1、Language practice 1. I took them myself. 2. So ours is a bit bigger. 3. Everyone is wearing a jacket and tie! 4. We go to school every weekday from 8:45 am to 3:15 pm. 5. We have a large sports ground for football and tennis, where we can play both during and after school hours. Module 2 Unit 3 代词代词
2、 代词的种类代词的种类: 1. 人称代词人称代词: 2. 指示代词指示代词: 3. 物主代词物主代词: Module 2 Unit 3 主格主格: I, you, she, he, it, we, they 宾格宾格: me, you, her, him, it, us, them this, that, these, those 形容词性形容词性: my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性名词性: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 4. 反身代词反身代词: 5. 疑问代词疑问代词: 6. 不定代词不定代词
3、: Module 2 Unit 3 myself, yourself, himself what, which, who, whose some, any, both, either, all, none, each, every, (a) few, (a) little somebody, anybody, everyone, something, nothing等等 一、人称代词一、人称代词 1. 人称代词的人称、数和格人称代词的人称、数和格, 如下表所示如下表所示: Module 2 Unit 3 数数 格格 人称人称 单数单数 复数复数 主格主格 宾格宾格 主格主格 宾格宾格 第一人称
4、第一人称 第二人称第二人称 第三人称第三人称 you you you you us we me I them they him her it he she it 2. 人称代词的用法人称代词的用法. 2.1. e.g.: (1) They told us to get ready at once. (2) Who is it? Its me. (3) He bought very nice birthday presents for you and me. 人称代词在句中作主语时用主格形式人称代词在句中作主语时用主格形式, 作宾语和作宾语和 表语时一般用宾格形式表语时一般用宾格形式. 2.2.
5、 e.g.: Who wants a ride on my bike? Me! / Not me! 宾格代词宾格代词(特别是特别是me)可以作主语可以作主语. 主格代词一般主格代词一般 不单独使用不单独使用, 也不用于带也不用于带not的简短回答中的简短回答中, 这些情这些情 况下往往用宾格代词况下往往用宾格代词. Module 2 Unit 3 2.3. e.g.: (1) He is older than me. (2) He is older than I am. 人称代词在人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较之后与其他人或事物进行比较 时时, 用主格和宾格都可以用主格和宾格都可
6、以. Module 2 Unit 3 3. it 的用法的用法. e.g.: (1) Its a robot. (2) Its raining now, but it will be fine soon. (3) Its 9 oclock. (4) Its 20 miles from here. (5) Its important for us to fight against pollution. (6) It took me half an hour to finish the work. (7) Its kind of you to say so. (8) We think it nec
7、essary to relax from time to time. 指物指物; 指天气指天气; 指时间指时间; 指距离指距离; 作作 形式主语形式主语; 作形式宾语作形式宾语. Module 2 Unit 3 4. 人称代词的顺序人称代词的顺序: 当多个人称代词并用时当多个人称代词并用时, 英语中人称代词的排列英语中人称代词的排列 顺序与汉语不同顺序与汉语不同. 汉语中喜欢说汉语中喜欢说你、我、他你、我、他, 而而 英语中通常要说英语中通常要说you, he/she and I, 复数人称代词复数人称代词 的排列顺序是的排列顺序是we, you and they. 即即: 单数二三一单数二三
8、一, 复数一二三复数一二三. Module 2 Unit 3 二、指示代词二、指示代词 1. 指示代词有四个指示代词有四个: this; that; these; those 2. 指示代词在句中可做的成分指示代词在句中可做的成分: e.g.: (1) These are our children. 主语主语 (2) Tom gave me this. 宾语或介词宾语宾语或介词宾语 (3) What I want to stress is this. 偶尔用作表语偶尔用作表语 Module 2 Unit 3 3. 指示代词的用法指示代词的用法: 3.1. e.g.: (1) This is a
9、 pen and that is a pencil. (2) We are busy these days. (3) In those days the workers had a hard time. (4) Whats this (that)? Its a book. (5) What are these (those)? They are books. this和和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的 事物或人事物或人, that和和those则指时间和空间上较远的事则指时间和空间上较远的事 物或人物或人. Module 2 Unit 3 3.2. e.
