1、1 B1U1 句子成分和句子结构 一句子成分 句子是表达思想的基本单位，一个句子有若干个组成部分，分别承担着不同的作用，这 些组成部分叫作句子成分。 英语中的句子成分有：主语(Subject) 、谓语(Predicate) 、宾语(Object) 、表语(Predicative) 、 定语(Attributive) 、状语(Adverbial) 、补足语(Complement) 和同位语(Appositive) 。其中，主 语和谓语是句子的主干，是句子的核心。 1.主语主语(S) 主语是一个句子的主体，一般位于句首。名词、代词、数词、动名词、动词不定式和从句等 都可以用作主语。动名词、动词不定
2、式和从句等作主语时，为避免头重脚轻，可用 it 作形 式主语。 The door is open. 门开着。 She has a very bad headache. 她头痛得很厉害。 Four is the right answer. “四”是正确答案。 Smoking does harm to the health， 吸烟有害健康。 To find a best friend is not easy. 找到一个最好的朋友不容易。 What he did hurt her badly. 他做的事深深地伤害了她。 It is impolite to make unfavourable comm
3、ents on a persons appearance. 对他人的外表作否定评价是不礼貌的。 2.谓语谓语(V) 2 谓语用来表述主语的动作或状态，一般位于主语之后，谓语可由动词、动词短语、系表结构 以及“助动词/情态动词+实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称 和数的制约。 (1)简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 Class began. 开始上课了。 We study hard every day. 我们每天努力学习。 (2)复合谓语: 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成； 由系动词加表语构成。 I can speak a little English. 我能
4、说些英语。 Ms Chen is my English teacher. 陈女士是我的英语老师。 3.宾语宾语(O) 宾语是动作的承受者，一般位于及物动词的后面，宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、动名词、 动词不定式或从句充当。 They often do homework together. 他们经常一起做作业。 The teacher praised him in class. 老师在班里表扬了他。 I need two more. 我还需要两个。 We enjoy helping each other. 我们乐于彼此帮忙。 3 Mary began to talk about the film
5、. 马丽开始谈论这部电影。 I hope that I can go there to study. 我希望能去那里学习。 有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，称为双宾语，通常一个指人， 另一个指物， 指人的叫 间接宾语(Indirect Object) ，指物的叫直接宾语(Direct Object) 。 My parents bought me a computer. 父母给我买了一台电脑。 He sent me a birthday gift yesterday. 他昨天给我寄了一份生日礼物。 4.表语表语(P) 表语说明主语的身份、特征和状态等，位于系动词(如 be，becomes，get，l
6、ook，grow，turn， seem 等) 之后， 之构成系表结构。名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、 介词短语、副词及从句等都可用作表语。 My name is Jane. 我的名字是简。 The boy is only five. 男孩只有五岁。 The whole class is here. 全班人都在这儿。 My ideal job is to be a journalist. 我理想的工作是当一名记者。 Her first delight was going to the Tower. 第一件使她高兴的事是去参观这座塔。 This is how the story
7、goes. 这就是事情的经过。 5.定语定语(Att) 定语修饰名词或代词，用来说明人或事物的品质和特征，定语可由形容词、名词、形容词性 4 物主代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等充当，单个词作定语通 常放在被修饰词的前面；短语或从句作定语时，放在被修饰词之后。 He is one of the most popular teachers in our school. 他是我们学校最受欢迎的老师之一。 Excuse me， is this your bag? 打扰一下，这是你的包吗? Ive got so much teaching experience. 我获得了许多教
8、学经验。 There are five people in my family. 我家有五口人。 The woman outside the room is my mother. 屋外的妇女是我的妈妈。 Mozi founded the philosophy called Mohism. 墨子创立了墨家学说。 Health care is free for everyone living in Britain. 每个英国居民都享有免费保健服务。 It contains a powerful drug which affects mosquitoes. 它含有一种强效的药物防治蚊虫叮咬。 6.状
9、语状语(A) 状语修饰动词、 形容词、 副词或整个句子， 说明动作或状态特征。 一般表示行为发生的时间、 地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度、伴随等意义。副词、介词短语、动词 不定式、分词、从句等均可用作状语。 He always goes to bed late. 他总是睡觉很晚。 There is a house between the two trees. 两棵树之间有一栋房子。 Seeing his mother， the boy ran towards her. 男孩一看见妈妈就跑过去了。 We canceled the football match because of
