1、Discovering Useful Structures in Unit 4 Space Exploration To master the grammar: the infinitives as the attribute and the adverbial Discuss and tell the functions of “to do”. 1. People have always wanted to learn more about space. 2. China wanted Change 4 to explore the surface of the far side of th
2、e moon. 宾语宾语 宾语补足语宾语补足语 句法功能句法功能 考点考点 宾语宾语 want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, decide, attempt, strive, help, agree, promise, intend, prefer, would like, expect, afford, ask + to do sth. 宾语补足宾语补足 语语 tell, ask, invite, force, get, beg, allow, wish, want, like, prefer,
3、 inspire, encourage, expect, advise, permit, order, warn, cause + sb. + to do Discuss and tell the functions of “to do”. 1. You must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree. 2. Scientists work hard to find answer. 3. We were surprised to find that he had left. 4. Yuri Gagarin became th
4、e first person in the world to go into space. 5. Some scientists were determined to help human realise their dream to explore space. 结果状语结果状语 目的状语目的状语 原因状语原因状语 Lets look for more! 定语定语 定语定语 动词不定式用法：动词不定式用法： 【要义详析】 一、动词不定式用作定语一、动词不定式用作定语 1. 动词不定式作定语常放在名词或不定代词后 面作后置定语, 表示尚未发生的动作。 *Let us give him some
5、thing to eat. 让我们给他一些吃的东西。 *We have much homework to do tonight. 今晚我们有很多作业要做。 1. 有些抽象名词后面常接不定式作定语，如有些抽象名词后面常接不定式作定语，如 ability, chance, desire, decision, effort, intention, need, opportunity, plan, promise, pressure, right, time, way或不定代词或不定代词 something, nothing等后面常用不定式作后置等后面常用不定式作后置 定语。定语。如：如： After
6、 months of unemployment, all he asked for was a chance to earn his bread. But Janis Adkins has the ability and desire to do useful work. 但是詹尼斯 阿德金斯有能力和愿望去做有用 的工作。 3. 名词前有名词前有first, last, next, only等词以及等词以及 最高级修饰时最高级修饰时, 其后要用动词不定式。其后要用动词不定式。 如：如：She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Ol
7、ympic Games. 她是第一个在奥运会中赢得金牌的女性。 The nine-year-old boy was the only one to have survived the crash. 4. 当名词与定语之间存在动宾关系时。 *I usually have a lot of meetings to attend. 我通常有很多会议要参加。 *She is a nice person to work with. 她是一个很好的合作伙伴。 5. 当名词与定语之间存在主谓关系时。 *We must find a person to do the job. 我们必须找到一个人来做这项工作。
8、 *We need someone to go and get a doctor. 我们需要有人去请医生。 6. 当名词与定语有同位关系时。 *We got the order to leave the city. 我们接到了离开这个城市的命令。 【即学活用】语法填空 (1) The airport _(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area. (2) Do you have anything _(do) tonight? (3) The best way _(improve) your English is to
9、join an English club. to be completed to do to improve 二、不定式作状语二、不定式作状语 动词不定式在句中作状语动词不定式在句中作状语, 主要用来修饰主要用来修饰 动词和形容词动词和形容词, 也可用来修饰副词。在句中也可用来修饰副词。在句中 , 不定式可作目的状语、原因状语、结果状不定式可作目的状语、原因状语、结果状 语、条件状语等语、条件状语等, 可表示目的、原因及结果可表示目的、原因及结果 等。等。 1. “主语主语 + be + 形容词形容词 + to do sth.”结构中，不结构中，不 定式常作原因状语，常见的此类形容词有定式常作
10、原因状语，常见的此类形容词有 happy, sorry, glad, excited, disappointed, shocked, satisfied, astonished等。等。如：如： They were glad to see their son taken good care of in the kindergarten. 2. 不定式还常用在不定式还常用在too . to结构、结构、enough及及 only等后面作状语，表示结果。等后面作状语，表示结果。如：如： The box is too small to hold all these things I walked all
11、 the way from home to the library, only to find it closed. 3. 不定式作目的状语既可放在句首也可放在句不定式作目的状语既可放在句首也可放在句 尾，不定式前可加尾，不定式前可加in order或或so as。如：如： He had to earn enough money to support the family. In order to master English, you must spend much effort on it. 1. _ the convenience of digital payment, many sen
12、ior citizens started to use smart phones. (2019 江苏卷江苏卷 单项填空单项填空) A. To enjoy B. Enjoying C. To have enjoyed D. Enjoy 2. Modem methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive _(perform) consistently over a large area. (2019 新课标新课标卷卷 语法填空语法填空)
13、3. But some students didnt want _(wear) the uniform. (2019 浙江浙江 卷卷 语法填空语法填空) to perform to wear 句法功能句法功能 考点考点 状语状语 目的：目的：to do = so as to do= in order to do; 结果：结果：tooto/ enoughto/ only to do 原因：原因：adj. (glad/ sorry/ happy/ nice/ disappointed/ upset/ content) + to do 定语定语 置于被修饰的词后面置于被修饰的词后面ability/
14、ambition/ attempt/ decision/ effort/ plan/ intention/ plan/ promise/ dream/ wish/ 序数词序数词 + to do 独立状语独立状语 to tell the truth/ to be honest/ to make matters worse Look at the following sentences and focus on the italicised infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions and meanings. Find more examples
15、 from the unit. 1. I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot. 2. As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space. 3. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree. 4. Some scientists were determined to help humans
16、 realise their dream to explore space. 5. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space. 目的状语目的状语 目的状语目的状语 结果状语结果状语 定语定语 定语定语 Rewrite the sentences using infinitives or “in order toso as to+do”. Change the italicised parts accordingly. 1. In 2003 Yuri Malenchen
17、ko became the first person who got married in space. In 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person to get married in space. 2. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be recycled for later use. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle it for later use. 3.
