1、第一讲 介词、冠词和代词 技法1 当空格需要填介词时的解题技巧 当名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时， 其前 面一般是填介词。 通常考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的搭配。 典例导引 快捷思维 1.2020 全国卷The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist 70._ earth, Mother Nature. 分析句子结构， 发现空格放 在名词前后时， 应考虑名词 与介词的搭配。 答案与解析：on 考查固定搭配。on earth世上。 2.2020 新高考卷Museums must compete 45._ peo
2、ples spare time and money with other amusements. 分析句子结构， 发现空格放 在不及物动词后名词前时， 应考虑动词与介词的搭配。 答案与解析：for 考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表达的 是“为了人们的空闲时间和金钱与其他的娱乐活动进行竞争”， compete for“为竞争”，故应用介词for。 3.2020 福建龙岩质检As Christmas is the most important festival in the West, some believe that it is similar _ the Spring Festival in
3、China. 分析句子结构， 发现空格放 在形容词后名词前时， 应考 虑形容词与介词的搭配。 答案与解析：to 考查介词。句意：由于圣诞节是西方最重 要的节日，因此一些人认为圣诞节与中国的春节相似。be similar to为固定短语，意为“与相似”。 一、介词的基本用法 1at，in，on表示时间 (1)at表示某一时刻 at 8：00(在8点), at noon(在中午), at night(在夜里), at midnight(在半夜), at dawn/daybreak(在黎明，破晓), at sunrise/sunset(在日出/日落), at dusk(在黄昏) (2)in指上午、下
4、午及晚上或月、年等较长的时间 in the 1980s/1980s, in the Qing Dynasty, in October, in the morning/afternoon/evening (3)on用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间(如：某日、某节 日、星期几等) on October 1st, on a rainy day, on National Day, on the morning of July 3rd 2by，before，after，until/till，during，within表示时间 (1)by“到时(为止)” (2)before“在以前” (3)after“
5、在以后” (4)until/till“直到为止” (5)during“在期间” (6)within“在之内” 3between，among表示“在之间” between指“在之间(两者之间)”，常和and连用；among 表示“在之间(三者或三者以上)”。 4by，in，on，with表示“使用工具、手段、方式等” (1)表示“乘、坐(交通工具)”或“通过方式”用by时， 交通工具前不用限定词，用in或on时，交通工具前用限定词，如by bike，by taxi，by plane，by ship，in a car，on a bus，on ones bike，on foot。 (2)in当“用”
6、讲时，后常接表示语言、材料等的词。 (3)with表示使用某种具体的工具、手段等。 5with的常见用法 (表示关系)和一起；(表示状态)具有，带有；(表示方式) 用，凭借；(表示原因)由于，因为。 6for的常见用法 (表示对象、用途等)为了；给，对；(表示去向)因为，由于； 向，往；就而言。 7beyond的常见用法 (表示位置)在另一边，在更远处；(表示程度)超出， 非所能及。 二、介词用法不算难，固定搭配记心间 1名词与介词搭配 by accident 偶然 by chance 碰巧 on board 在(船、飞机、火车)上 on average 平均 in charge 掌管，主管
7、in particular 特别，尤其，详细地 in place 适当的，恰当的 in favo(u)r of 赞成，支持 in hono(u)r of 为了纪念，对表示敬意 in spite of 尽管，虽然 in turn 依次，转而 in vain 徒劳 in memory of 为纪念 in return 作为回报 in order 按顺序，处于良好状态 2动词与介词搭配 bring about 引起 remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事 rob sb. of sth. 抢劫某人某物 call for 要求，需要 care about 关心 come about 发生 g
8、et rid of 免除，摆脱 run out of 用完 adapt to 适应 refer to 涉及，查阅 come across (偶然)遇见 pick up 捡起，用车接(某人)，接收，偶然习得 look for 寻找 wait for 等待 3形容词与介词搭配 be curious about 对好奇 be proud of 因而自豪 be popular with 受到的欢迎 be anxious about 为忧虑 be concerned about 对担心、忧虑 be present at 出席 be absent from 缺席 be free from 免于 12020