10、 the heavy rain. 5 因为暴雨我们取消了足球赛。 It got dark when they got back home. 他们到家时，天已经黑了。 Ill do some shopping tomorrow. 明天我要去购物。 7.补足语补足语(Complement) 补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语。名词、形 容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语或从句均可充当补足语。 They called him the prince of gymnasts. 他们称他为体操王子。 We found the ruins most interesting
11、. 我们发现废墟很有趣。 We invite you to bring your family and friends on that special day. 届时我们邀请您带上亲朋好友。 Ive never heard the word used in spoken English. 我从未听到这个词用在英语口语中。 As time went by， I was made smaller. 随着时间的推移， 我被制作得越来越小。 No one is known to have escaped. 最据说无人逃脱。 He was caught cheating on the exam. 他考试
12、作弊被抓了。 The machine is found in a bad state. 人们发现机器坏了。 【即学即用 1】 指出下列句子画线部分是什么句子成分。 6 The students are studying in the classroom. He did his homework carefully. She often does some shopping on Sunday. The beautiful girl is her daughter. Feeling tired， he went to bed without supper. 答案：1.主语 2.谓语 3.宾语 4
13、.定语 5.状语 二、句子结构 简单句就是由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子。它只有一个 主谓结构。简单句有八种基本句式。其他各种句式都是由这八种基本句式演变而来。 1.主谓：主语主谓：主语+谓语谓语(S+V) 这种结构中，谓语一般由不及物动词充当。 The car stopped. 车停了。 Mrs Black and her children talked and laughed. 布莱克夫人和她的孩子们有说有笑。 2.主系表：主语十系动词十表语主系表：主语十系动词十表语(S+V+P) 常见的系动词有： be(是) ，become(变成) ，seem(看起来) ，a
14、ppear(显得) ，get(变得) ，grow(变 得) ， turn(变成) ，remain(仍然是) ， come(变得) ， fall(变得) ， hold(保持) ，keep(保 持) ， stand(保持)， stay(保持) ， smell(闻起来) ，look(看上去) ， sound(听起来) ， taste(尝 起来) ， feel(摸起来)。 Mary seems pleased. 玛丽似乎很高兴。 All of the food looks， smells and tastes wonderful. 所有的食物都色、香、味俱佳。 3.主谓宾：主语主谓宾：主语+谓语十宾语
15、谓语十宾语(S+V+O) 这种结构中，谓语一般由及物动词充当。 I like taking risks. 我喜欢冒险。 7 The museum has an excellent restaurant. 博物馆里有一家极好的餐馆。 4.主谓宾宾：主语主谓宾宾：主语+谓语谓语+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO) 常 见 的 能 带 双 宾 语 的 动 词 有 ： give ，bring ，tell ，send ， leave ，pass ，read ，write ，take ，wish ，show ，offer ，teach ， get， award， lend， rent
16、， buy， pay， hand， recommend 等。 I will lend you some books to read. 我会借几本书给你看。 You gave me some good advice. 你给了我一些好建议。 5.主谓宾宾补：主语十谓语十宾语十宾语补语主谓宾宾补：主语十谓语十宾语十宾语补语(S+V+O+OC) 宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语，常见的能带复合宾语的动词有：elect， feel， find ， get， have， hear，imagine ， keep ， make ， notice， see， let， smell， start， watch ，a
17、ppoint ，believe ，call ，catch ，allow ，ask ，cause ， consider， expect， know， tell， think， want ， wish 等。 They called him James. 他们称呼他詹姆斯。 We will keep the table clean. 我们会保持桌子干净。 6.主谓状：主语主谓状：主语+谓语谓语+状语状语(S+V+A) 在主谓结构里，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等作状语。 The old man breathed deeply. 老人呼吸急促。 They are staying in the P
18、eace Hotel. 他们住在和平宾馆。 7.主谓宾状：主语主谓宾状：主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+状语状语(S+V+O+A) We looked at the group of people in panic. 我们惊恐地看着这群人。 8 They are reading books in the library. 他们正在图书馆看书。 8.存在句：存在句：引导词 there 引导的句子。 There be 句型常用来表示“在某地有某物/某人”。 在此句型中， there 是引导词， 无实际意 义， 其主语是动词后的名词或名词性短语。be 在人称和数上应和其后的主语(名词)保持一 致，即主语是
19、不可数名词或单数可数名词时用单数，主语为复数可数名词时用复数。若 be 后有两个或两个以上的名词作主语时，谓语动词常与邻近的主语在数上保持一致。 There is a pen and some books on the desk. 韩书桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。 There seems to be something wrong about it. 好像有点不对头。 【即学即用 2】 分析下列句子是哪种基本句型。 I want to have a cup of tea. The dinner smells good. We found ourselves lost in the forest.
