1、高中高中英语语法大表英语语法大表 第一讲第一讲 名词名词 I.名词的种类： 专有名词 普通名词 人名,地名,国名，组织 机构名称等 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 物质名词 抽象名词 Beijing, China garden, actor family, class water, air health, freedom II. 可数名词的数： 1. 规则可数名词复数的构成： 规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, day-days, months 2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch
2、-watches, dish-dishes 3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词 变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es 妻子(wife-wives)持刀(knife-knives)去宰狼 (wolf-wolves)，小偷(thief-thieves)吓得发了慌；躲在 架(shelf-shelves)后保己(self-selves)命(life-lives)，半 (half-halves)片树叶(leaf-leaves)遮目光 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs 4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 加 -es party-parties,
3、 family-families, story-stories, city-cities 6 以-o 结尾 的名词 一般加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, bamboo-bamboos, kilo-kilos 少数加-s 黑人（negroes）英雄（heroes）爱吃土豆（potatoes） 西红柿（tomatoes）和芒果（mangoes） 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 2. 不规则名词复数构成： 规则 例词 1 改变内部元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foo
4、t-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese 2 单复数相同 sheep, fish(活鱼), Chinese, deer, means(方式),series(系 列), species(物种) , yuan(元), jin(斤) 3 无规则变化 child-children, mouse-mice, ox-oxen, medium-media(媒体) ,bacterium-bacteria(细 菌),phenomenon-phenomena(现象) 4 单数形式附属概念 people, police, cattle 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也 可以作复数（成员
5、） class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 works(工厂), arms(武器), manners(礼貌), customs(海 关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙 滩), papers(文件, 试卷), looks(外表), brains(头脑智 力), greens(青菜) 7 表示 “某国 人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks
6、, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Chinese, Japanese , Swiss 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen -men,-women 8 合成名 词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变 为复数 grown-ups(成年人), go-betweens(中间人) 将两部分变为复数 woman singer-women singers, man
7、servant-men servants 3. 常考的不可数名词 单词 词义 单词 词义 advice 建议 baggage/luggage 行李 change 零钱 furniture 家具 hair 头发 homework 家庭作业 information 信息 knowledge 知识 money 钱 news 新闻；消息 progress 进步 traffic 交通 equipment 设备 meat 肉 room 空间 luck 运气 music 音乐 housework 家务 fun 乐趣 wealth 财富 milk 牛奶 weather 天气 orange 橙汁 food 食物
8、 work 工作 paper 纸 bread 面包 trouble 麻烦 III. 名词的所有格：表示所有关系 所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s 构成，二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后 者多表示无生命的东西。 1. s 所有格的构成： 单数名词在末尾加s the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加s the childrens toys, womens rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s
9、 或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均 须加s Janes and Marys rooms 两人各自的房间 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末 加s Jane and Marys father 两人共同的房间 表示某人家店铺，所有格后名 词省略 the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles s 所有格的也可用于表示时间、距离用法： 表示时间 todays newspaper, five weeks holiday , five minutes wa
10、lk/drive 2 表示距离重量价格 a miles journey, five pounds weight, five dollars worth of apples 3 表示国家城市等地方的名 词 the worlds population, Chinas industry 4 表示自然现象 the earths atmosphere, the trees branches 5 某些固定词组 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措) 2. of 所有格的用法： 用于无生命的东西 the legs of the cha
11、ir, the cover of the book 2 用于名词化的词 the struggle of the oppressed, the problem of the young 3. 双重所有格：a friend of Marys 一个玛丽的朋友（玛丽许多朋友中的一个） .抽象不可数名词的具体化 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词) surprise 惊讶 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事 success 成功 a success 一个(件)成功的人(事) honour 荣誉 an honour 一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事) failure 失败 a failu
12、re 一个(件)失败的人(事) .名词的语法功能 1 作主语 A good teacher must be patient. 2 作宾语 I like English. 3 作表语 His uncle is an engineer. 4 作定语 It is a shoe factory. 5 作宾补 They all call him a playboy. 6 作状语 The meeting lasted two hours./ I have told you many times. 第二讲第二讲 冠词冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I.不定冠词的用法： 不