9、 浙江卷7月Some time after 10000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 56._， through agriculture. 答案与解析：in 考查介词。live in是固定词组，表示 “在地方生活”，故填in。 22020 浙江卷1月This aging of the population is driven _ two factors. 答案与解析：by 考查介词。 空处位于表示被动的动词后， 故应该填by。 32019 浙江卷6月But can uniforms
10、help improve school standards? The answer 61._ this question is not clear. 答案与解析：to 考查介词。the answer to the question为固定 用法，表示“问题的答案”，故用介词to。 42019 全国卷Modern methods _ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid- 1980s，and are expensive to perform consistently over a large ar
11、ea. 答案与解析：of/for 考查介词。a method of/for doing sth.做某 事的方法。 52019 北京卷First celebrated _ 1970, the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions (地区) 答案与解析：in 考查介词。在1970年，应用介词in。在年、 月和季节前，用介词in。 62019 全国卷We were first greeted with the barking by a pack _ dogs，seven to be exact. 答案与解析：of
12、 考查介词。a pack of是固定搭配，意为“一 群”。 72017 全国卷It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and _ work. 答案与解析：from to and from为固定搭配，意为“来回”。 82018 浙江卷6月If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time
13、you go to your mums home 65._ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her. 答案与解析：for 考查介词。for表示目的，意为“为了”。 技法2 当空格需要填冠词时的解题技巧 空格后有名词且两者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义， 或有 序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式， 则空格处一般 填冠词。 典例导引 快捷思维 1.2020 浙江卷1月A child born in the US today has _ very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to pla
14、n accordingly. 分析句子结构， 发现在单数 可数名词前， 表示泛指时， 应考虑不定冠词a，an。 答案与解析：a 考查冠词。根据下文的chance 可知， 这里 语意表示“非常实际的一个可能性”， 故填不定冠词a, 表示泛 指。 2.2020 浙江卷7月This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then，with 64._ rise of science，changes began. 分析句子结构， 发现在名词 前， 表示特指时， 应考虑 用定冠词the。 答案与解析：the 考查冠词。根据空后的rise of sci
15、ence可 知，此处是名词的限定性修饰，语意表示“科学的兴起”，故填 定冠词the，表示特指。 3.2018 全国卷Unexpectedly, Im face- to- face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at 62._ top of her lungs. 分析句子结构， 看冠词是否 与名词构成固定搭配。 答案与解析：the 考查冠词。固定短语at the top of“在 的顶端”，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。 明晰冠词的解题思路 1明确冠词在句中的习惯位置 冠词是名词的标志，当空格后面是名词或“形容词名 词”，而且没有其他限定词时，一般需
16、要用冠词。 2辨析特指和泛指 在文中第一次提到某人或某物时，一般为泛指，用不定冠 词；第二次提到时用定冠词表特指；当名词前有定语修饰时，多 数情况用定冠词表特指；序数词或最高级前要用定冠词。 3注意a与an的选用：主要看名词首字母的发音，而不是首 字母。 4牢记含有冠词的固定搭配 (1)含有不定冠词的固定搭配 have a rest 休息 have a break 休息 take a walk 散步 have a look 看一看 in a moment 立刻 in a minute 马上 once upon a time 曾经 twice a month 一月两次 a type of 一类
