1、 题题型介绍型介绍 提供一篇提供一篇350词以内的短文词以内的短文，要求在语，要求在语 篇理解的基础上，在篇理解的基础上，在不改变原文中心思不改变原文中心思 想、体裁和结构想、体裁和结构的前提下，的前提下，用自己的语用自己的语 言言精练、准确地概括所读文章的主要内精练、准确地概括所读文章的主要内 容和观点，所写容和观点，所写概要内容为概要内容为60词左右词左右。 体裁以体裁以说明文、议论文和记叙文说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。为主。 考试说明考试说明 高考评分标准高考评分标准 总分总分25分，分分，分5挡；挡； 先根据所写概要的内先根据所写概要的内容和语言容和语言初步确定初步确定 档次，然后以该
2、档次的要求来衡量，确档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确 定最后得分；定最后得分； 词词数少于数少于40和多于和多于80的，扣的，扣2分；分； 拼拼写、写、标标点若影响交际应予以扣分；点若影响交际应予以扣分； 书书写较差以致影响交际，分数降低一档。写较差以致影响交际，分数降低一档。 评分维度评分维度 对原文对原文要点要点的理解和呈现情况；的理解和呈现情况； 语法语法结构和结构和词汇词汇的准确性；的准确性； 上下文的上下文的连贯性连贯性； 各要点表达的各要点表达的独立性独立性。 Complete Concise Coherent Copy-free 档次描述 第五挡 （21-25） l理解准确，涵
3、盖全部要点 l能准确适用相应语法结构和词汇 l有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑 l完全使用自己的语言 第四挡 （16-20） l理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点 l所使用的语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达 l比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑 l有个别整句抄自原文 第三挡 （11-15） l理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点 l所使用的语法结构和词汇虽有错误，但不影响意义表达 l应用简单的词句间连接成分，使上下文内容连贯 l出现两句以上整句抄自原文 第二挡 （6-10） l理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点 l有些语法结构和词汇方面错误，影响了意义表达
4、l较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性 l出现两句以上整句抄自原文 第一挡 （1-5） l没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符 l有较多语法结构和词汇方面错误，严重影响了意义表达 考查能力考查能力 p阅读能力阅读能力 对文章主旨大意的概括能力对文章主旨大意的概括能力 准准确获取关键信息的能力确获取关键信息的能力 p逻辑思维能力逻辑思维能力 分析、概括、综合、建构分析、概括、综合、建构 p写作能力写作能力 语言的简洁、连贯与流畅语言的简洁、连贯与流畅 概要写作步骤概要写作步骤 1. 确定体裁，明确主题确定体裁，明确主题 2. 明确文章结构明确文章结构 3. 找主题句与关键信息找主题句
5、与关键信息 4. 写纲要，打草稿写纲要，打草稿 5. 改写句子，润色成文改写句子，润色成文 typeskey information 记叙文记叙文 narration 5W1H:人物人物+时间时间+地点地点+事件事件 （起因（起因+发展发展+结果）结果） 说明文说明文 exposition 描写某事物的性质功用。即描写某事物的性质功用。即 “对象对象+性质功用性质功用+利好利好”； 针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。 即即“问题问题+解决方法解决方法”； 介绍某现象及其原因和结果。介绍某现象及其原因和结果。 即即“现象现象+原因原因+结果结果” 议论文议论文 ar
6、gumentation 论点论点+论据论据(+结论结论) In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the F
7、rench king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of English in 1546. 若主题句太长，尽量省略从句、细节，删减事例 主题句在段首主题句在段首 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class
8、. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. 主题句在主题句在段尾段尾 主题句在主题句在中间中间 1)Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to m
9、any dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 主题句在主题句在中间中间 2)No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to a widely accepted theory,
10、 the universe began with a“Big Bang”that threw matter in all directions. After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies. 关注信号词（signal words）：In fact, However, but, sadly, as a matter of fact, actually, as a result 主题句是主题句是设问设问+回答回答 While sports are for fun, it does not
11、mean that they are not important to peoples life. Why do so many people go to see football matches and NBA games？ It is because they enjoy the games, and they are willing to pay to watch the performances. Because of the sports stars, our life becomes more exciting. Some sports stars get honor for th
12、eir country, and their countrymen are proud of them. They do good to the peoples mental health. 若过长，需要找出若过长，需要找出主要点和次要点主要点和次要点 So many people watch the games because the sports stars make our life exciting and do good to peoples mental health. 没有明显的主题句没有明显的主题句 1)A mother mouse was out for a walk wit
13、h her babies when she found a cat behind a bush. She watched the cat and the cat watched the mice. Mother mouse barked fiercely, “Woof, woof, woof!” the cat was so frightened that it ran for its life. Mother mouse turned to her babies and said, “Now, do you understand the value of a second language?