10、g.: (1) I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come. (2) What I want to say is this: pronunciation is very important in learning English. 有时有时that 和和those 指前面讲到过的事物指前面讲到过的事物, this 和和 these 则是指下面将要讲到的事物则是指下面将要讲到的事物. 3.3. e.g.: Television sets made in China are just as good as those made in Japan. 有时为了避免重复提到
11、的名词有时为了避免重复提到的名词, 常可用常可用that 或或 those 代替代替. 3.4. e.g.: Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking? this 在电话用语中代表自己在电话用语中代表自己, that 则代表对方则代表对方. Module 2 Unit 3 三、物主代词三、物主代词. 物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主 代词代词. 名词性物主代词从意思上讲相当于名词性物主代词从意思上讲相当于形容词形容词 性物主代词性物主代词+名词名词, 其作用与名词相同其作用与名词相同. e.g.: (1
12、) This is my book. = This book is mine. (2) His is the newest dictionary in our class. Module 2 Unit 3 Module 2 Unit 3 类别类别 人称人称 单数单数 复数复数 形容词形容词 性物主性物主 代词代词 名词性名词性 物主代物主代 词词 形容词形容词 性物主性物主 代词代词 名词性名词性 物主代物主代 词词 第一人称第一人称 my mine our ours 第二人称第二人称 your yours your yours 第三人称第三人称 his his their theirs he
13、r hers its its 四、反身代词四、反身代词. 1. 反身代词主要有下面这些反身代词主要有下面这些: Module 2 Unit 3 单数单数 myself yourself himself herself itself 复数复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 2. 反身代词的用法反身代词的用法. 2.1. (1) Help yourself to some cakes. (2) I can look at myself in the mirror. (3) May I introduce myself? 作宾语作宾语, 表明动作的承受者就是主语本身
14、表明动作的承受者就是主语本身. 2.2. e.g.: (1) You must do it yourself. (2) You should ask the teacher himself. (3) I myself go to the airport to meet my uncle. 作同位语作同位语(加强语气加强语气), 可置于主语后可置于主语后, 也可放在句末也可放在句末. 2.3. e.g.: Take good care of yourself. 作介词宾语作介词宾语, 构成介词短语构成介词短语. Module 2 Unit 3 3. 常见的含有反身代词的短语常见的含有反身代词的短
15、语: by oneself 亲自亲自 call oneself 自称自称 lose oneself 迷路迷路 teach oneself 自学自学 enjoy oneself 过得快乐过得快乐 help oneself to 随便吃随便吃/用用 devote oneself to 献身于献身于 dress oneself 自己穿衣服自己穿衣服 speak to oneself 自言自语自言自语 Module 2 Unit 3 五、疑问代词五、疑问代词 1. 疑问代词有下面这些疑问代词有下面这些: who whom whose what which 2. 疑问代词的用法疑问代词的用法: e.g.