17、a pile of 一堆 a great amount of 大量的 as a rule 通常 in a hurry 立刻 in a word 总之 in a short while 不久 have a good knowledge of 熟知 (2)含有定冠词的固定搭配 make the most/best of 充分利用 in the end 最后 by the way 顺便说一下 in the distance 在远处 in the way 挡道 on the whole 总的来说 at the same time 同时 on the other hand 另一方面 to tell th
18、e truth 说实话 for the time being 暂时 on the spot 在现场 the other day 前几天 take the place of 代替 12020 全国卷The plum trees are 70._ first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life. 答案与解析：the 考查冠词。序数词前加定冠词the，表示 “第几个”。 22019 浙江卷6月When every pupil in t
19、he school wears the uniform, nobody 56.has/will_have (have) to worry about fashion (时 尚). Everybody wears 57._ same style of clothes. Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways. 答案与解析：the 考查冠词。根据语境和same可知，此处用 the表示特指，表示“同样款式的衣服”。 32019 全国卷Of 69._ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three ar
20、e declining，six are stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data. 答案与解析：the 考查冠词。此处特指确认的19个亚种群， 故用定冠词the。 42019 全国卷When we got a call saying she was short- listed，we thought it was 69._ joke. 答案与解析：a 考查冠词。joke“笑话，玩笑”，是可数名 词。空格后用了单数joke，故其前用a。 52018 全国卷Corn production has jumped nearly 125 perc
21、ent over 62._ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent. 答案与解析：the 考查冠词。over the past 25 years“在过去 的25年里”。 62020 湖南师大附中月考It was not until FW. Taylor, _ engineer, began introducing his ideas about systematizing these processes in the early 1890s that this approach to factory management b
22、egan to change. 答案与解析：an 考查冠词。句意：直到19世纪90年代早 期，一位名叫F.W.Taylor的工程师将他关于过程系统化的想法加以 介绍后，工厂的这种管理方法才得以开始改变。engineer为可数名 词，此处表泛指，且发音以元音音素开头。故填an。 技法3 当空格需要填代词时的解题技巧 当句中缺少主语或宾语时， 一般要填代词， 主要包括不定 代词和it。 典例导引 快捷思维 1.2018 浙江卷6月Many westerners 57.who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries
23、once they realize how cheap 58._ can be to eat out. 分析句子结构， 发现句 子缺少形式主语或形式 宾语时， 应考虑it。 答案与解析：it 考查代词。此处应用it作形式主语，真正的 主语是to eat out。 2.2018 全国卷If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 70._ a try. 分析句子结构， 发现指 代上文中
24、所提到的人或 物时， 应考虑用相应的 代词。 答案与解析：running/it 考查固定搭配。此处号召我们尝试 一下跑步这种运动，因此可以填名词running，也可以用it指代。 give sth. a try“尝试一下某事”。 1熟记不定代词的区别 the other指两者中的另一个，表示特指。 other作前置定语，修饰可数名词复数，不可单独使用，表 示泛指，意为“另外的，其他的”。 others泛指“其他人”或“其他物”，常用结构：some. others.；而the others表示特定范围中的“另外的全部”。 another泛指同类的人或物，指三者或三者以上的另一个， 可单独使用或在
25、其后加可数名词单数。 one指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式 是ones。 that/those指代前面出现过的名词。that指代单数名词或不可 数名词，而those指代复数名词。 2牢记代词it的常考用法 指代天气、时间、距离等。 代替上文提到过的事物。 代替性别不明的婴儿、动物或不确定的某个人。 代替不定式、动名词或从句作形式主语或形式宾语。 it的常用固定句型 It is/was被强调成分that其他 Itbeadj.of/for sb. to do sth. It is no good/no use/useless/a waste of time doing sth.