20、He showed me the bus station over there. They talked for half an hour. 答案：1.主谓宾 2.主系表 3.主谓宾宾补 4.主谓宾宾 5.主谓状 典型习题精练 .指出下列句子画线部分是什么句子成分。 1.Studying English is very important. 2.Chinese people are brave and hard-working. 3.Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets. 4.Its obvious that he
21、 was wrong. 9 5.The patients expressed their gratitude to the doctor. 6.Their work included digging up the road. 7.We have two foreign teachers. 8.He sat there， saying nothing. 9.These things should be kept in the box. 10.The cultural background of China is totally different from that of the US. 答案：
22、1.主语 2.表语 3.宾语补足语 4.主语 5.谓语 6.宾语 7.定语 8.状语 9.补足语 10.状语 .分析下列句子是哪种基本句型。 1.They must have finished their tasks. 2.My suggestion is that we should start at once. 3.More highways have been builtin China. 4.Mr Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing. 5. This is an English di
23、ctionary. 6. I told him exciting news. 7. It began to rain heavily. 8. There is no need to spend money on the dinner. 9.The train left. 10.My mother asked me to comeback soon. 答案：1.主谓宾 2.主系表 3.主谓状 4.主谓宾宾 5.主系表 6.主谓宾宾 7.主谓状 8.存在句 9. 主谓 10.主谓宾宾补 B1U1 Grammar 新知探究 1.Setting goals gives you a focus in l
24、ife. 10 设定目标会给你的生活带来一个关注的重点。 句析 句中 setting goals 是动名词短语作主语的结构。 Walking in the sun in such a day is a pleasant thing. 这么好的天气在阳光下散步是一件惬意的事情。 知识拓展 (1)动名词(短语)作主语通常表示习惯性、泛指、经常性、不具体的动作；而不定式作主语则 表示一次性、特指、未来、具体的动作。 (2) 当 use， good， pity， time， fun， nice， worth 等作表语时， 常用 it 作形式主语，把作 主语的动名词动名词后置，其他情况下，当将动名词移至
25、句尾时，通常改为不定式。 (3)动名词的复合结构作主语时，其逻辑主语必须是形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。 Using cocaine increases the users heart rate and blood pressure. 吸食可卡因会使使用者的心率提高，血压上升。 Its no use arguing about the question with him for he wont change his opinion. 关于这个问题和他争论是没有用的，他不会改变自己的观点的。 Johns taking part in the party made all of us happy.