16、: (1) Who called you right now? (作主语作主语) (2) What is this? (作表语作表语) (3) Whose umbrella is this? (作定语作定语) (4) Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语作宾语) (5) Which is yours? (作主语作主语) (6) Which do you want? (作宾语作宾语) 用于特殊疑问句中用于特殊疑问句中, 一般放在句首一般放在句首, 可以作主语、可以作主语、 表语、定语和宾语等表语、定语和宾语等. Module 2 Unit 3 2.1. who 在句中多用
17、作主语或表语在句中多用作主语或表语. 2.2. whom 在句中用作宾语或介词的宾语在句中用作宾语或介词的宾语. 2.3. whose 表示表示 谁的谁的, 可用作定语、主语、表语可用作定语、主语、表语 及宾语及宾语. 2.4. what 和和 which 都可在句中用作主语、宾语都可在句中用作主语、宾语 或或 介词的宾语以及定语介词的宾语以及定语. what 还可用作表语还可用作表语. Module 2 Unit 3 六、六、不定代词不定代词 1. 不定代词分两类不定代词分两类: 1.1. 普通不定代词普通不定代词 some, any, much, many, each, few, litt
18、le, one 等等 1.2. 复合不定代词复合不定代词 someone, anyone, everybody, nobody, anything, something 等等 Module 2 Unit 3 常用的不定代词常用的不定代词 2. some any常用在否定句常用在否定句 或疑或疑 问句中问句中. 作定语时作定语时, some 可修饰可数名词可修饰可数名词(单、复单、复 数皆可数皆可)和不可数名词和不可数名词; any 可修饰可数可修饰可数 名词名词(多为多为 复数复数)和不可数名词和不可数名词. 2.2. 不定代词不定代词 any有时也可以用在肯定句中有时也可以用在肯定句中, 表
19、示表示 任何的任何的. Module 2 Unit 3 3. all either 表示表示两者中随便哪个都两者中随便哪个都; neither 表示表示“两者中哪个都不两者中哪个都不”. Module 2 Unit 3 5.2.2. e.g.: (1) Either this knife or that one will do. (2) Both Beijing and Shanghai are big cities. (3) The weather here is neither too hot nor too cold. 三个词各自构成不同的固定短语三个词各自构成不同的固定短语: both
20、 and 两者都两者都 either or 要么要么要么要么 neither nor 既不既不也不也不 Module 2 Unit 3 5.2.3. e.g.: (1) Either that watch or these watches are made in Hong Kong. (2) Neither my parents nor my sister likes tennis. bothand结构作主语时结构作主语时, 谓语动词用复谓语动词用复 数数; eitheror与与 neithernor 结构作主语时结构作主语时, 谓语动词的数由离其最近的名词决定谓语动词的数由离其最近的名词决定
21、. Module 2 Unit 3 5.2.4. 注意区别注意区别so/neither + 情态动词情态动词/助动词助动词/be + 主语主语 与与so/neither + 主语主语 +情态动词情态动词/助动词助动词/be. e.g.: (1) I like swimming. So does Tom. (2) Mary likes singing. So she does. (3) Jack didnt arrive on time. Neither did Lily. so +情态动词情态动词/助动词助动词/be 表示表示也一样也一样, 表表 示前面所说的情况也适合于另一个人或物示前面所说
22、的情况也适合于另一个人或物, 此句是此句是 一个倒装句一个倒装句. Neither 结构表示结构表示也不一样也不一样. so + 主语主语 + 情态动词情态动词/助动词助动词/be表示赞同表示赞同, 表表 示示不错不错; 的确的确; 确实确实. 前后两个句子指的是同一前后两个句子指的是同一 人或物人或物. Neither 结构表示结构表示确实不是这样确实不是这样. Module 2 Unit 3 6. little, a little it 指前面提到的那个事物指前面提到的那个事物, 指同一个事物指同一个事物. Module 2 Unit 3 8. other 系列系列 e.g.: (1) T
23、herere other ways to solve the problem. other 意为意为别的别的, 其他的其他的, 另外的另外的, 常作定语常作定语. (2) If you dont like this one, try another. (3) Would you like another two cakes? another 指指“三者或三者以上中的另一个三者或三者以上中的另一个”; 后跟后跟“ 数词数词 + 名词名词时表示时表示再、又再、又的意思的意思. (4) I have two sisters. One is a teacher, and the other is a
24、nurse. (5) Therere forty students in my class. One is from England, and the others come from China. the other 表示表示两者中的另一个两者中的另一个, the others表表 示示两部分中的另一部分两部分中的另一部分. Module 2 Unit 3 七、介词和介词短语七、介词和介词短语 1. 定义定义: 介词介词(Prepositions)是一种用来表示词与词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与词与 句之间的关系的词句之间的关系的词. 在句中不能单独作在句中不能单独作句子成分句子成分, 必须