26、It is a pity/a fact/no wonder/adj.that. It seems/appears/turned out/occurred to sb.that. It is said/reported/believed.that. hate/like/enjoy it that.讨厌/喜欢 when it comes to.当谈到 as sb. puts it 正如某人所言 make it成功 12020 湖南岳阳质量检测二Its no surprise that smartwatches are so popular nowadays_ seems that everyone
27、 wants to buy one! 答案与解析：it 考查代词。句意：智能手表如今如此流行一 点都不奇怪仿佛每个人都想买一块智能手表。It seems that.为 固定句式，意为“仿佛”，it在该句式中作形式主语，that引 导的从句为真正的主语，故填it。 22020 安徽安庆二模Every new year in the heartland of industrial China, thousands upon thousands of motorcyclists brave the weather and hit the road, determined to make _ home
28、. 答案与解析：it 考查代词。句意：每年春节，在中国工业的 中心地带，成千上万的骑摩托的人不畏寒冷的天气，骑摩托上 路，下定决心回家。make it to sp.为固定搭配，意为“成功到某 地”，home为副词，不与介词连用，make it home意为“成功到 家”，故填it。 32020 山东东营一模_ is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socioeconomic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system. 答案与解析：It 考查代词。句意
29、：人们普遍认为，在我们的 教育体制里，社会经济背景不佳的年轻人往往会表现欠佳。it作形 式主语，“that young people from poorer socio- economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system”为主语从 句，是真正的主语。 42017 全国卷However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using 67._ eve
30、ry day. 答案与解析：it 考查代词。根据上文的“the railway quickly .”可知，此处用it代替the railway。 考场练兵 检验考试能力 小题夯基练 单句语法填空 12020 濮阳市高三毕业班第二次模拟In August 2018, tired of the “refusal” of world leaders to take action, the young girl started camping in front of the Swedish Parliament every Friday with _ sign, which said: “School
31、s Strike for Climate” 答案与解析：a 考查冠词。句意：在2018年8月，对世界领 导人决定采取行动感到厌烦，这个年轻的女孩开始每周五在瑞典 议会门前露营，并拿着写着一个“学校为气候大罢工”的标牌。 sign是可数名词，根据句意可知此处是泛指，应用不定冠词，又 sign是辅音音素开头，故填a。 22020 衡阳市高三毕业班联考三To ensure the accuracy of the measurement, and to work it in _ more effective way, experts were invited to assist in the tech
32、nical design and planning of the project from the beginning. 答案与解析：a 考查冠词。way是可数名词，此处泛指“一 种更有效的方式”，应该用不定冠词修饰，more的发音以辅音音 素开头，故填a。 32020 山东省滨州市高三第二次模拟Admittedly, eco- therapy wont cure everything, but it is _ option for therapists to use. 答案与解析：an 考查冠词。句意：诚然，生态疗法不会治 愈一切，但它是治疗师的一种选择。分析句意可知，此处的option 是
33、可数名词，在本句中表示泛指“一种选择”，且是元音音素开 头，故填an。 42020 山东师范大学附属中学3月模拟Some reports also show that _ number of giant pandas in the wild is on the rise. 答案与解析：the 考查冠词。句意：一些报道表明野外大熊 猫数量在上涨。the number of表示“的数量”。 52020 山东省滨州市高三第二次模拟Eco- therapy doesnt involve taking medicine. Instead, it just develops a persons relat
34、ionship _ nature. 答案与解析：with 考查介词。句意：相反，它只是发展了一 个人与自然的关系。分析句子可知，此处表示人与自然的关系。 62020 山东师范大学附属中学3月模拟The giant panda， also known as panda bear or simply panda，is a bear native _ south central China. 答案与解析：to 考查介词。句意：大熊猫或被称为熊猫是中 国南方本土动物。native to是固定短语，表示“本土的”，故填 to。 大题提能练 语法填空 Test 1 2020 郑州市高中毕业年级第二次质量预
35、测At a very young age, Oindrila Basu had no idea of 1._ to live with nature. She would climb trees or destroy the nests of birds just for fun, like other kids. Once her mother caught her and got angry, and then the girl realized she 2._ (do) something terribly wrong. how had done This is just a way t
36、hat Basus parents shaped her understanding and appreciation of nature. 3._ (live) in the countryside, she spent her youth studying ants before the rain, watching sunbirds drink honey, counting fireflies and watching young plants grow. Then her parents decided to move to a nearby city 4._ better educ
37、ational chances, and then she stopped having first- hand experiences with nature. Living for/with Later, as she struggled 5._ (choose) a college major, her mother suggested a career in forestry (林业). Thats when her journey began, and she fell in love with forestry. Away from the crowded cities, in t
38、he lap of the Himalayas, she graduated in forestry from Kumaun University, India. When she went on to study a 6._ (master) degree in forestry from the Forest Research Institute, India, she finally got introduced to a group of like- minded people, devoted to the International Forestry Students Associ
39、ation (IFSA) to choose masters IFSA is a 7._ (globe) organization connecting students to exchange knowledge and participate in forestry activities. The youth joining IFSA are 8._ (encourage) to undertake its task to enrich forest education and spread a love of nature through events and exchanges. Af
40、ter six months of exciting international conferences and workshops, Basu, then 25, found her home a family that loved forests as much 9._ she did. She felt more active, so her passion had a direction. Now she wants to do more. As a key member of IFSA, Basu recalled the experience of joining it, “10.