13、定冠词 a,an 表泛指一个, a 用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an 用于元音因素开头的单词前 1 指一类人或事 A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人或某物 A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示“每一”相当于 every，one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相当于 the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前，表示不认识的“一个姓的人 /叫的人”或是“像一样的人” A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you
14、 were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中 as a result/whole/rule, make a living, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time, come to an end II. 定冠词的用法： 1 特指某（些）人或事，相当于 this/these, that/those He knows a lot about the history of the Olympics. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moo
15、n, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 上文已提到过的人或事 He gave me a pen. The pen is very expensive. 5 用于西洋乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 6 用于形容词前表示一类人 the rich, the living, the wounded 7 用于姓氏复数前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs 8 用于序数词和最高级前 He is the taller of th
16、e two children. 9 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海， 山川群岛等 专有名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 10 用于中国传统节日前 the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival 11 用于方位名词前 in the east, on the right 12 打/抓/拍某人的某个身体部位 hit sb in the face, touch sb on the shoulder, take sb by the arm 13 固定词组 in the c
17、ity/countryside, in the distance, in the end, at the same time , on the other hand, onethe other, the morethe more III. 零冠词的用法： 1 季节，月份，星期，非中国传统节假日 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 2 一日三餐前 have breakfast/lunch/dinner 3 学科，语言，球类运动，棋类游戏名词前 learn English He likes playing football/chess. 4 表示职位，身份，头衔
18、的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 专有名词前 London is the capital of England. 6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 7 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制 I want this book, not that one. / 8 固定词组 at first, at dusk, at risk, at present, in need, in advance, in fact, on purp
19、ose, on average, by mistake, by chance/accident, by law 第三讲第三讲 代词代词： I.代词可以分为以下七大类： 1 人称 代词 主格 （作主 语/表 语） I we you he she it they 宾格 （作宾 语、表 语） me us you him her it them 2 物主 代词 形容词 性（作 定语） my our your his her its their 名词性 （作主 语/宾 语/表 语） mine ours yours his hers its theirs 3 反身代词（作 宾语/表语/同 位语） myse
20、lf ourselves yourself/yourselves himself herself itself themselves 4 相互代词 each other (彼此，两者之间) ，one another(彼此，三者以上之间) 5 指示代词（作 定语/主语/宾 语） this, that, these, those, such, some 6 不定代词 all/ both, every/ each, either/ neither, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, one/other/ another, some/any, none
21、/no one/nobody, something/anything/everything/nothing, somebody/anybody/everybody/nobody,someone/anyone/everyone 5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as II. 重点不定代词用法注意点： 例 词 含义 作 用 例 句 both 后接复 数名词 表示 两个 人或 事物 主语 Both are teachers.
22、两个都是教师。 宾语 The teacher wanted both of us to go.老师要我们两个人都去。 定语 Both questions are easy.两个问题都很容易。 同位语 They both did it well.他们两个人都干得不错。 neither 后接单 数名词 (与 both 反 义) 表示 两个 人或 事物 都不 主语 Neither is mine.两个都不是我的。 宾语 I want neither of the books.那两本书我都不要。 定语 Neither sentence is correct.两个句子都不对。 either 后接单 数名
23、词 两 个 人 或 物 中 任 一 个 主语 Either will be all right.两个中哪一个都行。 宾语 He looked at the two pens, but didnt buy either(=bought neither).他看了两支笔，但一支也没有买。 定语 You may take either book (=take one of the two books). =You cant take both of the two books. 两本书你可以任选一本。 all 表示 三个 以上 都(肯 定) 主语 All of them are workers.他们都
24、是工人。 宾语 The teacher asked us all about the matter. 老师问了我们所有的事。 表语 Thats all for today.今天就到这。 定语 All men are mortal.人总是要死的。 状语 He was all covered with mud.他浑身是泥。 同位语 They all came here.他们都到了。 none (与 all 反义， 与no one, not any 同义) 表示 三个 以上 都不 (否定) 主语 None of them have come back yet.他们一个都还没有回来。 宾语 She c
