1、定语从句定语从句 一、一、定义定义 定语定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的成分。 e.g. The little boy needs a blue pen. 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句定语从句。 二、二、结构结构 先行词先行词+(关系代词关系代词/关系副词关系副词+从句剩余部分从句剩余部分) e.g. The man (who lives next to us) is a policeman. 先行词：被修饰的名词或代词 定语从句放在先行词的后面。定语从句放在先行词的后面。 三、三、关系词关系词 1.简介简介 1）关系代词关系代词：that/ who/ w
2、hom/which/whose e.g. The day (that) I always remember in all my life) is my birthday. 2）关系副词关系副词：when/where/why e.g. He arrived in Beijing on the day( when I lef)t. 先行词是 day，但 when 指代的真正内容是是 on the day,在从句中做时间状语： I left on the day. e.g. Thats the reason (why she left home). 2.关系代词关系代词用法用法：在从句中做主语、宾语
3、或定语主语、宾语或定语 先行词指人指人：that, who 在从句中做主语、宾语主语、宾语、表语、表语 e.g. Yesterday I helped an old man （who lost his way） whom(只能在从句中做宾语宾语) e.g. Mr. Liu is the person （(whom/who) you talked about）. Whose 在从句中做定语定语 e.g. He has a friend （whose father is a doctor）. 先行词指物指物：that, which 在从句中做主语、宾语主语、宾语、表语、表语 e.g. Footba
4、ll is a game( which is liked by most boys). Whose 在从句中做定语定语 e.g. I lived in a house (whose roof has fallen in). 注意：注意：1）关系代词在）关系代词在从句中从句中作作主主语时语时不不可可省省略，做略，做宾宾语时语时可省可省略略 2）指物的先行词指物的先行词只能使用只能使用 that,不用不用 which 的情况：的情况： * 1） 当先行词是：all , any , anything , everything , nothing 或被它们修饰时。 （something 不算不算）注意
5、：先行词为指人的不定代词时用注意：先行词为指人的不定代词时用 who e.g.Is there anything (that I can do for you) ? 有什么可以为你做的吗？ e.g.All( that can be done) must be done . 凡是能做的都必须做。 * 2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如： e.g.That is one of the most interesting books (that are sold in the bookshop) . e.g.The first thing( that we s
6、hould do) is to get some food . * 3）当先行词有：先行词有：the only , the very , the same , the last 等等修饰时。例如： e.g.My necklace is not the only thing( thats missing) . * 4）当主句以 who 或或 which 开头开头时，定语从句中引导词用 that ,不用 which 或 who ，以避免重复。例如： e.g.Who is the girl (that is wearing a red coat )? * 5）当先行词既有人又有物先行词既有人又有物时
7、，用 that 。例如： e.g.The writer and his novel (that you have just talked about) are really well known . 你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。 3)指物的先行词指物的先行词只用只用 which 不用不用 that 的情况：的情况： * 1) 关系代词前有介词介词时； e.g. This is the room (in which Lu Xun lived). * 2)非非限定性定语从句中(作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略)。 e.g. That necklace, which you gave m
8、e as a present, was lost yesterday. e.g. He has a daughter, who works in a hospital. 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步作进一步说明， 通常是引导词和先行 词之间用逗号逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 。(that 不能引导非限制性不能引导非限制性 定语从句定语从句) e.g.Charles Smith(,who was my former teacher,) retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。（非限) e.g.There is somebody h
9、ere (who wants to speak to you). 这里有人要和你说话(限制性) * 3) 先行词本身是本身是 that 时； e.g. The clock is that which tells the time * 4) which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句 所表示的整体概念或部分概念所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语主语，也可以作宾宾 语或表语语或表语，多数情况下意思是与 and this 相似，并可以指人。 e.g.He did very well in the comp
10、etition, which made his parents very happy. * 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于 先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词 紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面， e.g.That was the room( in which we had lived for ten years). = That was the room (which we had lived in for ten years). * 像 listen to, look at, take ca
11、re of 等固定短语动词固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介 词与动词分开。 例如：This is the boy( whom she has taken care of). 4）指人的先行词指人的先行词只用只用 who 不用不用 that 的情形。的情形。 1.只指人人，并且在从句中作主语主语的情况 e.g.The man( who is a new one) has rent a flat in downtown of New York. 新来的这个人在纽约市中心租了一栋公寓。（the man 指人并在句中作主语） e.g.The professor (who wrote a book