41、 _ (deliberate) or by accident, we chose forestry, or rather, forestry chose us.” global encouraged as Deliberately 语篇类型：记叙文 主题语境：人与自我人物故事 从不知如何与大自然相处到成为国际林业学生协会成员 【文章大意】 Oindrila Basu小时候喜欢爬树、破坏鸟巢，在 她妈妈的教育和引导下，她逐渐爱上了大自然。之后她在妈妈的 建议下选择了林业专业，并获得了林业硕士学位，而且成了国际 林业学生协会成员。 1答案与解析：how考查副词。根据下句可知，为了好玩， 她会爬树或
42、者破坏鸟巢；又结合语境可知，Oindrila Basu在很小的 时候不知道如何和大自然相处。故用how。 2答案与解析：had done考查动词的时态。句意：她的妈妈 曾经抓住了她并且发怒了，然后这位女孩才意识到她做了非常错 误的事情。根据该句中的“realized”，并结合句意可知，她做那 些非常错误的事情发生在她意识到之前，表示过去的过去，故用 过去完成时。 3答案与解析：Living考查现在分词。分析该句结构可知， 动词live和主语she为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用其现在分词形式。 4答案与解析：for/with考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表 示“她的父母为了更好的教育机会决定搬到附近的一
43、个城市”， 表目的；此处也可以表示“她的父母决定搬到附近的一个有更好 教育机会的城市”，表示“带有”。故填for/with。 5答案与解析：to choose考查动词不定式。struggle to do sth. 为固定搭配，意为“努力做某事”。故该处用动词不定式。 6答案与解析：masters考查固定用法。masters degree为固 定用法，意为“硕士学位”。句意：当她继续在印度森林研究所 攻读林业硕士学位时，她最终结识了一群志趣相投的人，致力于 国际林业学生协会。 7答案与解析：global考查形容词。形容词修饰名词，空处 修饰名词organization，故用形容词。 8答案与解析
44、：encouraged考查被动语态。分析句子结构可 知，该句主语The youth 和动词encourage之间为被动关系，故用被 动语态。 9答案与解析：as考查固定用法。“asadj./adv.as.”为 固定用法，表示“和一样”。句意：经过六个月激动人 心的国际会议和研讨会，当时25岁的Basu找到了她的家一个 和她一样热爱森林的家庭。 10答案与解析：Deliberately 考查副词。空处在该句中作 状语，修饰整个句子，故用副词形式。 Test 2 2020 石家庄市高三年级阶段性训练题 Most of us have recently experienced quarantine
45、(隔离期) to minimize the risk of meeting somebody who may be carrying the virus. It is certain 1._ being under quarantine is no fun. However, with our access to food, 2._ (deliver) services and the entertainment 3._ (offer) by the Internet, were actually very lucky. Lets take a quick look at the histor
46、y of quarantine. that delivery offered The idea of quarantining sick people dates 4._ ancient times. Yet the word “quarantine” first came into use in Europe of the 14th century during the Black Death. The population was dropping like flies from the mysterious disease, and as the death toll climbed i
47、nto the millions eventually killing 5._ (approximate) half of the European population, cities began to take 6._ (measure) to protect their citizens. The port city of Venice, Italy, was an important trading center with ships 7._ (come) from all corners of the Earth every day. If a ship 8._ (suspect) to be harboring the plague (鼠疫), it was sent to 9._ offshore place to be kept in quarantine and ordered to wait there for 40 days when either those suffering from the plague recovered or they were more likely 10._ (die). The