25、hose none but the best.她只挑了最好的东西。 表语 Its none of your business.没你的事。 同位语 We none of us send anything to our teacher. 我们谁也没有给老师送东西。 many much many +可数 名词， much +不可 数 名 词 主语 Did many oppose it? 有许多人反对它吗？ There is much milk in my cup. And there is not much in yours. 我的杯里有许多奶，而你的杯里没有多少了。 宾语 I have as ma
26、ny as my sister has. 我和妹妹拥有的一样多。 Eat as much as you like. 你尽量地吃吧。 定语 We have many friends. 我们有许多朋友。 There is much water left.还剩下许多水。 some any some 用 于 肯 定 句 ， any用 于 否 定句， 疑 问 主语 Some of us were late for school. 我们中有些人上学迟到了。 宾语 I want to eat some of the cakes. 我想吃些蛋糕。 定语 I have some questions to ask
27、. 我有些问题要问。 Do you have any questions to ask? 你还有问题要问吗？ 句 和 条 件 句中。 注: some 有时可以用于表示“请求”的疑问句中，例如： Will you please give me some tea? 给我来些茶好吗？ few a few 修 饰 可 数 名词。 a few 表 示 肯定， few 表 示 否定。 主语 Few of us study English. 我们中很少有人学习英语。 A few of the girls are tall. 女孩中有几个个子高。 宾语 We have few of books. 我们几乎没有
28、书。 定语 He is a man of few words. 他是个沉默寡言的人。 little a little 修 饰 不 可 数 名 词。a little 表 示 肯定， little 表 示 否定。 主语 There is little left. 所剩无几。 宾语 He has done little for us. 他很少为我们做事。 定语 I have a little money with me. 我身上带着一点钱。 each every one (each 指两个 以上， every 指三个 以上) Each 强 调 个 性 ， every 强 调 共 性 ， one 表
29、示 某个 主语 Each has his own work. 每个人都有自己的工作。 One must do ones duty. 人尽其量。 宾语 We must help each of the students. 我们必须帮助每位同学。 定语 Every one of us must study hard. 我们中每位都必须努力学习。 同位语 They each had beautiful cars. 他们每人都有一辆漂亮的小车。 other another other 表示 “两个”之 中 的 另 一 个; another 表 示 三 个 以 上 中 的 另一个。 主 语 I have
30、 two rubbers. One is white, the other is red. 我有两块橡皮，一块是白色的，一块是红色的。 宾 语 Show me another. 把另一个给我看。 定 语 The other students are playing football. 另外一些同学在踢足球。 Would you like another glass of water? 你还要喝一杯水吗？ 注:other 相当于名词时，其复数形式为 others,其所属格形式为 others 和 others 。 . it 的用法： 作形式主语 It is no use shouting. It
31、 is useful for us to learn English. It is kind of you to help me. It is a pity that our team (should) lose the game. It is said/reported that he has come to Beijing. It takes me years to learn a foreign language. It is up to you to make the choice. 作形式宾语 I find it hard to concentrate. 强调句型 It is Mr
32、Zhang that/who often encourage me. 表时间、 距离、 价值、 天气、 气温等 Its been six years since we last saw each other. Its about 50 kilometers from here to my home. It is raining cats and dogs outside. 表示不明身份的人/性别不 明的婴儿 Who is it? Is it a boy or a girl? 代指前面提到的非人单数 名词/不可数名词或整个句 子 I have a car and it is in the gar
33、age. 第四讲第四讲 形容词和副词形容词和副词 I. 形容词: 1. 形容词的意义及功能：用于修饰限定名词或代词 1 作定语 He gave me a beautiful gift. 2 作表语 The task is not easy. 3 作补语 He was found alive.(主语补足语) His words made me angry.(宾语补足语) 4 作状语 Tired and hungry, he went home.(原因状语) He went back home, tired and hungry.(伴随 状语) 2. 形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，如 a s
34、harp knife 但在下列情况后置： 1 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合 不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible 2 以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或 only 修饰 的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 3 alive(活着的), alike(相似的), awake, aware, asleep, present(在场的), here, there 等可以后置 the only pers
35、on awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long 5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 3. 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序： 代词 数词 性状形容词 限定词 冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有 格 序数词 基数词 性质 状态 大小 长短 形状 新旧 温度 颜色 国籍 产地 材料 质地 名 词 all both such the a this another your second next one four
36、beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone 形容词形容词副词副词原级的比较级和最高级的构成原级的比较级和最高级的构成 规则变化规则变化： 1 一般单音节词和大部分部分双音节词加-er/-est great-greater-greater; bright-brigher-brighest 2 以辅音字母+e 结尾的词加-r/-st late-later-latest, simple-simpler-simplest 3 以辅音字母+y 结尾的词变 y 为 i 加-er
37、/-est angry-angrier-angriest, early-earlier-earlier easy-easier-easiest 4 以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，双写尾字母 加-er/-est thin-thinner-thinnest, hot-hotter-hottest 5 多音节和部分双音节词前加 more/most careful-more careful-most careful important-more important-most important interesting-more interesting-most interesting concerne