12、) is teaching history. 写这本书的专家正在教历史。（the professor 既指人又在句中作主语） 2.在非限定性定语从句中非限定性定语从句中作主主语，并指人人时 e.g.He feel honored to work with Mr.Li, (who has good reputation in the Business). 他感到很荣幸和李先生一起工作，李先生在业界有着良好的声誉。 3. 先行词是god, angel,fairy/people和和those/one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人指人) 时时 4. e.g
13、.In the oil painting, the state of angels (who smiled at each other) delivered the artists emotional. 在油画中，天使互相微笑的状态传递了艺术家的情感。 4. 在 there be 句型中名词的定语从句多用 who 。 e.g.There are students in our class (who / whom you have met). 5. 当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的 引导词为 that, 那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为 who。 e.g.Th
14、e boy (that you met just now) is Li Mings brother (who just graduated from a university. 5）指人的先行词指人的先行词只用只用 that 不用不用 who 的情形。的情形。 1.当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用 that。 e.g.The tallest player (that plays football for our team) is from Shandong. 2.当先行词前面有 only, some, any, no, every, little,
15、 few, much, all, very 形容词修饰时，引导词只能用 that。 e.g.He is the only student (that said “no” to the teacher). 3.当主句是以 who 开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用 that。 e.g.Who is the woman (that you talked with just now)? 4.当先行词是一个既指人又指物指人又指物的并列词组时。 e.g.I made a speech on the men and things (that I had seen abroad). 我就我在国外所见到的人和事
16、作了报告。 5.当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略). e.g.Tom is not the boy (that) he was). 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。 3.关系副词关系副词用法用法 1)、when：当主句中的先行词(即主句中被后面定语从句修饰的词)是表示时间意 义的名词时，它只能作定语从句的时间状语只能作定语从句的时间状语，放在定语从句句首。如果定语从句 的引导词是作该定语从句的主语或宾语， 则要改用关系代词that或which来引导。 例如： e.g.Ill never forget the time when we worked on t
17、he farm. e.g.He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left. e.g.The days when we used foreign oil are gone. 我们用洋油的日子一去不复返了。 e.g Ill never forget the day when I was born. (=Ill never forget my birthday.) e.g.It happened in November when the weather was wet and cold. 这事发生在天气又湿又冷的十一月。 e.g.The day( (that
18、) I always remember in all my life) is my birthday. 我一生中最难忘的日子是我的生日。 (that 作定语从句that I always remember in all my life的宾语宾语，that 可以省略) 2)、where：当主句中的先行词是表示地点意义的名词时，它只能作其所在的定只能作其所在的定 语从句的地点状语语从句的地点状语， 放在定语从句的句首。 如果定语从句的引导词作该定语从句 的主语或宾语时，也要改用关系代词 that 或 which 来引导。例如： e.g.The factory where his father wo
19、rks is in the east of the city e.g.This is the room where (in which) I lived last year. e.g.Is this the classroom where(=in which) the old worker is going to make/give us a report? 这就是那位老工人要给我们做报告的教室吗？ e.g.Lets look for a place where we can swim. e.g.The building that is being built over there will
20、be a new hospital. 正在那边建的楼房将是一家新医院。 (引导词 that 作定语从句that is being built over there的主语) e.g.That is the factory (that) they visited last month. 那就是他们上个月参观过的工厂。 (引导词 that 作定语从句(that) they visited last month的宾语宾语，that 可以省略) * 注意：不要以为在时间名词后就一定用关系副词 when，在地点名词后就一定 用关系副词 where，在表示原因的 the reason 后就一定用关系副词 w
21、hy。 到底选用关系副词还是关系代词，关键是看它们在从句中是用作状语到底选用关系副词还是关系代词，关键是看它们在从句中是用作状语(用关系副用关系副 词词)还是用作主语或宾语还是用作主语或宾语(用关系代词用关系代词)。 如：Dont forget the time (that) Ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。(that 用作 told 的宾语) e.g.Ill never forget the days when I worked with you. 我永远不会忘记我与你共事的日子。(when 用作状语) e.g.He works in a factory that /wh
22、ich makes radio parts. 他在一家制造无线电零件的工厂工作。 (that/ which 在从句中用作主语，且不能省略) e.g.He works in the factory where his father worked. 他在他父亲工作过的那家工厂工作。(where 作状语) e.g.Thats the reason (that /which ) he explained to us. 那就是他向我们解释的理由。(that 或 which 在从句中用作 explained 的宾语) e.g.Thats the reason why she left home. 那就是她
23、离家出走的原因。(why 在从句中作状语) * 英语中的关系副词主要是 when, where, why 三个，不要想当然地将 how 用作 关系副词修饰 the way。 如不说不说 This is the way how he spoke， 可改为 This is how he spoke(how 引导的是表语从句表语从句)， 当然也可说成 This is the way (that/ in which) he spoke. (其中的 that/ in which 可省略) * 另外，when 和 where 可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，而 why 则只用于引 导限制性定语从句，不用于
