1、第 1 页 共 8 页高中必修三 Unit 5The value of money 语法精讲情态动词的基本用法情态动词的基本用法一、情态动词的定义情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxiliaries),主要有 can,may, must, could, might, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, dare 等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达能力、请求、许可、建议、命令、义务、禁止、意愿和推测等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。二、情态动词的基本用法1. 表示能力,指有能力做某事
2、。1)can (could) 和 be able to 都可以表示能力。但 can 只有现在式和过去式,而be able to 则有更多的形式。例如:My uncle can (=is able to) play the guitar.我叔叔会弹吉他。Those bags look really heavy. Are you sure youll be able to carry them on yourown?这些包看起来很重。你确定可以自己搬他们吗?2) 表示在过去某时的某一场合经过一番努力, 终于做成了某事, 通常不用 could,而用 was/were able to 来表示。这时,w
3、as/were able to 相当于 managed to do或 succeed in doing。例如:After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again.事故发生后,过了很久她才能重新行走。2. 请求与许可1)can、could、may、might、would 可以表示请求:口语中 can 常用 could 代替,could 用来表示请求时,语气委婉,主要用于疑问句,不能用于肯定句,答语应用 can;在请求对方许可时,might 和 may 相比更加委婉。例如:Could you have he
4、r call me back when she gets home, please? 她回来了可以让她给我回电话吗?Could I use your dictionary? Yes, you can.(否定回答可用:No, Im afraidnot.)May I come in and wait? 我能进来等吗?Would you please turn on the light?请你打开灯,好吗?2)在给予别人许可时常用 can,也可以用 may,但不能用 might。否定回答一般用 must not/mustnt,表示“禁止、阻止”之意,但也可以用 had better not(最好别)或
5、 may not(不可以),语气较为委婉。例如:You can take the car, if you want. 如果想用那辆车,你就尽管用吧。You may sit down or stand, just as you wish.你可以坐下也可以站着, 随你的便。3. 建议与忠告能表示“建议与忠告”的情态动词有:could、should、ought to、had better 等;shall 可以用来表示征求建议。例如:第 2 页 共 8 页You could wear my shoes. Youve got big enough feet. 你穿我的鞋吧。你的脚够大的。You shou
6、ld read his new book.你应该读读他的新书。Youd better take an umbrella.你最好带把伞。Shall we have a picnic this Sunday?这个星期天我们去野餐好吗?4. 命令、义务与禁止此类情态动词有:must、should、ought to、need、shall。must 表示“必须,应该”之意,语气比 should,ought to 强烈。其否定形式 mustnt 表示“不准,不应该,禁止”等意;should 和 ought to 表示责任或义务,意为“应该”,可用于各种人称;shall 用于第二、三人称陈述句中,表示说话人
7、给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。例如:You must come to school on time.你必须按时到校。You shouldnt drink and drive.你不应该酒后驾车。You are his father. You ought to get him to receive good education.你是他父亲。你应该让他接受良好的教育。You neednt finish that work today.你不必今天做完这项工作。Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been c
8、ollected.考生必须留在座位上,等所有试卷收好以后方可离去。5. 意愿与意图will 用于表示意志或意愿。例如:I will do anything for you.我愿意为你做任何事。6. 表推测1)在肯定句中表推测的程度可按如下排列。mustought to/shouldcancouldmaymight2)在否定句中表推测的程度可按如下排列。cantcouldntmay notmight not3)在疑问句中表推测Can it be true?那是真的吗?4)“情态动词+be doing”表推测的用法表示对现在或将来正在进行的行为进行推测,意为“可能正在,应当正在,肯定正在”等。例如
9、:What can they be doing?他们究竟在干什么呢?Linda must be preparing for her exams.Linda 一定在为考试做准备。He might be calling up someone. Wed better not disturb him.他可能正在打电话。我们最好不要打扰他。5)“情态动词+have done”表推测的用法“情态动词+have done” 表示对已发生的事情的推测。 must have done 意为 “想必/准是/一定做了某事”;ought to/should have done 意为“应该已经”;第 3 页 共 8 页