25、以介词短语的形式来构成句子成分必须以介词短语的形式来构成句子成分. 介词介词 + 名词名词构成的介词短构成的介词短语在句中作语在句中作状语状语, 表语表语, 定语定语 等等. 介词不能单独使用介词不能单独使用, 通常放在名词或其他名词性通常放在名词或其他名词性 的词、短语或从句前面的词、短语或从句前面. e.g.: (1) Id like some music to dance with. (2) Would you like a room to live in? 动词动词+介词介词短语作后置定语时短语作后置定语时, 介词不可省略介词不可省略. Module 2 Unit 3 2. 分类分类:
26、 简单介词和复杂介词简单介词和复杂介词 2.1. 简单介词简单介词: as, at, but, by, down, for, from, in, like, of, off, on, out, past, per, round, since, than, through, till, to, up, with, about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, before, below, behind, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, despite, during,
27、except, inside, into, onto, opposite, outside, over, unlike, until, upon, within, without Module 2 Unit 3 2.2. 复杂介词复杂介词: 2.2.1. 两个词两个词 : 副词副词/形容词形容词/连词连词+介词介词 as for, except for, apart from, away from, aside from, as from, ahead of, back of, because of, instead of, out of, outside of, regardless of,
28、 according to, as to, close to, contrary to, due to, near(er) to, next to, on to, owing to, thanks to, up to; along with, together with; Module 2 Unit 3 2.2.2. 三个词三个词 介词介词1+名词名词+介词介词2 in view of the election e.g.: (1) In terms of money, her boss was small. (2) Two men were interviewed at the police
29、station in connection with a theft from an Oxford Street store. (3) How many delegates are in favor of this motion? Module 2 Unit 3 in+名词名词+of : in charge of; in case of; in (the) face of; in front of; in place of; in need of; in favor of; in the light of; in respect of; in spite of; in view of; in+
30、名词名词+with: in common with; in line with; in comparison with; in contact with; by+名词名词+of : by means of; by way of; on+名词名词+of: on account of; on behalf of; on the grounds of; on the matter of; on (the) top of; on the part of; on the strength of; Module 2 Unit 3 其他类型其他类型: as far as; at the expense of
31、; at the hands of; for (the) sake of ; in exchange for; in return for; in addition to; in relation to; with/in regard of; with/in respect to; with the exception of; 注意注意: 有些以有些以of结尾的复杂介词可用属格形式替代结尾的复杂介词可用属格形式替代: e.g.: (1) for the sake of the people = for the peoples sake; (2) on behalf of Jim = on Ji
32、ms behalf (3) at the expense of Susan = at Susans expense Module 2 Unit 3 3. 介词和介词短语的用法介词和介词短语的用法. 3.1. e.g.: The space pen worked in space, under water, even on ice. (2) He wrote long poems for children. 表位置和对象表位置和对象 3.2. e.g.: (1) He seems to know the solution to the problem. (2) We had a debate a
