1、Section B Using language .知识体系图解 重点词汇 1. adj. 被动的 2. prep.无法 3. adj. 重要的,影响深远的 4. v.使受伤,弄伤 5. adj. 精确的 6. n.起源,起因 7. n.物种 8. adj.非凡的,出色的 9. adj.聪颖的,才华横溢的 10. adj.精神的;精神健康的 11. n.药剂;疗法 passive beyond significant injure accurate origin species extraordinary brilliant mental cure 12.instance n. 13.chem
2、ist n. 14.astronomer n. 15.biologist n. 16.minor adj. 17.stream n. 18.theory n. 例子,实例 化学家 天文学家 生物学家 小的 小河,小溪 学说,理论 重点短语 1.right down to 2.for instance 3.to date 4.be named after 5.be well known for 6.due to 7.被视作;被认为 8.的大多数 9.被公认为 10.的治愈方法 11.对感兴趣 12.按正确的顺序 甚至;包括 例如 迄今为止 以命名 以而闻名 由于;因为 be regarded a
3、s the majority of be recognized as a cure for be interested in in the correct order 重点句式 1.Use the present perfect passive where appropriate. 2.but scientists are researching ways to improve the quality of life for people living with the disease. 重点语法 现在完成时的被动语态 .词汇拓展 1.passive (反义词) 2.significant (
4、n.) 3.injure (adj.) (n.) 4.accurate (adv.) 5.origin (adj.) (adv.) 6.talented (n.) 7.mental (adv.) active significance injured injury accurately original originally talent mentally .把下列句子变为被动语态 1.As we all know,environmental pollution has greatly affected peoples health. 2.To my relief,my friends hav
5、e offered two practical suggestions. 3.Fortunately,people have taken a lot of effective measures to prevent pollution. 4.People have used computers in offices and homes since the 1970s. 5.The local radio station has broadcast the programme many times. 答案 1.As we all know,peoples health has been grea
6、tly affected by environmental pollution. 2.To my relief,two practical suggestions have been offered by my friends. 3.Fortunately,a lot of effective measures have been taken to prevent pollution. 4.Computers have been used in offices and homes since the 1970s. 5.The programme has been broadcast many
7、times by the local radio station. 重点词汇 1.Within the next 80 years,our lives may be changed beyond recognition by 3D printing.(教材P29) 在未来的80年里,我们的生活可能通过3D打印技术发生超出想象 的改变。 【词汇精讲】本句中beyond是介词,意为“超出范围;超越;无 法”。beyond还可以作副词用,意为“在远处;在更远处”。 I managed to get an A in that course and learned life lessons that h
8、ave served me well beyond the classroom. 那门课我得了A,我学到了可以受益一生的课堂之外的人生经验。 They have travelled to the north of Xinjiang and beyond. 他们已经去过新疆北部以及更远的地方。 【词汇拓展】 beyond recognition 认不出来 beyond description 难以描述(形容) beyond ones imagination 超乎某人的想象 beyond the limit 超过限度 beyond ones power/control 超出某人的能力/控制 bey
9、ond ones reach 够不着 beyond comparison 无可比拟 beyond oneself 超越自己 As a matter of fact,years of hard work changed her beyond recognition. 事实上,数年的辛苦劳作让人们认不出她来了。 The driver was charged for driving beyond the speed limit.那个司机 被指控超速了。 The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,most of
10、which are beyond our control. 植物的生长速度受很多因素的影响,其中大部分因素是我们无法控 制的。 2.But perhaps the most significant success that people have achieved to date is in medicine.(教材P29) 但是,也许迄今为止人类取得的最重大的成功是在医学领域。 【词汇精讲1】句中significant为形容词,意为“重要的;影响深远的”。 同时,它还有“重大的”之意。 Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the
11、coming decades will probably be too gradual and unnoticeable,but they could mean significant changes. 在未来的几十年里,海洋发生的任何颜色变化都可能是非常缓慢而 不引人注意的,但是这些变化可能意义重大。 Whether you are looking at wallpaper or paint,the time,effort and relative expense put to it are significant. 无论你是在看壁纸还是涂料,所付出的时间、精力和相关费用都是 巨大的。 【词
