1、B1U3 Grammar Part One 定语定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、 分词分词、不定式不定式、介词短语介词短语等来担任，修饰等来担任，修饰名词名词。 (以以介词短语、介词短语、分词为例）分词为例） 例：例： The girl behind the tree is Kate. The man driving too fast was drunk（喝醉的）（喝醉的）. 定语从句定语从句 在英语中，修饰在英语中，修饰名词名词或或代词代词的的句子句子叫定语从句。叫定语从句。 例：例：The girl who is behind the tree is K
2、ate. The man who was driving too fast was drunk. The Attributive Clause 关系代词如何引导定语从句关系代词如何引导定语从句 q普通代词与关系代词的区别普通代词与关系代词的区别 I have a sister.She works in Shanghai. 代替 sister q普通代词普通代词：只起代替的作用（如上例：只起代替的作用（如上例she) I have a sister who/that works in Shanghai. q关系代词关系代词： （如上例（如上例who/that） 1.代替代替先行词先行词; 2.它
3、还在定语从句中它还在定语从句中担任担任一定的一定的成分成分; 3. 同时同时连接连接先行词与它引导的定语从句。先行词与它引导的定语从句。 （把主句和从句连起来）（把主句和从句连起来） The building is our school. The building stands by the river. v 关系代词的使用取决于先行词，它们的关系非常密关系代词的使用取决于先行词，它们的关系非常密 切，因为关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，切，因为关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词， 所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的 人称、数必
4、须和先行词一致。人称、数必须和先行词一致。 The building which/that stands by the river is our school. 先行词先行词 关系词关系词 定语从句定语从句 vwhich/that which/that 是关系代词，它在从句中代替先行词是关系代词，它在从句中代替先行词 the building, the building, 同时担任从句中的主语，也起连词的同时担任从句中的主语，也起连词的 作用，把两个简单句连接作用，把两个简单句连接 起来。起来。 summary:思考：如何判定一个句子是定语从句呢？思考：如何判定一个句子是定语从句呢？ 1.一个
5、完整的句子（一个完整的句子（.）包含）包含两个谓语两个谓语动词可判断有两动词可判断有两 个句子；个句子； 2.其中一个其中一个句子句子位于位于名词或代词之后名词或代词之后且限定修饰那个且限定修饰那个 名词或代词名词或代词. He is a boy who/that wears a pair of glasses. 1.确定先行词（指人确定先行词（指人/指物）；指物）； 2.判定从句缺什么成分（主判定从句缺什么成分（主 语语/宾语宾语/状语）状语） 3.选定关系词选定关系词. 关系词关系词判判 断断 步步 骤骤 : v 首先，要看先行词。首先，要看先行词。 如果先行词是指人如果先行词是指人,关系
6、代词关系代词 可用可用 who,that,whom,whose。如果先行词指物如果先行词指物,关系关系 代词可用代词可用which或或that; v 然后，要确定关系词在从句中的成分。请看下表然后，要确定关系词在从句中的成分。请看下表 先行词先行词 主格主格 宾格宾格 所有格所有格 人人who,thatwho(m),that whose 物物which,thatwhich,thatwhose,of which 关系词关系词先行词所指先行词所指 关系词在句中作用关系词在句中作用 关系关系 代词代词 that人人/物物主、宾、表主、宾、表 which物物 主、宾、表主、宾、表 who人人主、宾主、
7、宾 whom人人宾宾 whose 人人/物物定定 关系关系 副词副词 when时间时间时间状语时间状语 where地点地点地点状语地点状语 why原因原因原因状语原因状语 结论：结论： 定语从句关系词的选择：确定先行词定语从句关系词的选择：确定先行词(人人/物物)分析定语 从句的成分 缺主语/宾语/（表语)关系代词 （that/which/who/whom/as） 缺状语关系副词(when/where/why) 缺定语（空后为名词）用 whose 最后，定语从句谓语动词和先行词一致最后，定语从句谓语动词和先行词一致. 注注:定语从句的时态不受主句的限制定语从句的时态不受主句的限制。 The w
8、oman who/that spoke at the meeting yesterday is my mother. (主句主句)The woman is my mother. (叙述客观事实叙述客观事实 用一般现在时用一般现在时) (从句从句)The woman (who/that) spoke at the meeting yesterday. (句中句中yesterday表示过去时间表示过去时间) What is the picture about? As we all know, it is about this years Double 11 shopping gala/carniv
9、al which/that started on Nov. 1. 人上人人上人 定金人定金人 尾款人尾款人 吃土人吃土人 Who does it refer to? It refers to people who/that need to pay the balance after the deposit. Who is he? He is one of the social media influencers whose screaming online can encourage you to buy lots of goods. Maybe some of you are fans th
10、at/who/whom Li Jiaqi can encourage to buy many products. Practice 1找出下列句中的先行词和定语从句找出下列句中的先行词和定语从句 (1) Tom is the poor man whose car has been stolen. (2) I like the way that she smiles. (3) The trees which are over there have lost their leaves. (4) Some people who are successful language learners oft
11、en fail in other fields. (5) The book whose cover is green is interesting. Part Two 定从中关系代词的用法定从中关系代词的用法 Practice 1 (1) This is the house that Lu Xun once lived in. that指代指代_作作_的的_语语 (2) The boy that is standing there is Tom. that指代指代_作作_的的_语语 (3) He is not the person that he used to be. that指代指代_作作