10、could have done 意为“可能已经”;may/might have done 意为“也许/或许已经”;cant/couldnt have done 意为“一定没有,不可能已经”;oughtnt to/shouldnt have done 意为“应该还没有”;may/mightnot have done 意为“可能没有”。例如:The ground is wet, it must have rained last night.地上是湿的,昨晚一定下过雨了。So far, he ought to have finished his paper.到现在为止,他应该已经完成论文了。She
11、could have forgotten to tell him. 她可能忘记告诉他了。He may not have heard his name called.他可能没有听到有人叫他的名字。You cant have taken 10:00 flight, for it was canceled.你一定没有乘坐 10 点的飞机,因为它被取消了。7. 其他用法1)惯用形式“cannottoo/enough”表示“无论怎么也不(过分)”,“cant/couldnt help doing something.”表示“禁不住做某事”, “cant help butdo something.”表示“
12、只好做某事”,“couldnt be better”表示“最好,再好不过”。例如:You cannot be too careful.你越小心越好。I cannot thank enough for your kindness.我再怎么感谢你也不为过。I cant help feeling that there has been a mistake.我总觉得有一处错误。We cannot help but admire his courage.我们不得不佩服他的勇气。My work this month couldnt be better.我这个月的工作最好。2)should 用于疑问句或感叹
13、句中,表示意外、惊异的情绪,意为“竟然”。例如:I find it astonishing that he should be so rude to you.他竟然对你这样无礼,真叫我吃惊。3)will/would 表示习惯或倾向,意为“总是,惯于”。will 指现在,would 指过去。表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态时,可用三种方法来表达:used todo,would do(只表达动作),did。例如:People will talk.人们总会说闲话。Mum would tell us stories before we went to bed.过去妈妈总在我们上床睡觉前讲故事。I u
14、sed to go to the gym three times a week, but I dont work out any more.我以前每周去健身房 3 次,但我现在不锻炼了。4)must 表“偏要”。例如:Why must it rain today?为什么偏偏今天下雨?5)could/might/should/ought to/need have done 表“本而实际”第 4 页 共 8 页could/might have done 表示 “本可以做某事却没做” ; ought to/should have done表示 “本应该做某事而未做” , 其否定形式表示 “本不该做某
15、事却做了” ; neednthave done 表示“本没必要做某事”。例如:You could have made less noise. They were taking an exam.你本该小点声的。他们在考试。They should have finished their work before playing.他们本应该在玩耍前完成工作的。You neednt have taken a taxi. Its early.你本不必坐出租车的,还早呢。6)may 表祝愿May you succeed!祝你成功!情态动词的基本用法表请求与许可情态动词的基本用法表请求与许可I: 表达请求的情
16、态动词表达提出请求的情态动词是:will, may, can, could, would, might。它们表达请求时的用法:1) could, can, may, might 常用于主语是第一人称的疑问句中表达请求。2) will, would, could, can 常用于主语是第二人称的疑问句中表达请求(此时,因can 与第二人称连用极为不礼貌而很少使用)。例如:May we ask what youre doing in this country? 请问你在这个国家在干什么?May/Might/Can/Could I come in? 我可以进来吗?Could you offer me
17、 work here? 您给我提供一个工作岗位好吗?Will/Would you give her the letter? 你把这封信给她,好吗?(would 比 will 更委婉)II: 表达许可的情态动词表达(给予)许可的情态动词是:may, can(表达现在或将来), might, could(表达过去)常用于陈述句中表达某人可以做某事。注意:为避免语气生硬、不礼貌,用can 表达请求时,不可再用 can 回答来表达许可。例如:You may pay the bill either in person or by mail. 你可以亲自或者通过邮递来付账。Mother said we c
18、ould do anything we wished. 母亲说我们想干什么都行。How much did you pay for the car, if I may ask. 恕我问一下,这辆车你是多少钱买的?情态动词的基本用法表建议与忠告情态动词的基本用法表建议与忠告第 5 页 共 8 页常见表达建议、 忠告的情态动词有: shall (常用于主语 we 的疑问句中)、 could (常用于主语是 I 以外的陈述句中) 、ought to/should、had better、might as well (不妨,倒不如)等。例如:Shall we go out for a walk? 我们出去
19、散步好吗?You could ask the teacher for help. 你可以求助老师。You should write him a letter. 你应该给他写信。The cookies Susan made are delicious. You ought to try some. Susan 制作的饼干味道很好。你应该尝试做一些。Youd better serve him quick and get him out quick. 你最好是快速地接待他,搞定他。情态动词的基本用法表命令、义务、禁止情态动词的基本用法表命令、义务、禁止I:表达命令的情态动词表达命令的情态动词是:sh