12、汇拓展1】 significance n. 重要性,重大意义 be of (great) significance/importance to.对有(重要)意义 attach significance/importance to.认为重要 significantly adv.显著地;有重大意义地 Remember your effort today is of great significance to your future. 要记住你今天所做的努力对你的未来非常重要。 Education is a problem that we should attach great significan
13、ce to. 教育是一个我们应该重视的问题。 【词汇精讲2】句中的to date 意为“至今,到目前为止”,在句中作时 间状语,通常与现在完成时连用。 To date we have spent eight thousand pounds between us. 迄今我们总共已经花掉了8,000英镑。 She is without question the craziest person Ive met to date. 她无疑是我到目前为止所遇到的最疯狂之人。 【词汇拓展2】 out of date 废弃的;过时的;陈旧的 a heavy date 重要的约会 up to date 直到最近
14、的;现代的,时新的 set a date 选定一个日子 make a date 约好时间 have a date 有约会 go on a date 赴约 date from/date back to 追溯到 Much of the information in that book is now out of date. 那本书中的材料有许多现在已经过时。 It was a modern factory where everything was really up to date. 这是一个现代化工厂,所有东西都是最新式的。 3.And it is not just humans who are
15、 benefitingin Brazil,people have given a new 3D-printed shell to a turtle injured in a forest fire!(教材 P29) 获益的不仅仅是人类在巴西,人们给一只在森林火灾中受伤的 乌龟安了一个3D打印的新壳! 【词汇精讲】句中injure 是动词,意为“受伤”。injure既为及物动词, 表示“使受伤”,又为不及物动词,表示“受伤”之意。 He had his left leg injured while playing football. 他在踢足球时,左腿受伤了。 He injured his le
16、ft hand in a fire. 他在火灾中伤了左手。 【词汇拓展】 injured adj. 受伤的 the injured 伤员 be/get injured 受伤 injury n.伤害 A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning. 战争中受的伤使他的左手丧失了功能 He got injured during the basketball match,which made all of us worried. 他在篮球赛中受伤了,这使我们都很担忧。 【易混辨析】injure/wound/hurt injure强调在事故中受
17、到意外伤害;wound常用来指在战争中受 伤;hurt既可以指身体的伤害,也可以指心灵或精神的伤害。 He got slightly injured in the car accident. 他在车祸中受了轻伤。 The old man was seriously wounded during the World War. 这位老人在第二次世界大战中伤得很重。 Obviously,what you said had deeply hurt her. 显然你的话深深地伤害了她。 4.He also developed a calendar which is as accurate as the
18、Gregorian calendar.(教材P30) 他也编写了一种和格里高里历(公历)一样精确的日历。 【词汇精讲】句中accurate是形容词,意为“精确的”,作表语。也可 以作定语和补足语。 Reporting accurate numbers of missing miners is a way to acknowledge the value of their lives. 精确报道失踪矿工人数是对他们生命价值的尊重。 The computers help people keep more accurate records so they can make better decisi
19、ons. 计算机可以帮助人们保持更精确的记录,以便人们做出更好的决定。 【词汇拓展】 accuracy n. 精确;准确 accurately adv. 准确地;精确地 You need to learn how to sort through and find the relevant information for your particular project.Also,you need to check the accuracy of it. 你们需要学会怎样分类查找特定项目的相关信息。你们也需要核 对信息的准确性。 In this way we train the children
20、to read fluently and accurately. 我们用这样的方法来训练孩子们流利准确地阅读。 5.It is recognised as the most common mental disease among older people,and the number of sufferers is growing.(教材P31) 它被公认为是上了岁数的人中最常见的一种脑部疾病,并且患者的 数量还在不断增加。 【词汇精讲】句中mental是形容词,意为“脑力的,精神的;心理的”。 With your mental support,I firmly believe I can a
21、chieve what I want to do. 有了你的精神支持,我坚信我能够实现我想要做的事情。 Researchers find that these kinds of mental exercises can change your brain. 研究人员发现,这些脑力练习可以改变你的大脑。 【词汇拓展】 mentally adv. 精神上;智力上;心理上 physical adj. 身体的;物理的 physically adv. 身体上 Spending too much time playing computer games will do harm to your physic