33、bout womens lives now and in the past. 作定语作定语 Module 2 Unit 3 3.3. e.g. (1) Tom and Jack are from England. (2) Our manager is on holiday in the south. 作表语作表语 许多介词短语已经成为固定表达方式许多介词短语已经成为固定表达方式, 我们可以我们可以 把它们作为一个整体来记忆和使用把它们作为一个整体来记忆和使用, 如如 in the past, in the morning, at the weekend, after school 等等. Mo
34、dule 2 Unit 3 4. 介词的兼词现象介词的兼词现象 有些单词既可以用作连词也可以用作介词有些单词既可以用作连词也可以用作介词, 而有而有 些单词既可以用作介词又可以用作副词些单词既可以用作介词又可以用作副词, 应注意区应注意区 分它们在句子中的不同功能分它们在句子中的不同功能. e.g.: the day when she arrived the day of her arrival 注意注意: 辨别两种词类的一个标准是辨别两种词类的一个标准是: 介词引导的是名词介词引导的是名词 性或名词化补足语性或名词化补足语, 而与之相对的从属连词引导一而与之相对的从属连词引导一 个从属分句个
35、从属分句(从句从句). Module 2 Unit 3 4.1. after 和和 before after 和和 before 可作介词可作介词, 也可作连词也可作连词. e.g.: (1) You should take off your shoes before you go into a Japanese home. (2) You should take off your shoes before going into a Japanese home. (3) What did you do after you called the police? (4) I am going to
36、 the playground to play basketball after school. 作连词时后面接从句作连词时后面接从句, 作介词时后面接名词或动作介词时后面接名词或动 词的词的-ing形式形式. Module 2 Unit 3 4.2. above 和和 below above和和below可以作介词可以作介词, 也可以作也可以作副副词词. e.g.: (1) Do not write below the line. (2) Please write to me at the address below. 英语中兼作介词和英语中兼作介词和副副词的单词很多词的单词很多, 如如:
37、about, behind, down, up, in, off, on, over, through, under 等等. Module 2 Unit 3 5. 常见介词及用法常见介词及用法. 5.1. in in May; in the holiday; in summer; in the morning; in the 21st century; 在在 in 用于表示周、月、季节、年和泛指用于表示周、月、季节、年和泛指 的上早中晚的上早中晚 in an hour; in two weeks; 在在内内 用于对用于对how soon 的回答的回答. in time; in the day
38、time 用于固定搭配用于固定搭配. Module 2 Unit 3 5.1.2. on 的用法的用法. on Monday; on June 6; on Tuesday morning; on a rainy evening; on May 4, 2003; on Christmas Day; on 用于表示某天用于表示某天, 具体某一天的早中晚具体某一天的早中晚. 5.1.3. at 的用法的用法. at 7 oclock; at 9:15 am; at 18:46; at lunch; at breakfast; at night; at first; at times; 用于表示时刻、
39、时间的某一点用于表示时刻、时间的某一点. at the same time; at noon; at night; 用于固定搭配用于固定搭配 Module 2 Unit 3 注意注意: 表示时间的名词前有表示时间的名词前有this, last, next, every 等等 修饰时修饰时, 其前面不加介词其前面不加介词. this morning 今天早上今天早上 last Monday 上周一上周一 every week 每周每周 Module 2 Unit 3 5.2. before by then; by the time + 从句从句 在在之前之前 (2) She had left b
40、y the time I arrived. (3) How many English books had you read by the end of last year? by 在在前前(时间时间); 截止截止(到到) (4) I will wait for him until he comes here. (5) We didnt begin to watch TV until/till nine oclock. until/till 直到直到为止为止(时间时间) Module 2 Unit 3 5.4. for in a week or so (2) He will be back in
41、 five hours. in 过过后后(未来时间未来时间), 大多用在将来时大多用在将来时(一般将来一般将来 时和过去将来时时和过去将来时) in 是以限制为基础是以限制为基础, in an hour是指从现在起一是指从现在起一 个小时之后个小时之后, 所以所以in一般只用于将来时一般只用于将来时. (3) She went to Nanjing last May, and she came back after a month. 注意注意: 如果用于过去式如果用于过去式, 用用after + 时间时间. Module 2 Unit 3 (4) within 3 hours; within