12、_的的_语语 the house in 宾宾 the boy 从句从句 主主 the person be 表表 作宾语时可省作宾语时可省 Practice 2 (1) They ignored the details which might account for the accident. which指代指代_作作_的的_语语 (2) The house which he lived in cost much. which指代指代_作作_的的_语语 the details 从句从句 主主 the house in 宾宾 作宾语时可省作宾语时可省 Practice 3 (1) We are c
13、oncerned about the people who have suffered a lot in the earthquake. who指代指代_作作_的的_语语 (2) Tony was the man who we rescued from the fire. who指代指代_作作_的的_语语 the people 从句从句 主主 the man rescued 宾宾 作宾语时可省作宾语时可省 Practice 4 (1) Alice is the person whom you should care about. whom指代指代_作作_的的_语语 the personcare
14、 about 宾宾 作宾语时可省作宾语时可省 Practice 5 (1) I have read the book whose characters I like very much. whose指代指代_作作_的的_语语 (2) This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. whose指代指代_作作_的的_语语 指指“人的人的”时时 = of whom the n. / the n. of whom 指指“物的物的”时时 = of which the n. / the n. of which the books chara
15、cters 定定 the scientists achievements 定定 Exercises 选用关系代词填空，并用括号标出可以省略的关选用关系代词填空，并用括号标出可以省略的关 系代词。系代词。 1. I still remember the earthquake _ happened in 2008 in Sichuan. 2. Have you read the book _ was written by Jane? 3. Is this the teacher _ rescued several students from the burning building? 4. Do
16、you know the lady _ our teacher is talking with? 5. My father bought a new bike for me _ price added up to more than 1000 yuan. 6. This is the person _ story surprised everybody. that/which that/which who/that (who/that/whom) whose whose 用定语从句合并句子。用定语从句合并句子。 1. This is the reason. He gave the reason
17、 for his being late. _ 2. The girl is from America. Her father is a Chinese. _ 3. We visited the lady yesterday. She taught us Chinese when we were in primary school. _ _ 4. This is the girl.I met the girl in the street. _ This is the girl (whom/that/who) I met in the street. This is the reason (whi
18、ch/that) he gave for his being late. The girl whose father is a Chinese is from America. We visited the lady who taught us Chinese when we were in primary school yesterday. Part Three 指物时宜用指物时宜用that不用不用which的情况的情况 1. 先行词是先行词是all, any, everything, something, nothing, anything, much, little, few, none
19、等不定等不定 代词或被不定代词修饰时代词或被不定代词修饰时 2. 先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、 形容词最高级修饰时形容词最高级修饰时 3. 先行词被先行词被the only, the very等修饰时等修饰时 4. 先行词既有人又有物时先行词既有人又有物时 5. 当主句是以当主句是以who或者或者which开头的特殊疑问句开头的特殊疑问句 时时 6. 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词本身在当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词本身在 定语从句中也作表语时定语从句中也作表语时 Summary 1. She told me everything _
20、 she knew. 2. Ive read all the books _ were borrowed from others. 3. This is the most exciting football game _ I have seen so far. 4. This is the very book _ I want to buy. 5. Sometimes we should ignore the persons and things _ upset us. 6. Which is the true story _ he told us? 7. Our school is no l
21、onger the one _ it used to be. 指物时宜用指物时宜用that不用不用which的情况的情况 (that) that (that) (that) that (that) that Part Four 指物时宜用指物时宜用which不用不用that的情况的情况 1. 引导非限制性定语从句时引导非限制性定语从句时 2. 当关系代词前有介词时当关系代词前有介词时 3. 当先行词本身就是当先行词本身就是that时时 4. 在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句， 其中一句的关系代词是其中一句的关系代词是that, 那么另一句的关系代那
22、么另一句的关系代 词宜用词宜用which。 Summary 1. Football, _ is an interesting game, is very popular all over the world. 2. This is the house in _ Mo Yan once lived. 3. That _ you told him is what we want to know. 4. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library _ was newly open. 指物时宜用指物时宜用which不用不用tha