22、al and mental health. 长时间玩电脑游戏有害身心健康。 Because of the heavy studying pressure,more and more students feel tired both physically and mentally and even sleep in class. 由于繁重的学习压力,越来越多的学生感到身心俱疲,甚至在课堂 上睡觉。 6.Currently,theres no cure for Alzheimers,but scientists are researching ways to improve the quality
23、 of life for people living with the disease.(教材P31) 目前,老年痴呆症还没有治愈方法。但是,科学家们正在研究提高 老年痴呆症患者的生活质量的方法。 【词汇精讲】句中cure是名词,意为“药剂;疗法”。cure还可以作动 词用,意为“治愈;治疗”。 To make matters worse,Moth was diagnosed with a serious disease.There was no cure,only pain relief. 更糟糕的是,莫斯诊断出患了一种严重的疾病。这种病没有治愈方 法,只能缓解疼痛。 His father
24、borrowed a book to help cure him of his reading problem. 他的父亲借了一本书来帮他攻克他的阅读障碍。 【词汇拓展】 a cure for. 医治的疗法 cure sb of. 治愈某人的疾病;改掉某人的坏习惯 Researchers find cures for certain diseases often by using the forests plant and animal life. 研究人员经常利用森林动植物来找出某些疾病的治疗方法。 The fresh air and quiet environment cured him
25、of his sleeplessness. 新鲜的空气和安静的环境治愈了他的失眠。 重点句式 1.Use the present perfect passive where appropriate.(教材P29) 在适当的地方使用现在完成时的被动语态。 【句式剖析】where appropriate是状语从句的省略形式,其完整形 式为where it is appropriate。状语从句的省略是一个非常重要的考 点。一般说来,在时间、条件、让步、原因、方式等状语从句中, 如果从句的主语和主句的主语相同或者从句的主语是it,从句中的 谓语部分又含有be的某种形式时,可以省略从句中的主语和be动
26、词, 构成“从属连词+形容词/现在分词/过去分词/介词短语/不定式”的 结构。这种结构使句子简洁、流畅,丝毫不影响句意的表达。 When (he was) asked about his job,he said that he was an engineer. 当被问及工作时,他说他是工程师。 He often makes mistakes when (he is) speaking English. 他说英语时经常出错。 If (I am) given more time,I will do it better. 如果多给点时间,我会做得更好。 You can make some chang
27、es where (it is) necessary. 你可以在必要的地方做一些改动。 【句式拓展】 if possible 如果可能的话 if any(= if there is any)如果有的话 if not 如果不是这样 if so如果是这样的话 if necessary 如果必要的话 if ever 很少,难得 Problems,if any,should be solved without delay. 有问题要及时解决。 His children rarely,if ever,see him at his place of work. 孩子们很少在父亲的工作地点看到他。 2.bu
28、t scientists are researching ways to improve the quality of life for people living with the disease.(教材P31) 但科学家们正在研究如何改善患者的生活质量。 【句式剖析】living with the disease是现在分词短语在句中作定语, 修饰people,相当于定语从句who live with the disease。 The lecture,starting at 7:00 pm last night,was followed by an observation of the mo
29、on with telescopes. 讲座从昨晚7点开始,之后是用望远镜观测月球。 When we got a call saying she was short-listed,we thought it was a joke. 当我们接到她被列入候选名单的电话时,我们以为这是个玩笑。 With such models,scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. 通过这些模型,科学家们发现了在食物网中起作用的一些关键原理。 【名师点睛】动词-ing形式作定语,描述被修饰词的一种状态或正 在进行的动
30、作,非谓语动词和被修饰的名词之间是主动关系。一般 情况下,单个的动词-ing形式作定语,放在所修饰词之前;动词-ing形 式短语作定语,往往放在所修饰词之后,相当于一个定语从句。而 过去分词作定语,非谓语动词和被修饰的名词之间则是被动关系, 常表示动作已经完成。 The flowers smelling sweet in the garden attract the visitors to enjoy the beauty of nature. 花园里的花闻起来很香,吸引了游客来欣赏大自然的美丽。 The boy playing the computer games is my younger
31、 brother. 正在玩电脑游戏的男孩是我的弟弟。 The study,conducted by professor Brown is seeking for the true reason of such phenomena. 布朗教授进行的这项研究正在寻找这种现象的真正原因。 重点语法 现在完成时的被动语态 一、基本概念 现在完成时的被动语态强调一个发生在过去的被动性动作对现在 造成了影响或结果,主语为动作的承受者,表示“已经被”。 通常与already,yet,recently,lately,since+从句,so far,in/during/over+一 段时间等时间状语连用。 二、
32、构成形式 肯定式:主语+have/has+been+过去分词 否定式:主语+have/has not+been+过去分词 一般疑问式:Have/Has+主语+been+过去分词? 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+been+过去分词? Many teaching apps have been used by the teachers in our school in the past few years. 在过去的几年里,许多教学应用已经为我们学校的老师所使用。 The date for the voluntary activity hasnt been decided yet.