18、Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dreamt that one day they would fly into space. _ _ _ Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dream to fly into space one day. 4. Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the
19、lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day, which will help them stay healthy. _ _ _ n. 肌肉；实力；影响力肌肉；实力；影响力 Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day to help them stay healthy. 5. Astronauts have to use tapes to sti
20、ck everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise. _ _ _ Astronauts have to use tapes to stick everything down while working in space so as not to float off. 6. During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control. _
21、 _ _ During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly so as to keep their bodies under control. Complete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal _ (achieve). One of the problems is that the tri
22、p would take a very long time. For example, _ (use) the current technology, it would take over two years _ (get) to the closest planet, Mars, and back. Although light is the fastest thing _(know) in the universe, n. 太阳系；类太阳系太阳系；类太阳系 to achieve using to get known it could take more than four years to
23、 reach the nearest star system. Will scientists figure out a way _(store) sufficient food and water for the long journey? Is it possible to travel faster than light? No one knows the answers yet. However, space scientists never give up. They are experimenting with growing crops in space so as _(help
24、) astronauts get enough food on longer journeys through space. to store to help 1. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle it for later use. so as to (do sth): in order to 为了，以便为了，以便 eg I always keep fruit in the fridge so as to keep insects off it. (翻译翻译) 我总是把水果放在冰箱里，以防虫子。我总是把
25、水果放在冰箱里，以防虫子。 recycle: to put used objects or materials through a special process so that they can be used again vt. 再利用，回收利用再利用，回收利用 eg We take all our bottles to be recycled.(翻译翻译) 我们把我们所有的瓶子都回收利用。我们把我们所有的瓶子都回收利用。 2. Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravit
26、y lack: when there is not enough of something, or none of it n. 缺乏；短缺缺乏；短缺 eg Her only problem is lack of confidence. (翻译翻译) 她唯一的问题是缺乏自信。她唯一的问题是缺乏自信。 to not have something that you need, or not have enough of it vt. 没有没有; 缺乏缺乏 eg Alexs real problem is that he lacks confidence. (翻译翻译) 亚历克斯的真正问题是缺乏信心。
27、亚历克斯的真正问题是缺乏信心。 3. Astronauts have to use tapes to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise. otherwise: used when saying what bad thing will happen if something is not done adv. 否则，要不然否则，要不然 eg Put your coat on, otherwise youll get cold. (翻译翻译) 穿上外套，不
28、然你会感冒的。穿上外套，不然你会感冒的。 4. Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system beyond: further away in the distance (than something) prep. 在更远处；超出在更远处；超出 eg In the distance, beyond the river, was a small town. (翻译翻译) 在河对岸的远处有一座小镇。在河对岸的远处有一座小镇。 5. the current technology current: happening or
29、 existing now adj. 现在的，当前的现在的，当前的 eg The current situation is very different to that in 1990. (翻译翻译) 当前的形势与当前的形势与1990年截然不同。年截然不同。 6. Will scientists figure out a way to store sufficient food and water for the long journey? figure out: to think about a problem or situation until you find the answer o
30、r understand what has happened 弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白 eg Can you figure out how to do it? (翻译翻译) 你能想出怎么做吗？你能想出怎么做吗？ sufficient: as much as is needed for a particular purpose adj. 足够的；充足的足够的；充足的 eg We need sufficient time to deal with the problem. (翻译翻译) 我们需要足够的时间来处理这个问题。我们需要足够的时间来处理这个问题。 Review the grammar in this lesson. Try to use the infinitives as the attribute and the adverbial to describe space facts and efforts to explore space.