20、all(用于主语是二、三人称的陈述句且正式的文书中), must。例如:Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have beencollected.考生必须留在座位上,等所有试卷收好以后方可离去。You must arrive in time. The meeting is very important.你务必准时到达。会议很重要。II:表达义务的情态动词表达义务的情态动词是: must, shall, should, ought to(用于陈述句且正式的场合中)。例如:You must pay income t
21、axes or youll be fined.你有义务交所得税,否则罚款。House owners shall keep their gardens in neat.房主务必保持花园整洁。We ought to do more for the country.我们应为国家多出力。III:表达禁止的情态动词表达禁止的情态动词是:shall not(用于正式的文书中),mustnt, cant。例如:You shall not smoke.不准吸烟。You mustnt play with matches, because it is dangerous.禁止玩火柴,因为那很危险。We cant
22、go on like this.我们不能再这样下去了。用法提示: 多个情态动词可表达命令、 义务、 禁止, 但强调正式场合一律用 shall。另外同一句话,可能表达命令、建议或者请求,这取决于对话双方的地位、情绪及语境。第 6 页 共 8 页1. 情态动词表推测的用法:情态动词表推测的用法:1)must 表“推测”的情况。基于证据而相信,只用于肯定的陈述句,意为“肯定是,一定是”。例如:You must be Mr. Li. I was told to expect you.你一定是李先生吧。有人告诉我要等你来。You must be tired after a long walk.走了很长一
23、段路,你一定累了。2)can 与 could 表“推测”的情况。can 表示推测之意时,一般用于否定句或疑问句。cant 表示有把握的否定推测,意为“不可能”。用于疑问句时,表示“也许会,可能”,其可能性大于 could。could 表推测,用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句中。He cant be more than thirty.他不可能超过三十岁。-Can Tom be in the library?Tom 会在图书馆吗?-No, he cant. He called to tell me that he would go to the beach today.不,不可能。他打电话告诉我今天要去
24、海滩。Im not sure about it. You could be right.我不确定。你可能是对的。3)may 和 might 表示推测的情况。表示可能性,意为“也许,或许”。may 和 might 表示推测的语气较弱,may的可能性大于 might。例如:She may know Toms address.她可能知道 Tom 的地址。They all said that he might come home before the Spring Festival.他们都说他可能在春节前回家。注意:当句中出现“Im afraid”、“I am not sure”等表示不确定的含义时,
25、常选用 may 或 might。例如:He may come, but I am not quite sure.他可能来,但我不敢肯定。Im afraid he might not come to attend the meeting today.我恐怕他今天不会来参加会议了。2. 情态动词表推测的各种形式:情态动词表推测的各种形式:1)情态动词+do:表示对现在或将来情况的推测2)情态动词+be doing:表示对现在正在发生的情况或将要发生的情况的推测3)情态动词+have done:表示对过去的推测例如:That tall fellow might be a basketball pla
26、yer.那个高个子可能位是篮球运动员。You look happy. You must be having a good time.你看起来高兴。 你一定玩得很开心。Where could you have put the key?你把钥匙放在哪儿了?过去将来时的用法过去将来时的用法第 7 页 共 8 页I. 用法1. 过去将来时表达过去某时之后将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它常用于主句谓语是一般过去时态的宾语从句中。例如:They would begin to discuss this when they arrived. 他们到达时就会开始讨论这件事。The peasants were su
27、re that they would have another good harvest that year.农民们坚信那一年将又会大丰收。II. 过去将来时态的结构1. would do 表达将发生的动作。例如:He wouldnt leave the next Friday. 随后的周五,他不会离开。2. was / were going to do 表达准备、计划、将要做某事,它所表达可能发生也可能不发生的动作。例如:The students were going to play table tennis that afternoon. 那天下午学生们要打乒乓球。3. was / wer
28、e about to do 表达马上发生的动作,它不可与明确时间状语连用。其常用句式是 was / were about to do when+从句。例如:The meeting was about to be held at once. 这个会议马上举行。4. go, come, return, leave, start, finish 等动词的过去进行时态表达过去将要发生的动作。例如。They said they were leaving for Paris soon. 他们说不久他们将离开去巴黎。5. was / were to do 表达曾经计划做某事。例如:She said she was to buy a flat in Shanghai. 她说过要在上海买一套房子。第 8 页 共 8 页