33、志愿活动 的日期还没有确定。 Have his parents been told the good news? 他的父母被告知这个好消息了吗? Have the cars been repaired? 这些汽车修好了吗? No,they havent.不,还没有。 Where has your mobile phone been repaired? 你的手机是在哪儿修好的? 三、现在完成时的被动语态要注意的问题 1.现在完成时的被动语态与一般过去时的被动语态的区别:一般过 去时的被动语态表示一个被动的动作发生在过去,对现在没有影响; 而现在完成时的被动语态强调一个过去发生的被动动作对现在造
34、成的结果和影响。 The houses were built in 1999.(只说明动作发生在过去) Many new shelters have been built,which has helped the homeless.(强 调动作对现在有影响,即帮助了那些无家可归的人) 2.用在时间或条件状语从句中,表示将来某时已完成的动作,即用现 在完成时态的被动语态代替将来完成时的被动语态。 We wont start the work until all the preparations have been made. 直到一切都准备好我们才会开始工作。 3.有些非延续性动词如finish
35、,buy,start,begin,return,join,open,die等, 表示的动作很短暂。它们构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能够与 表示一段时间的状语连用,如不能与for构成的短语、since构成的 短语或引导的句子连用,也不能用于How long.?句型中。若要表达 相应的意思,则需要更换动词或时态。 The book has been borrowed for two weeks.(F) The book has been kept for two weeks.(T) 4.带有双宾语的动词,如 give,send,take,offer,buy,show,tell,bring,teac
36、h,lend 等,变为被动语态 时一般将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语,若将直接宾语变为被动语 态的主语时,间接宾语前要用相应的介词。 My friends have offered me many practical suggestions. Many practical suggestions have been offered to me by my friends. I have been offered many practical suggestions by my friends. 5.动词短语是一个不可分割的整体,在被动语态中要保持其完整性, 其中的介词或副词不能省略。 Recen
37、tly the environmental problems have been paid attention to. 近来环境问题已经得到了关注。 .单词拼写 1.A balanced diet and regular exercise have a (重大 的)effect on your health. 答案 significant 2.The medicine is an effective (治疗)for your headache. 答案 cure 3.With this method,we will save time,cut down experiment costs and
38、produce more (精确的)results. 答案 accurate 4.Jack is a (才华横溢的) expert in computers,and he always solves the complex problems in a few minutes. 答案 brilliant 5.Professor Wang will be invited to tell the foreign friends about the (起源)of the custom. 答案 origin .翻译句子 1.多亏了朋友们的无私帮助,我的身心都有了进步。 答案 Thanks to my f
39、riends selfless help,I have made progress physically and mentally. 2.终有一天,人类会找到艾滋病的治疗方法。 答案 One day in the future humans will find a cure for AIDS. 3.事实上,科技的发展已经超出了我们的想象。 答案 As a matter of fact,science and technology has developed beyond our imagination. 4.那个装饰着中国结的房间非常喜庆漂亮。 答案 The room decorated wi
40、th the Chinese knots is very joyful and beautiful. 5.我的英语老师给了我很大的鼓励,对此我非常感激。 答案 My English teacher has given me much encouragement,for which I am very grateful. .用所给动词的正确形式填空 1.Mo Yans works (translate) into several foreign languages over the past years. 答案 have been translated 2.Fortunately,a lot o
41、f measures (take) to deal with the problem. 答案 have been taken 3.Classical gardens in Suzhou (add) to the UNESCO World Heritage List. 答案 have been added 4.Much valuable information (send) back to the earth since the spacemen began their exploration in space. 答案 has been sent 5.So far,a huge amount of money (spend) on his slimming gym. 答案 has been spent
