。 The harder you study, the more progress you will make. 你学习越刻苦，你取得的进步就越大。 The more positive an article was, the more likely it was to be shared. Unit 2 8. All I can do is (to) ride a tricycle and make money for the stude
10、nts. (all I can do =all that I can do( that 在从句中做宾语，可以省略在从句中做宾语，可以省略) =what I can do) 当主语含有 do 的某种形式时， 作表语的不定式可以省略 to The only thing for you to do now is (to) apologize. All you need to do is (to) show your perseverance. 9. Knowing that the kids now have money for school is what keeps me going and g
11、ives me more energy. 知道孩子们现在有钱上学是让我坚持下去的理由，并给了我 更多的力量。 What=all that =the things that =anything that What 引导的名词性从句=先行词+that 引导的定语从句 Going to Beijing University is what Ive been dreaming of. 上北京大学是我一直梦寐以求的。 10. have trouble doing sth. 做某事有困难 Ryan had trouble believing the words spoken by his teacher
12、that. 瑞安难以相信老师 说的话 Trouble, difficulty 前可用 some, no, little, much 等修饰 have trouble (in) doing sth. 中，介词 in 可省略 做某事有困难 have trouble with sth. have trouble (in) doing sth. have problems with sth. have problems (in) doing sth. have a hard/difficult time (in) doing sth. have difficulty (in) doing sth. 1
13、1. So.that. 如此.以至于. And why is the water so dirty that it makes them sick? 为什么水这么脏以至于让她们 生病？ so.that. / such.that so 后接形容词或副词， such 后接名词(短语)， 但当名词前有 many/much/few/little 时， 要用 so 12. Not only. but also We need to not only donate money but also get new ideas. not only. but also.是并列连词，是并列连词， 连接两个对等的成分
14、连接两个对等的成分，如主语，谓语，宾语，表语， 状语等等，还可连接两个分句。 1）not only. but also 连接两个主语时， 强调的是后面的主语， 因此谓语应和后面的主 语在人称和数量上保持一致，即 遵循“就近原则”。 2）Not only.but also 连接两个分句时，且 not only 位于句首时，not only 分句用部 分倒装语序. Eg. Not only do the teachers have their own ideas on the matter, but the students have theirs too. also 有时可省略，或将 also
15、换成 too， as well (位于句末) 13. have/ has been doing 一直在（现在完成进行时） Now, UNICEF has been working to improve the lives of children and their families across 190 countries and territories. have/has been doing: 表示动作从某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，或者可能仍然要继 续下去。 现在完成时 VS 现在完成进行时 Ive been writing a novel. 过去发生，延续到现在，还在进行 Ive wr
16、itten a novel. 过去发生，已经完成 14. 过去分词作定语 1）单个过去分词作定语时，通常在被修饰词之前 The ground was covered with fallen leaves. 地上满是落叶 People shouldnt be exposed to polluted water. 人们不应该接触被污染了的水。 2）过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。 I was instructed to carry out a plan supported by most people. = I was instructed to carry out a plan wh
17、ich was supported by most people. 我被要求执行一个多数人支持的计划。 不及物动词，只表示完成，不表被动； a retired teacher 退休教师 fallen leaves 落叶 The risen sun 升起的太阳 及物动词，表示被动或完成 An honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人 Deeply moved people 深受感动的人们 The broken glass 碎了的杯子 The question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题 3）现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别 语态上不同，现在分词表主动意义， 过去分词
18、多表示被动意义 The woman standing beside him is his secretary. (woman 和 stand 是主动的关系) She showed me the book recommended by the professor （book 和 recommend 是被动的关系） 时间关系上的不同，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示动作已经完 成 the changing world 正在发生变化的世界 the changed world 已经变化了的世界 the falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 the fallen leaves 落叶 1
19、5. as 引导的状语从句和定语从句引导的状语从句和定语从句 A shocked Winton watched as the majority of people rose to their feet. 温顿震惊的望着大多数人站了起来。 As the Chinese saying goes, “A kind-hearted person lives a long life.” 中国有句俗话叫“好人长寿”。 1) as 引导的时间状语从句，强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词动作的同时性。 As our car approached Mount Huang, it slowed down. 我们的车接
20、近黄山时，速度慢 了下来。 2) as 引导的原因状语从句 It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit. 按时缴付电费很重要，因为晚交可能会影响你的信用。 3) as 引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然，即使”（从句需倒装） 1. Cold as it is, my elder brother wears only a shirt. 尽管天气很冷，我哥哥只穿了一件衬衫。 2. Hot as it was, the kids played footbal
21、l on the playground. 尽管天气很热，孩子们还是在操场上踢足球。 3. Child as he is, he knows a lot about space exploration. 尽管他还是个孩子，但他对太空的探索了解很多。 4. Hard as they tried, they couldnt make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大的努力，却没法让他改变主意。 5. Try as he might, he couldnt solve the problem. 尽管他想法设法， 却未能解决这个问题。 6. Much as he liked h