38、d-more concerned-most concerned 不规则变化不规则变化: 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad/ill worse worst many/much more more old older/elder oldest/eldest little less least far farther(具体)/further(抽象) farthest(具体)/furthest(抽象) 注：某些表最高程度的形容词没有最高级，如 favorite(最喜欢的) , perfect(完美的), excellent(杰出的), extreme(极端的)等
39、 形容词形容词/副词的常见句型副词的常见句型 as+形容词/副词原级+as:和.一样. She is as tall as her sister. We work as hard as his team. not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as:不 如. She is not as/so tall as her sister. We dont work as/so hard as his tem. much/even/far/a little/a bit/a lot/any/rather 比较级+than His machine is much more powerful than our
40、s. 比较级 and 比较级:越来越. The days are getting colder and colder. the+比较级，the+比较级:越.越. The harder you work, the more progress you will make. the+最高级+of/in+范围 Jack is the tallest boy in his class. one of the+最高级+名词复数:最. 的.之一 Qingdao is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. 形容词变副词的构成形容词变副词的构成 1 一般加
41、-ly slow-slowly, 2 辅音字母+y 结尾， 变 y 为 i 加-ly easy-easily, happy-happily 3 以 le 结尾，变为 ly simple-simply, humble-humbly 4 以 ue 结尾，去 e 加-ly true-truly, due-duly 5 以 ll 结尾，加-y careful-carefully, dull-dully 6 以 ic 结尾，加-ally basic-basically, scientific-scientifically 第五讲第五讲 介词介词 I.介词的意义和分类： 介词是一种虚词，不能单独使用，需用
42、在名词、代词、动名词和宾语从句的前面，表示地点 、时间、原因/目的、所属、伴随、方法/手段等，在句中作定语、状语、补语和表语。 1 简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, t
43、hanks to 4 双重介词 from behind, except for, till after, in between , up to 5 分词转化成的介词 considering(考虑到), including， concerning/regarding/respecting(关于； 至于) 6 形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, opposite, worth(值的) II.介词的功能： 1 作状语 We usually get up at 6:00 in the morning. 2 作定语 He is a man of courage. 3
44、作表语 The hospital is across the street. 4 作补足语 He helped the old man across the street. I found him in a hurry. . 常用介词解析： 表示时间的介词 1 at at 8:30; at noon/dusk/night; at breakfast; at weekends; at work; at that time; at Christmas; at the moment; at the age of. 2 in in the morning; in spring; in May; in
45、2020; in the 21st century; in a few minutes 3 on on Monday; on Sunday morning; on the evening of Last Sunday; on July 1st 4 during during the day; during 5 before/after before/after the show 6 for/since for two years; since two years ago 7 until/till until/till two oclock in the morning notuntil 直到才
46、 8 by by 11:00; by the end of the year 表示地点的介词 1 at at school; at the airport 2 in in the garden; in the city/countryside; in the east of China(在内部) 3 on on the desk; on the north of China(接壤) 4 to to the east of China(相隔较远，隔海/湖相望) 5 above/over above the clouds(在之上); over the river(垂直正上方) 6 between/
47、among/in the middle of between classes; among the trees; in the middle of the road 7 in front of/in the front of in front of the hotel; in the front of the classroom 8 across/through/past across the bridge; through the window; past my house 9 between/among/in the middle of between classes; among the
48、 trees; in the middle of the road 10 in front of/in the front of in front of the hotel; in the front of the classroom 11 into/onto/out of/off run into the room; come out of the room; jump onto the desk; off the wall 表示方式手段的介词 1 by by teaching; by bus 2 with write with left hand; with curiosity 3 in
49、in English/Chinese; in pencil/ink; in a low voice; in fear(害怕) 表示方关于 1 about 关于（泛泛地/ 非正式地谈论） a book about birds 2 on 关于（系统/理论性 地论述） a book on birds 3 over 关于（反复地斟 酌讨论/也可用于表情 感词后=about） argue over the matter; feel happy over the good news 表示原因的介词 1 because of He lost his job because of his age. 2 tha
50、nks to Thanks to your help, we finished the work in time. 3 for I am really sorry for being late. 4 out of She cried out of sympathy. 5 at She is happy at the good news. 6 due to/owing to His illness is due to bad food. Owing to rain, the match was cancelled. 第六讲第六讲 动词动词的时态、语态的时态、语态 I.动词的分类： 1 行为动词/