24、引导非限制性定语从句。 e.g.Sunday is a holiday , when people do not go to work. 星期天是假日，（这天）人们不上班。 e.g.He took us into the classroom , where there were only a few students. 他把我们带进教室，那儿只有少数几个学生。 * 在定语从句的使用中，one of 后面的名词是复数后面的名词是复数，这个复数名词制约后面的定 语从句的谓语动词，用复数； 而在 one of 前面有前面有 the 或或 the only 时时，后面引导 的定语从句中的谓语动词则用单
25、数形式。 e.g.He is the only one of the students who is elected? e.g.Jasper is one of those people who know about the accident . 背上：背上： 先行词先行词+(关系代词关系代词/关系副词关系副词+从句剩余部分从句剩余部分) 关系代词关系代词用法用法：在从句中做主语、宾语或定语主语、宾语或定语 先行词指人指人：that, who 在从句中做主语、宾语主语、宾语、表语、表语 whom(只能在从句中做宾语宾语) Whose 在从句中做定语定语 先行词指物指物：that, which
26、在从句中做主语、宾语主语、宾语、表语、表语 Whose 在从句中做定语定语 注意：注意：1）关系代词在）关系代词在从句中从句中作作主主语时语时不不可可省省略，做略，做宾宾语时语时可省可省略略 2）只能使用只能使用 that,不用不用 which 的情况：的情况：（先行词指人时首选（先行词指人时首选 that） * 1） 当先行词是：all , any , anything , everything , nothing 或被它们修饰时。 （something 不算不算） * 2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。 * 3）当先行词有：先行词有：the only
27、, the very , the same , the last 等等修饰时。 * 4）当主句以 who 或或 which 开头开头时， * 5）当先行词既有人又有物先行词既有人又有物时，用 that 。 3)只用只用 which 不用不用 that 的情况：的情况： * 1) 关系代词前有介词介词时；(此时先行词为人时，只能用此时先行词为人时，只能用 whom) * 2)非非限定性定语从句中(作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略)。 * 3) 先行词本身是本身是 that 时； * 4) which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句 所
28、表示的整体概念或部分概念所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语主语，也可以作宾宾 语或表语语或表语，多数情况下意思是与 and this 相似，并可以指人。 * 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于 先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词 紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面， * 像 listen to, look at, take care of 等固定短语动词固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介 词与动词分开。 3.关系副词关系副词用法用法 1、when：当主句中的先行词(
29、即主句中被后面定语从句修饰的词)是表示时间 意义的名词时，它只能作定语从句的时间状语只能作定语从句的时间状语，放在定语从句句首。如果定语从 句的引导词是作该定语从句的主语或宾语， 则要改用关系代词 that 或 which 来引 导。 * 2、where：当主句中的先行词是表示地点意义的名词时，它只能作其所在的只能作其所在的 定语从句的地点状语定语从句的地点状语， 放在定语从句的句首。 如果定语从句的引导词作该定语从 句的主语或宾语时，也要改用关系代词 that 或 which 来引导。 * 注意：不要以为在时间名词后就一定用关系副词 when，在地点名词后就一定 用关系副词 where，在表
30、示原因的 the reason 后就一定用关系副词 why。 到底选用关系副词还是关系代词，关键是看它们在从句中是用作状语到底选用关系副词还是关系代词，关键是看它们在从句中是用作状语(用关系副用关系副 词词)还是用作主语或宾语还是用作主语或宾语(用关系代词用关系代词)。 * 另外，when 和 where 可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，而 why 则只用于引 导限制性定语从句，不用于引导非限制性定语从句。 * 在定语从句的使用中，one of 后面的名词是复数后面的名词是复数，这个复数名词制约后面的定 语从句的谓语动词，用复数； 而在 one of 前面有前面有 the 或或 the onl
31、y 时时，后面引导 的定语从句中的谓语动词则用单数形式。 补充：补充：as 引导的定语从句，了解一下引导的定语从句，了解一下 （一）as(代词)引导限制性定语从句 当先行词是“such/the same+名词名词”时，用 as 引导定语从句。即，such+n.+as(代代 词词)，the same+n.+as(代词代词)。例句（as 指代 such+n.，作主语/宾语/表语） e.g. We invited all such people( as were likely to come). （as 在从句中作主语。 as=all such people， 即， All such people
32、were likely to come.） e.g. I have never heard such stories( as he tells). 我从未听说过他讲的这类故事。 （as 在从句中作宾语。as=such stories，即，He tells such stories。） e.g. Ive never seen such a fool (as he is). （as 在从句中作表语。as=such a fool，即，He is such a fool.）。 例句（as 指代 the same +n.，作主语/宾语/表语） e.g. Is this the same mosquito
33、( as bit you just now)？ （as 作主语。The same mosquito (=as) bit you.） e.g. This is the same knife (as I lost yesterday). （as 作宾语。I lost the same knife (=as)yesterday.） e.g. She is just the same person (as she used to be). （as 作表语。She used to be the same person (=as).） e.g. as 与 that 的区别。 suchas(代词)引导定语从
34、句，suchthat(连词)引导结果状语从句。如， He is such a good boy( as everyone likes).他是个人人都喜欢的好男孩。 （从句缺成分（缺宾语），因此 as 是代词（作成分） He is such a good boy that everyone likes him. 他是个好男孩，以至于人人都喜欢他。 （从句不缺成分，因此 that 是连词（不作成分） the sameas(代词)，表示两物相似；the samethat(代词),表示两物同一 物。如， This is the same pen (as I used yesterday).这是和我昨天