23、t的情况的情况 which which (which) which 只用只用 which的用法：的用法： eg. (1) Tai Wan is an island _ belongs to China. 但是：但是：(2) Tai Wan is an island , _ belongs to China. that/which which 用法一：用法一：非限制性定语从句（即：非限制性定语从句（即：逗号逗号把先行词和从句把先行词和从句 分开）中，不用分开）中，不用that; 讨论：是见讨论：是见逗号都用逗号都用which引导定语从句吗？引导定语从句吗？ eg. The great Chine
24、se scholar Confucious, _ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC,influenced the development of chopsticks. I still remember the day, _ my brother joined the army. who when 不是不是 eg.The city _ she lives in is far away. 区别：区别： The city in _ she lives is far away. (that/which) which . . 用法二：介词用法二：介词+which(先行词是
25、指先行词是指物物的名词的名词)， There was no one _ she could turn to for help. 区别：区别：There was no one to _ she could turn for help. (that/whom) whom . . 介词介词+whom(先行词是指先行词是指人人的名词的名词) eg.China has a lot of islands, one of which is Tai Wan. There are lots of students, none of whom like the film. 结论：结论：介词介词+which/who
26、m 前可以有数词或不定代词前可以有数词或不定代词. Part Five 指人时宜用指人时宜用who不用不用that的情况的情况 1. 当先行词是当先行词是people, those时时 2. 当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one, ones, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, nobody等时等时 3. 在在there be结构中，先行词指人时结构中，先行词指人时 Summary 1. God help those _ help themselves. 2. People _ want
27、 to travel abroad should apply for a passport first. 3. Is there anyone in your class _ is good at singing? 4. There is a young lady _ is in a state of shock. 指人时宜用指人时宜用who不用不用that的情况的情况 who who who who Exercises 用正确的关系代词填空，并说明理由用正确的关系代词填空，并说明理由 1. The book _ I lost yesterday is Toms. 2. I live in t
28、he room _ window faces east. 3. This is the most interesting story _ I have ever read. 4. The boy and the dog _ are in the picture are very lovely. (that/which) whose (that) that 5. Anyone _ has helped to save the patient is worth praising. 6. She said she would do anything _ could help her mother r
29、ecover from the disease. 7. The first thing _ he did after arriving home was doing housework. 8. Those _ want to travel abroad should apply for a passport first. who that (that) who Part Six 定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的主谓一致 1. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词 要与先行词的单复数保持一致要与先行词的单复数保持一致 I am fond of the
30、music which _ (be) popular with teenagers. Sometimes we should ignore the persons and things that _ (make) us sad. is make 2. one of +复数名词复数名词+定语从句定语从句(复数谓语复数谓语) the only one of +复数名词复数名词+定语从句定语从句(单数谓语单数谓语) He is one of the students who _ (know) the answer to the question. He is the only one of the
31、students who _ (know) the answer to the question. know knows Exercises 补充句子翻译补充句子翻译 1. She is one of the girls _. (已经通过这次考试已经通过这次考试) 2. She is the only one of the girls _. (已经通过这次考试已经通过这次考试) 3. This is the best film _. (我已经看过的我已经看过的) 4. The people and the animals _ were difficult to count. (在地震中死亡的）
32、在地震中死亡的） 5. 改错题：改错题：The film that/which we saw it last night was very frightening. who/that have passed the exam who/that has passed the exam (that) I have ever seen that were killed in the earthquake Part Seven (1) I dont like the way _ he speaks to his mother. (2) The way _ he told me is very help
33、ful. 特殊的先行词特殊的先行词the way that/ in which/ 不填不填 (that/which) 方式状语方式状语 宾语宾语 Summary 定从中先定从中先 行 词 是行 词 是 the way 作主语、宾语作主语、宾语 作方式状语作方式状语 in which that that / which 省略不填省略不填 Exercises 用适当的关系代词填空用适当的关系代词填空 1. Do you know the way _ he solved the problem? 2. The way _ Mary taught me is difficult. that/in which/不填不填 （that/which） Homework 1. Review restrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns; 2. Finish the consolidated exercises on the assignment.