26、 约翰来参加晚会使我们大家都很高兴。 即学即用 (1)单句语法填空。 _(wander) around Liyuan offers us an opportunity to enjoy the traditional architecture of Qingdao and appreciate its history better. _(be) constantly exposed to advertisements is annoying，but it can be pleasant sometimes. Its no use _(spend) so much time on discuss
27、ing such an unimportant matter. Toms_ (come) home late every day made his mother worried greatly. (2) 完成句子。 沿古老的丝绸之路旅行是一次有趣和有益的经历。 _the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. 11 答案：1.Wandering 2.Being 3.spending ing 5.Travelling along 知识点 focusn.焦点，重点 In order to remove poverty， t
28、he World Bank has switched its focus to providing assistance to developing countries. 为了消除贫困，世界银行已经把它关注的重点转移到为发展中国家提供援助。 知识拓展 (1) focus 作名词时的常见用法： focus for/on sth(人或事物) 的中心点 the focus of attention/concern注意力/关注的焦点 in focus焦点对准的， 清晰的 out of focus焦点未对准的， 模糊不清的 The main focus of the meeting is how to
29、help people get back into work. 会议的重点是如何帮助人们再就业。 The unattended children in villages has been the main focus of attention by the media. 农村留守儿童已经成为媒体关注的焦点。 They are out of focus so the photograph is not clear. 对焦时没对好，所以照片不清晰。 (2) focus 还可以作动词： focusvt&vi.集中 focus ones attention/eyes/energy/mind on.集中
30、某人的注意力/目光/精力/思想于 focus on/upon集中于 We must focus our attention on urgent problems. 我们必须把注意力集中在紧急的问题上。 12 即学即用 (3)单句语法填空。 the kids Thecoachisabletofocus_thekidswhiletheotherparents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Withhismind_(focus)onthenewchanges， he never realizes that he has to
31、stand great pressure. There is a common phenomenon nowadays that children are the focus _families ， shouldering the hope of their parents. Pictures should be_ focus， with realistic colours and well composed groups. (4)完成句子。 总看事情好的一面，而且如有可能，关注生活中积极的方面。 Always look at the bright side， and if possible，
32、_the positive side of life. 答案：1.on 2.focused 3.of 4.in 5.focus on 2 .To realize your goals， you need to have a good plan， manage your time well and pay attention to details. 为了实现目标， 你需要有一个好的计划， 合理安排时间并且关注细节。 句析 句中 to realize your goals 是动词不定式短语作目的状语的用法。 To learn English well， it is necessary for yo
33、u to read it loudly everyday. 为了学好英语，每天大声朗读是必要的。 知识拓展 (1)不定式短语作目的状语时，在句中位置可前，可后。 (2)in order to 和 so as to 都可以引导目的状语， 后跟动词原形。其否定形式都是在 to 前面加 not。 两者区别是： in order to 引导的目的状语，既可以置于句中，也可以置于句首；而由 so as to 引导的目的状语， 不能置于句首。 13 (3) in order that=so that 引导目的状语从句,in order that 可以置于句首， 也可以置于句中。 so that 只置于句中
34、。 (4)在 so that 和 in order that 从句中， 一般会用到 may，might,can, could， will， would 等情 态动词。 To make the activity more meaningful and unforgettable,here is some advice for all of you. 为了使这次活动更有意义、更难忘，这里给所有人一些建议。 People get together with their families to have a family reunion dinner and set off firecrackers.
35、 人们和家人团聚在一起吃团圆饭，并燃放鞭炮。 In order to keep fit， overweight students should have a healthy lifestyle. 为了保持健康，超重学生应该有一个健康的生活方式。 Inrecentyears ， themuseumhasbeenworkinghardinorderto/soasto promote Chinese cultural heritage among young people. 近年来，这个博物院一直在为向年轻人宣传中国文化遺产而努力。 We sent the books by express in o
36、rder that/so that it might reach the students as soon as possible. 我们通过快递寄送这些书，以使它能及早送到学生们手中。 即学即用 (1)单句语法填空。 _(keep) the room temperature， we have the air-conditioner on all day long. During eating， the host serves food with public chopsticks to guests _(show) his or her politeness. In order _(avoi
37、d) confusion， more policemen came to the stadium to keep order. She lived and ate with the wild animals in the forest for more than ten years so _ she could know more about them. (2)完成句子。 为了给我们的祖国夺得荣誉，运动员们将在比赛中拼尽全力。 _for our country， the athletes will try their best to compete in the game. 答案：1.To k
38、eep 2.to show 3.to avoid 4.that 5.To gain honour 知识点 detailn.细节；具体情况 14 Tell us the main points now， leave the details till later. 现在把要点告诉我们，细节以后再说。 知识拓展 (1) detail 的常见用法： in detail详细地 go into detail(s)详细叙述； 逐一说明 have an eye for detail善于发现细节 for further details欲知详情 This issue will be discussed in mo