22、er, he left her finally. 尽管他很喜欢她，可最后他还是离开了他。 4) as 引导的方式状语从句，意为“以.方式” They did as I had asked. 5) as 引导的比较状语从句，意为“像.一样” John came as early as Mary did. as 引导定语从句，意为“正如，正像” As is known to us all, the Internet plays a very important part in our life and work. 众所周知，互联网在我们的工作和生活中起着重要的作用 as 引导的定语从句的几个常用固
23、定句式： as is known to all. as we can see (from his accent) as you know as is mentioned above Unit 3 16. 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 用于对先行词起补充说明，补充额外信息，如果省略，句意仍然清晰完整。 而限制性定语从句，对先行词限定修饰，缩小范围。 A faint blue light shot across it, darkening to purple, and presently she could see the image of her son, who lived on the
24、other side of the earth. 一道微弱的蓝光射过了它，变暗至紫色。过了一会，她就看见了他儿子的影像，他住在 地球的另一边，他也看见了她。 I have daughter who is a doctor. 限制性 我有一个当医生的当医生的女儿 I have a daughter, who is a doctor. 非限制性 我有一个女儿，她是个医生 17. The way+定语从句 Look at the pictures and talk about how the way we live has changed over time. 看图片，谈谈我们的生活方式是如何随着时
25、间而改变的。 the way+(that/in which+) 定语从句 18. find+宾语+宾补 发现/觉得.怎么样 see, hear, watch, notice, have, get, make +宾语+宾补 And now, we find ourselves in the great new age of technology. 现在， 我们发现自己正处在伟大的新技术时代。 find+n./pron.+介词短语 we tried to help her but found her out of trouble. find+n./pron.+adj. I find my know
26、ledge of the project limited. find+n./pron.+adv When we got home, we found all the lights on. find+n./pron.+n. Youll find it a frightening exploration. find+n./pron.+分词 We went back home, finding our dog fixing its eyes on an insect. 总结， find 后接 省去了谓语动词的主系表/主谓宾 结构。 The man downstairs found it hard t
27、o fall asleep. Find+it+宾补+to do it 形式宾语，to do 逻辑宾语 19. 强调句 So what is it that inspires us to invent things? 那是什么激励我们去发明东西呢？ It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子剩余部分 （is 还是 was 根据原句时态而定） 去掉 it was/is that/who, 能还原成完整的句子，则为强调句，否则就不是。 强调除谓语外的成分 We met a great scientist in the park yesterday. It was we that/who
28、met a great scientist in the park yesterday. It was a great scientist that/who we met in the park yesterday. It was in the park that we met a great scientist yesterday. It was yesterday that we met a great scientist in the park. 强调谓语的固定结构： do/does/did/does+动词原形 20. What 引导的主语从句+ is+ that 引导的表语从句 But
29、 what remains important is that we have an incredible desire to think and create, and thats the real spirit of invention. 但依然重要的是，我们有一种强烈的欲望去思考和创造，这才是真正的发明精神。 What 引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。 1）what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等，有含义； 2）that 引导主语从句时，在从句中不做任何成分，没有意义，只起连接作用，不能 省略； 3）which (ever) 引导的主语从句，多表示哪一个，那些，通常有一个选
30、择的范围。 21. If 或者 whether 引导的宾语从句 People wanted to know if lightning was really produced by electricity or something else. 是否含义时， Whether if, if 只能用于动词后的宾从 1. I wonder if/whether he comes back. 宾从 2. Whether he comes back remains unknown. 主从 whether/if 引导的名词性从句： whether/if 只起连接作用，在句中不作成分。 不能使用 if 的情况：
31、 1.表语从句、同位语从句中，不用使用 if; 2. 名词性从句位于句首时，不用 if; 3. 从句中有 or/or not 时，不用 if; 4.从句作介词的宾语，不用 if 22. Neither.nor. However, neither the story nor the details of the experiment are entirely true. 然而，这个故事和实验的细节都不是完全真实的。 Neither.nor 连接两个名词或代词作主语时， 谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。 就近原则： either.or., Not only, but also Not.but. 23
32、. There is no proof that. There is no proof that it hit him on the head. That 引导的同位语从句 同位语从句一般由 that, wh- 类连接词引导， 常放在 doubt, fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, thought 等抽象名词后，解释说明该名词的具体的内容。 That 无意义，不充当句子成分。 24. 现在完成时的被动语态 Have/has been done Have/has not been done Has/have + 主语 + b
33、een done? 特殊疑问词+has/have + 主语 + been done? 常与现在完成时连用的 状语 already 已经 yet 已经 recently/ lately 最近 since then 从那时起 ever since 自那以来 ever 曾经 so far 迄今为止 for a long time 很长一段时间 by now 到现在为止 In recent years 在最近几年 in/during/over the past/ last few years 在过去的几年里 borrow, begin, start, buy, marry, open, join 非延
34、续性动词的现在完成时的被动语态不能 与表示时间段的状语连用。 Unit 4 25. This is/ Thats why I guess thats why she attracts so many visitors every day. 我想这就是她每天吸引这么多游客的原因。 Thats why Thats because The reason why.is that. (why 引导的定语从句，修饰 the reason) 26. Its time to do sth. And now, its time to get up close and personal with one the
35、greatest artists-Rembrandt. Its time to go to bed. (不定式作定语) Its time for us to leave for home. (带逻辑主语的不定式作定语) Its (high/about) time that sb. did sth. Its (high/about) time that sb. should do sth. 某人该做某事了 27. as if (=as though) They really do reach out to us across the centuries as if time itself wer