14、” Its important to learn a foreign language. 没有明显的主题句没有明显的主题句 2)For several billion years after the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so viol
15、ent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapor and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to app
16、ear on its surface. 没有明显的主题句没有明显的主题句 The earth came into being with atmosphere and water on its surfaces. 找关键词找关键词：关注被重复的词（代词）：关注被重复的词（代词） 概要写作步骤概要写作步骤 1. 确定体裁，明确主题确定体裁，明确主题 2. 明确文章结构明确文章结构 3. 找主题句与关键信息找主题句与关键信息 4. 写纲要，打草稿写纲要，打草稿 5. 改写句子，润色成文改写句子，润色成文 议论文概要写作议论文概要写作 1 Antibiotics（抗生素）（抗生素）, organ tr
17、ansplantation（器官移植）（器官移植）, HIV treatmentsit reads like an A to Z of medical progress. But the major progress has something in common: they were all developed and tested by using animals. Actually, animals are used for research in a variety of fields. Whether or not humans should use animals for test
18、ing purposes, however, is a controversial（有（有 争议的）争议的） subject. 2 Animal testing allows researchers to develop new medicine and treatments, advancing the field of medicine and improving the health of society. For example, many drugs used to treat or prevent cancer HIV, diabetes（糖尿病）（糖尿病）, etc, have
19、resulted from tests performed on animals. Many supporters of animal testing support the practice for this reason even if they do not support testing, or other non-essential substances) on animals. No one chooses to use animals where there is no need. In fact, animal research has contributed to 70 pe
20、rcent of Nobel prizes for physiology (生理学生理学) or medicine. 3 Animal testing also enables scientists and researchers to test the safety of medicine with which humans have regular contact. Drugs, for example, may create significant risks to humans, so testing them on animals first gives researchers a
21、chance to determine their safety before human trials are performed. While scientists understand the differences between humans and animals, the similarities are considered important enough to produce relevant data that they can then apply to humans. Animal testing reduces harm to humans and save liv
22、es, not only because the exposure to risky substances（物质）（物质） is minimized, but because some new medicine and treatments have positive effects on humans quality of life. 4 However, a large number of animals are harmed or die as a result of experiments and testing. Unfortunately, many of the substanc
23、es used on animal subjects never receive approval（批准）（批准） for human use. Those who are against animal testing consider this a very important point, because saving humans from suffering is no excuse for the death of laboratory animals. Although it is common to use animals for research, people have di
24、fferent opinions on whether animals should be used for medical purpose. On the one hand, those supporters argue that animal testing not only contributes to the medical development and the improvement of peoples health but also examine the safety of medicine and other substances without risking human
25、s lives. On the other hand, those opponents believe that people have no rights to hurt or even kill laboratory animals just to protect themselves. Exercise Many couples who already have one healthy, happy child, are facing a dilemma（两难境地）（两难境地）, that is, the issue of whether to have a second child o
26、r not. They have hard jobs and limited time and money, but they want to make sure that their only child does not become a lonely child. So, what are the advantages and disadvantages of having a second child? That is what so many couples are very much concerned about and eager to understand. One popu
27、lar saying is that one child means a lonely child. Thats why many single-child parents plan to have a second child. They feel guilty about their decision to have only one child, because there are no other children in the family for their only child to play with, which may make the child feel lonely
28、at times, especially during vacations. Another common argument against having just one child is that an only child may be more spoiled（溺爱的）（溺爱的） than one with brothers or sisters. If one couple had only one child, the child could not learn to share things with others and are less capable of getting
29、along well with other children than one who grows up with brothers or sisters. However, in many parts of the world, more and more parents are still choosing not to have a second child because they argue that there are advantages for the child as well as the parents. With just one child, they suggest
30、, there is little chance of family arguments concerned with children. Besides, as an only child in the family, the child can receive more quality time and attention. This often leads to increased self-respect and independence, which can lead to the child being more confident. Unluckily, there is no
31、simple answer to the question of whether or not to have a second child. Every family is different, and what is proper for one family may not be for another. The important thing, in the end, is to make a decision that both you and your spouse (配偶配偶) feel confident about. Summary： Whether or not to ha
32、ve a second child has put many couples in a dilemma. Some supporters think one child means a lonely and spoiled child. With siblings, children can learn to share and get on well with others. However, some opponents argue that an only child will get more quality time and attention while causing fewer