35、用的一样的钢笔。 This is the same pen (that I used yesterday).这是我昨天用过的那支钢笔。 注意：the same ，可以与代词 as/that 连用，也可以与副词 when/where 等连 用。如， This is the same place( where we had the party that day).（where 作状语） 定 语 从 句 练 习 一、用关系代词填空：that 、which 、who、 whom 、whose 1.This is the man _ wants to see you. 2.The student _ a
36、nswered the question is Zhang Hua. 3.The man _ you went to see has come. 4.The man _I met yesterday lent me some money. 5.The woman _ you saw is our geography teacher. 6.The runner _ you are asking about is over there. 7.The person _ you should write to is Mr. Ball. 8.The man _was passing by saw wha
37、t happened. 9.Here is the pen _ you lost the day before yesterday. 10.These books _ you lent me were very useful. 11.The storybook _ I have just read cannot be easily forgotten. 12.A clock is a machine _ tells people the time. 13.This is shirt _I bought yesterday. 14.A dictionary is a book _ gives t
38、he meaning to the word. 15.The book _ is on the table is mine. 16.The film _ they are talking about is very interesting. 17.I will never forget the people and the places _ I have ever visited. 18.Is there anyone _ family is in Beijing? 19.Show me the boy _ mother is a well-known singer. 20.The boy_
39、father is a teacher is good at English. 二、单项选择 ( ) 1. Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady_ comes from Beijing. A. who B. which C. whom D. whose ( ) 2. Whats the name of the program_. A. which are listening B. you are listening to C. to that you are listening D. that you are listening ( ) 3. The
40、students were all interested _ you told them yesterday. A. in which B. in that this C. all that D. in everything ( ) 4. He was the only person in his office_ was invited. A. whom B. whose C. that D. which ( ) 5. This is the museum_ we visited last year. A. where B. in which C. which D. in that ( ) 6
41、. Charlie told his mother all_ had happened. A. that B. what C. which D. who ( ) 7. Do you know the student_? A. whom I often talk B. with who I often talk C. I often talk with D. that I often talk ( ) 8. I like the house_ windows face south. A. whose B. whos C. its D. its ( ) 9. Would you tell me w
42、here to get the dictionary _? A. what I need B.I need C. which I need it D. that I need it ( )10. The young woman_ I spoke just now is a young doctor. A. who B. to whom C. whom D. that （ ）11、Is this the factory _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one （ ）12、 Is this facto
43、ry _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one （ ）13、 Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago? （ ）14、 Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who _ inChina. A. works B. is working C. are working C. has been working （ ）15、Those _ not only from books but als
44、o through practice will succeed. A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn （ ） 16、 Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that （ ）17、He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D.
45、what ( ) 18. Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady_ comes from Beijing. ( ) 19 I like the house_ windows face south. ( ) 20 He was the only person in his office_ was invited. ( ) 21. This is the museum_ we visited last year. ( )22. Charlie told his mother all_ had happened. （ ）23.Where is the Scho
46、ol English Speech Contest going to be held tonight? Im not sure. Is it in the hall _ can hold 300 people? A. where B. what C. that D. when （ ） 24.What kind of movies do you like? I like movies _ scary monsters. A. which has B. that have C. what has D. why have （ ）25.Do you know the man _ is talking to Miss Wu? A. he B. whom C. who D. which （ ）26.Which is your new neighbor, Liu Hua? The man _ T-shirt is red. A. that B. who C. which D. whose