36、e nothing. 它们真的是跨越了几个世纪向我们伸出了援手，彷佛时间本身无关紧要。 as if 从句，事实真实，用陈述语气， 若与事实相反，用虚拟语气 对现在情况的虚拟，一般过去时一般过去时 对过去情况的虚拟，过去完成时过去完成时 as if 从句的省略， 当主从主从主语一致， 谓语中含 be 动词， 从句的主语和 be 动词可省略。 You can brush with the Kolibree as if guided by a dentist. = You can brush with the Kolibree as if you are guided by a dentist. 2
37、8. Everywhere 引导的地点状语从句 .because people are creating it everywhere you look. Everywhere 作从属连词，意为“无论哪里”，相当于 wherever, 引导地点状从。 Wherever she goes, people seem to recognise her. 无论她走到哪里，人们都能认出她。 29. 现在进行时的被动语态 1） 肯定式： 主语+is/am/are+ being done 否定式： 主语+is/am/are+not+ being done 特殊疑问式： 疑问词+is/am/are+主语+ be
38、ing done 2） 用法 表示正在进行的被动动作 The sports meeting is being held on our school. 表示现阶段正在进行的被动动作 It is reported that many a new house is being built at present in the disaster area. 表示一种经常性的被动行为 He is always being praised by the teacher. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的被动动作 A popular song is being sung next. 30. It+be+ 过去分词+
39、that It is said that when the Emperor asked Han Gan to take a master of horse painting as his teacher. 据说当皇帝让韩干请一位马画大师当老师时 该句式中，it 是形式主语，that 引导的从句是真正的主语 It is said that. It is agreed that. It is reported that. It is announced that. It is recorded that. It is believed that. It is thought that. It is
40、 hoped that. It is suggested that. Its said that they won the game. =They are said to have won the game. 31. The first+n.+to do Vasco da Gama (1460-1524) was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea. 在表示次序的 the first, the last, the only, the very, the right, the best 等所修饰的名
41、词 或代词后作定语，常用不定式。 The first people to arrive The only kid in my family to have a gift for panting. 但是，也有过去分词作定语的情况，表示被动和动作已经发生 The first student sent abroad for further education. 32. What 引导的名词性从句 What we get from this adventure is just sheer joy. This is what life means and what life is for. What=a
42、ll that =the things that =anything that 33. Be up to sb. 由某人决定 Its totally up to you.它完全取决于你。 be up to sth. 能胜任某事 up to 多达 Whats up? 怎么了？ Up to now 到目前为止 34. Next time 引导时间状语从句 Next time you need to take notes, try using some of these. 时间名词作连词，引导时间状语从句 The first time/ last time (that) Any time, each
43、 time, every time, the moment, the minute 35. 过去将来时 （即：站在过去看将来） 主语+should/would+do +其它 Was/were going to do Was/were about to do was/were doing (仅限某些表示位移的动词) 表示从过去某时看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句中。 36. 状语从句的省略 While attacking from the ship. =while they are attacking form the ship. 在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，满足如下两个条件时
44、，状从才能省略， 1) 从句谓语含有 be 动词 2) 从句主语和主句主语一致或从句主语时是 it. 37. 独立主格 Captain Nemo walked in front, one of his men following some steps behind. 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 2. 名词（代词）+过去分词 3. 名词（代词）+ 不定式 4. 名词（代词）+介词短语 5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词 6. There being+ 名词（代词） 7. It being+ 名词（代词） 38. “介词+关系代词” 引导的定语从句 介词的确定要遵循 “一先，二动，三意义”的原则
45、一先：根据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定介词 二动：根据定语从句的动词或形容词所需的某种习惯搭配来确定介词； 三意义：根据定语从句的意义来确定介词 They also had a small pond in which they raised fish. 39. Now that 引导的原因状语从句 Now that it is hard to avoid a disaster on Earth, perhaps I should start thinking about moving to space. Now that 相当于 since, 引导原因状语从句 40. 比较级+and+比较级 T
46、o explain why summers in London are getting hotter and hotter. Stronger and stronger More and more important Life is becoming better and better. You are becoming more and more beautiful. 41. On hearing 一.就. On hearing the news, China was quick to start organising emergency aid. At the sight of At th
47、e sound of The moment/minute/instant/second Immediately/directly 副词用作连词+句子 Hardly/scarcely. when. No sooner.than As soon as 一.就. 42. Was doing sth. when. I was sitting in my room with my cat, Smartie, on my lap, when the roof just flew off. When 可看作是并列连词， 表示在做某事的同时，突然发生另外一件事。 43. The moment 引导时间状语从句 He had disappeared the moment the storm hit. 由名词短语转化而来的时间状语从句的连词有： The minute/instant/second/ Every/each/ the first/ last/ next time 44. Wh-ever 引导让步状语从句 But mum said that whatever happens, we should always try to see the good side of things.