42、a week (5) The cat ate the fish up within 10 minutes. (6) The cat will eat the fish up within 10 minutes. within 不超过不超过的范围的范围 within 强调强调在在时间之内时间之内, 没有时态的限制没有时态的限制. Module 2 Unit 3 5.7. at at home; stand at the door; at Baker Street; at the bottom/back/end/head of; (2) Ill meet him at the Beijing ra
43、ilway station. at 表示比较狭窄的场所表示比较狭窄的场所 (3) in Beijing; in the world; in the bed; in China; in a book/newspaper; (4) Mike works in the prison. (5) She was born in China. (6) His brother is in prison. He was arrested 2 years ago. in 表示比较宽敞的场所表示比较宽敞的场所 Module 2 Unit 3 5.8. on on the map; (2) There are tw
44、o maps on the wall. 在在上面上面, 有接触面有接触面. on the right; on the river; 在在靠近靠近的地方的地方 5.8.2. e.g.: Our plane flew above the clouds. above 在在上方上方 5.8.3. e.g.: (1) There is a light over Li Ming. (2) A few birds were flying over the sea. over 在在正上方正上方, 是是under的反义词的反义词 Module 2 Unit 3 5.8.4. e.g.: (1) under th
45、e table; under the jacket; (2) The dog is under the table. under 在在正正下下方方/面面 5.8.5. e.g.: There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water. below 在在下方下方(不一定是正下方不一定是正下方) below 是是above 的反义词的反义词. Module 2 Unit 3 5.9. near by me; (7) The boy is standing by the window. by 在在旁边旁边, 距离比距离比near要近要近 M
46、odule 2 Unit 3 5.10. between start for 出发去出发去 Module 2 Unit 3 5.15. by, with, on, in 表方式表方式. e.g.: (1) by bus; by e-mail; (2) I went there by bus/in a bus. by 用某种方式用某种方式, 多用于交通工具多用于交通工具. 注意注意: 表示搭乘交通工具时表示搭乘交通工具时, 用用by时不用冠词时不用冠词. on/in + 冠词冠词/代词代词 + 交通工具交通工具, 如如in a car, on a bike 等等. (3) He broke th
47、e window with a stone. with 表示表示用某种工具用某种工具. 注意注意: with表示用某种工具时表示用某种工具时, 必须用冠词或物必须用冠词或物 主代词主代词. Module 2 Unit 3 (4) They talked on the telephone. (5) She learns English on the radio/on TV. on 表示表示“以以方式方式”, 多用于固定词组多用于固定词组, 指通过电指通过电 子产品子产品. (6) They talk in English. (7) Please fill in the form in penci
48、l first. in 表示用某种材料或语言表示用某种材料或语言. 注意注意: in 指用材料指用材料, 不用冠词不用冠词. Module 2 Unit 3 5.16. of 和和from 表原材料表原材料. e.g.: (1) This box is made of paper. (2) Wine is made from grapes. of 成品仍可看出原料成品仍可看出原料. from 成品已看不出原料成品已看不出原料. Module 2 Unit 3 5.17. across, through和和over 表方向表方向. e.g.: (1) Go across the bridge a
49、nd turn left. (2) Tom went through the forest and got to school. (3) Can you jump over the low wall? across 指从物体表面横过指从物体表面横过, 长跟长跟walk, go, run 等等 动词连用动词连用; through 指从物体内部穿过指从物体内部穿过; over 指从物体上方越过指从物体上方越过. Module 2 Unit 3 5.18. in, on, to, off 表位置表位置. e.g.: (1) B is in the east of A. (2) C is on the
50、 east of A. (3) D is to the east of A. (4) E is off the east of A. in指在内部指在内部; on指两者接壤指两者接壤; to表示两者不接壤表示两者不接壤; E 指离大陆不远指离大陆不远. Module 2 Unit 3 A B C D E Summary: Module 2 Unit 3 常常 见见 介介 词词 及及 用用 法法 表时间表时间 表场所表场所 表方向表方向 1. 表示年表示年, 月月, 日日, 时刻等用时刻等用at, in, on 2. 表示时间的前后用表示时间的前后用before, after 3. 表示期限等用