33、 arguments. Still, there is no easy answer to the issue. Its up to the couple to make a proper decision about it. Workaholics（工作狂）（工作狂） live for their work, often spending many extra hours at work, and often taking work home to complete. Its fine to live in a work- hard culture, but when work become
34、s the only reason for a persons existence （存在）（存在） above more important things (such as family and friends), the issue becomes important. Thats the problem more and more Americans are faced with. Americans are working more hours per week than in years past, and with many companies reducing employees
35、, more and more workers are worried about their own jobs. Some studies show that as many as 40 percent of American workers dont even bother to take vacations, partly because of fears they may not have a job to come back to if they do. Besides, it is obvious that part of the matter is financial. More
36、 and more people begin to define success in terms of financial measures. The higher ones income is, the more respect one gets. Finally, people nowadays live and work in a connected environmente-mails, instant messaging, fax machines, and cell phonesmaking hard for them to truly get time away from th
37、eir work, even when they are on holiday. When work becomes the only reason for beingwhen it becomes the only thing people think about, the only thing that truly makes people happy, many Americans find that they are no longer close to their kids. Divorce rate（离婚率）（离婚率）jumps and serious stress-related
38、 health problems come up. Undoubtedly, it is time to do something. To reduce workaholism, you must stay away from work once in a while. There are many ways to do that: Spend time with family and friends; Call home often to stay connected; Learn to say no to new assignments; Consider exercises to get
39、 your body back to a healthy shape; Fight the urge（冲动）（冲动） that everything you do must be perfect. It will take some effort, but for yourself and those you love, you really should make the effort. Have a try and you wont regret it. The number of Americans who are becoming workaholics is increasing.
40、The reasons why Americans work more hours are fears of losing jobs, pursuit of money and a connected environment. Consequently, extreme workaholics not only beak the family, but also damage health. Therefore, aiming at reducing workaholism, you can make efforts to take various ways which will be wor
41、thwhile. The number of Americans who are becoming workaholics is increasing. The reasons why Americans work more hours are fears of losing jobs, pursuit of money and a connected environment. Consequently, extreme workaholics not only beak the family, but also damage health. Therefore, aiming at redu
42、cing workaholism, you can make efforts to take various ways which will be worthwhile. 记叙文概要写作 Narration structure： time, place, character cause, process, and outcome + theme(主题) That cold January night, I was growing sick of my life in San Francisco. There I was, walking home at one in the morning a
43、fter a tiring practice at the theatre. With opening night only a week away, I was still learning my lines. I was having trouble dealing with my part-time job at the bank and my acting at night at the same time. As I walked, I thought seriously about giving up both acting and San Francisco. City life
44、 had become too much for me. As I walked down empty streets under tall buildings, I felt very small and cold. I began running, both to keep warm and to keep away from any possible robbers. Very few people were still out except a few sad-looking homeless people under blankets. About a block from my a
45、partment, I heard a sound behind me. I turned quickly, half expecting to see someone with a knife or a gun. The street was empty. All I saw was a shining streetlight. Still, the noise had made me nervous, so I started to run faster. Not until I reached my apartment building and unlocked the door did
46、 I realize what the noise had been. It had been my wallet falling to the sidewalk（人行道）. Suddenly I wasnt cold or tired anymore. I ran out of the door and back to where Id heard the noise. Although I searched the sidewalk anxiously for fifteen minutes, my wallet was nowhere to be found. Just as I was
47、 about to give up the search, I heard the garbage truck pull up to the sidewalk next to me. When a voice called from the inside, “Alisa Camacho?” I thought I was dreaming. How could this man know my name? The door opened, and out jumped a small red-haired man with an amused look in his eye. “Is this
48、 what youre looking for?” he asked, holding up a small square shape. It was nearly 3 A.M. by the time I got into bed. I wouldnt get much sleep that night, but I had gotten my wallet back. I also had gotten back some enjoyment of city life. I realized that the city couldnt be a bad place as long as p
49、eople were willing to help each other. One cold January night, I was walking home, thinking about giving up both acting and my tiring life in San Francisco. To keep warm and to keep away from any possible robbers, I began running and didnt realize my wallet had been lost until I got home. Therefore,
50、 I ran back but failed to find it. Just as I was about to give up the search, a garbage truck driver returned the wallet to me. Moved by this, I realized that the city couldnt be a bad place as long as people are willing to help each other. One cold January night, I was walking home, thinking about