39、re detail in the next chapter. 这个问题将在下一章详细论述。 I cant go into details now , it would take too long. 我现在不能细说,太费工夫。 Parents are welcome to call the office about the activity for further details. 若家长需要获取更多有关此活动的详情，欢迎致电校务处。 (2) detail 对应的形容词形式： detailedadj.详细的； 细致的； 精细的 He gave me detailed instructions o
40、n how to get there. 他详细地告诉我如何去那里。 即学即用 (3)单句语法填空。 They went through all the_ (detail)of the plan again to make sure that the project would go smoothly. The man kept a _(detail) record of the volcanos activities. Wed better discuss everything_detail before we work out the plan. (4)完成句子。 在下一次会议上，要详细谈论
41、这种疾病的最新进展。 Latest development related to the disease will be discussed_at the next meeting. 15 答案：1.details 2.detailed 3.in 4.in detail 3 .Setting goals makes you more confident. 设立目标使你更自信。 句析 句中 makes you more confident 是“make+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构。more confident 作宾语补 足语。 In order to make this afternoon mea
42、l important， fine china cups and plates were used. 为了使下午餐显得重要，漂亮的瓷器茶杯和盘子都被用上了。 知识拓展 (1) “make+宾语+宾语补足语”结构中，可用作宾语补足语的有名词、代词、形容词、不带 to 的动词不定式、过去分词、介词短语等。 (2)当宾语为不定式或从句时，常用 it 作形式宾语，使用以下结构： to do sth. make it+n./adj.+从句 (3) make 作为使役动词的常考结构有： make sb/sth+adj./n.使某人/某物变得/成为 make sb/sth do sth使某人/某物做某事，其
43、被动结构为： sb/sth be made to do sth makes b/sth done使某人被， 使完成某事， 其中宾语和宾语补足语存在 逻辑上的动宾动宾关系。 The Internet has made us smarter in matters small and large. 互联网使我们无论面对大事还是小事时都更加聪明。 In 1985 ，the New Zealand government made the whole country a nuclear-free zone and since then Auckland has been a centre for prot
44、est against nuclear testing in Asia Pacific. 在 1985 年，新西兰政府把全国变成无核区，自那以后，奥克兰成为亚太地区反对核试验的 16 中心。 The beautiful view in the mountain made me feel like I was dreaming. 山里的美景让我感觉如在梦中。 即学即用 (1)单句语法填空。 The news that the earthquake happened in the district made people living there_ (frighten) . I dont like
45、 milk， but my mother makes me_(drink) it everyday. The teacher raised his voice to make himself_(hear) by all the students. We were made_ (wait) for him for over an hour， which made us angry. (2) 完成句子。 笑容就像阳光可以驱散乌云，并使人们快乐。 Smile just like the sunshine can expel the dark clouds and_. 答案：1.frightened
46、2.drink 3.heard 4.to wait 5.make people happy 4. As a result of your action ， your dream will come true and hopefully you will live a happy life. 由于你的行动，你的梦想会变为现实，并且你有希里过上幸福的生活。 知识点 as a result of由于 The English language developed as a result of several invasions of Britain. 因为几次对英国的侵略，英语这门语言得到了发展。 知
47、识拓展 (1) result 作名词时的常用搭配： as a result结果； 因此 without result毫无结果 It doesnt often rain in summer here. As a result， we have to water the vegetable garden. 17 这里夏天不经常下雨，因此我们不得不浇菜因。 He did the experiment for 200 times， but without result. 这个实验他做了两百次，但是毫无结果。 (2) result 还可以作动词， 常用搭配为： result from由引起 result
48、 in导致； 造成 Many people believe that overweight results from overeating and stress. 很多人认为肥胖超重是由过量饮食和压力造成的。 From Alice Moores story we learn that positive thinking and action result in success. 从 Alice Moore 的故事中， 我们懂得积极的思考和行动会带来成功。 温馨提示 表示原因的短语有dueto，becauseof，onaccountof， owing to， thanks to， as a re
49、sult of， as a consequence of 等。这些都是介词短语，后接名词、 代词等作其宾语。 即学即用 (1)单句语法填空。 _a result of their joint effort， the difficult situation changed into a favourable one. If breathed in， the poisonous gases can result_illness or even death. The accident that caused the death of two passengers resulted _ careles
50、s driving. We tried to convince him not to go， but _result. (2)完成句子。 众所周知，由于全球变暖，全球水资源短缺(问题)正变得日益严重。 It is well-known that the global water shortage is becoming increasingly severe _ global warming. 答案：1.As 2.in 3.from 4.without 5.as a result of 5.Instead，you should set goals based on your abilities
