1、1Reading and ThinkingASHORT HISTORYOFWESTERN PAINTNG西方绘画艺术简史西方绘画艺术简史What is Western art? It is hard to give a precise definition.As there have been so many different styles ofWestern art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art isto look
2、at the development of Western painting over the centuries.什么是西方艺术?很难给出一个精确的定义。由于西方的艺术风格多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。也许了解西方艺术的最好方法就是看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century) 中世纪(5 世纪到 15 世纪)During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity.
3、 Thus, artistswere not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and themain characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began to changein the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his
4、paintings still had religious themes, theyshowed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by theirrealistic human faces and deep emotional impact.在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。因此，艺术家对写实场景不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且二维化，主体人物通常比其他人物大得多，以显示他们的重要性。这种情况在 13 世纪时因乔托迪邦
5、多纳(1267-1337)而开始改变。尽管他的画仍然带有宗教主题，但它们展示的是真实的环境中的真实人物。尤其是他的画作，因其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而从其他画作中脱颖而出。The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)文艺复兴时期(14 世纪到 17 世纪)New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result, painters concentratedless on religious themes. They bega
6、n to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. An important breakthroughduring this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio(1401-1428) Influential painters such as Leonardo daVinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564) and Raphael (1483-1520) built upon Giotto and Masacciosinnovations to produ
7、ce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。因此，画家较少关注宗教主题。他们开始采取一种更人性化的生活态度。这一时期的个重要突破是马萨乔(1401-1428)对透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力的画家，例如昂纳多达芬奇、米开朗琪罗和拉斐尔，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创造出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With their deep colours and realism, some
8、of the best oilpaintings look like photographs. While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, this technique reached its heightwith Rembrandt (1606-1669), who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light另一个创新是油画颜料的使用。由于其深沉的色彩和现实主义风格,一些最好的油画看上去就像是照片。尽管早在达芬奇时代一些画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“
9、光影大师”的雅称。In subject matter, the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us.2Kings, nobles, and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people theyloved. Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or st
10、ories from mythology. Finally, mostclients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.在题材上，重点逐渐从宗教主题转移到人和我们周围的世界。国王、贵族和上流社会人士都想购买自己和所爱之人的准确照片。其他人则想要展示重要历史事件或神话故事的画作。最后，大多数客户都想要看起来美丽有趣的画作。Impressionism( late 19th to early 20th century) 印象派时期(19 世纪后期到 20 世纪初期The development of Wes
11、tern art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century.Afterthat, paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like. Hence, painters had tofind a new way of looking at their art. From this, Impressionism emerged in France. The name of this newmovem
12、ent came from the painting by Claude Monet 1840-1926) called Impression, Sunrise. In this work, Monetsaim was to convey the light and movement in the scenethe subjective impression the scene gave himbut nota detailed record of the scene itself.直到 19 世纪中叶摄影术发明之前，西方艺术的发展缓慢。在那之后，不再需要绘画来保存人和世界的面貌了。因此，画家
13、们不得不寻找一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。由此，印象派在法国应运而生。这个新运动的名字来源于克劳德莫奈(1840-1926)的一幅名为印象日出的画作。在这幅作品中，莫奈想传达场景中的光线和运动场景给他的主观印象而不是场景本身的详细记录。While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life, others, such as Renoir (1841-1919),focused on people. Unlike the cold, black-and-white photographs of that time peri
14、od, Renoirs paintings are full oflight, shadow, colour, and life. He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects, but their inner warmthand humanity as well.虽然许多印象派画家描绘了自然或日常生活场景，但其他画家，如雷诺阿(1841-1919 年)则以人物为关注对象。雷诺阿的画作与那个时代冷淡的黑白照片不同，充满了光、影、色彩和生命。他不仅试图展示他笔下人物的外在形象，而且还展示他们内心的温暖和人性。Modern A
15、rt(from the 20th century to today)现代艺术(20 世纪至今)After Impressionism. subsequent artists began to ask. What do we do next? Painters such as Picasso(1881-1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way, with Cubism. Othersgave their paintings a realistic but dream-
16、like quality. Still others turned to abstract art. What they attempted to dowas no longer show reality, but instead to ask the question, What is art?在印象派之后，后来的艺术家开始问“下一步我们该做什么?” 像毕加索(1881-1973)这样的画家试图用一种新的方法立体主义来分析自然界中存在的形状。其他人则赋予他们的画中一种写实但又像梦一样的品质特征。 还有一些人转向抽象艺术。 他们试图做的不再是展示现实， 而是提出一个问题 “什么是艺术?”Usi
17、ng LanguageANCIENT CHINNESEARTON SHOW中国古代艺术展览The Richfield Museum of Fine Art is proud to present our new exhibition, “From Shang to Qing: Chinese3Art Through the Ages.”Join us as we explore more than 3,000 years of wonderful art from the Middle Kingdom.From bronze bowls to ceramic vases, and jade s
18、culptures to ink wash paintings our goal is to display the Chineseartistic genius from ancient times瑞奇菲尔德美术博物馆很荣幸地推出我们的新展览一从商到清:中国艺术千古流传” 。加入我们，一起探索来自“中央王国” 3000 多年的精彩纷呈的艺术吧。从青铜碗到陶瓷花瓶，从玉雕到水墨画，我们的目标是展示中国古代的艺术天赋。The highlight of this exhibition is the painting Clearing After Snow on a Mountain Pass, o
19、ne of the greatworks of Tang Yin (1470-1524). Born during the Ming Dynasty, Tang sought and failed to gain entry into the civilservice, so he turned to painting instead. In time, he gained recognition as one of the greatest artists China hasever known. This painting, showing high mountains, trees, a
20、nd houses covered in snow, was made withextraordinary skill. Though it is over 500 years old, it looks as fresh and full of life as the day it was created.此次展览的重头戏是唐寅(1470-1524)的巨作之函关雪霁图 。唐寅出生于明朝，但未能进入文职队伍，因此他转而从事绘画。随着时间的推移，他被公认为中国有史以来最伟大的艺术家之一。这幅画作运用非凡的技巧，展现了高山、树木和被雪覆盖的房屋。虽然它已经有 500 多年的历史了，但它看起来与它创
21、建之日时一样清新、充满生机。Also of primary note is a collection of nearly 100 bronze objects from the Shang Dynasty (1600 BCE-1046BCE). While the artists who made these great works are not known, they showed great skill in creating thesebeautiful pieces. Some of the items on display are thought to have come from
22、 the collection of EmperorQianlong(1711-1799), a great admirer of Shang Dynasty bronze同样十分重要的(看点)是一组近百件商代(公元 1600 年公元前 1046 年)青铜器品。 虽然创作这些伟大作品的艺术家并不为人所知，但他们在创造这些精美作品时展现了高超的技巧。部分展品被认为是来自对商朝青铜器大为赞赏的乾隆皇帝(1711-1799 年)的收藏品。Finally, we have many fine examples of Tang Dynasty(618-907)sculptures. Most of th
23、ese are of Buddhistorigin. Even though Buddhism entered China much earlier, it did not really begin to show expansion until theseventh century. During this same period, trade along the Silk Road also boomed. Chinese sculpture thus founditself highly influenced by Buddhist art brought from India and
24、CentralAsia through the Silk Road. These workswere intended to spread Buddhism and they are of exceptional beauty and quality. Looking at the faces of thefigures in these sculptures, one sees the faces of the past. History is brought to life.最后，我们有许多唐代(618-907)雕塑精品。其中大多数作品与佛教的起源有关。尽管佛教进入中国的时间要早得多，但直
25、到公元 7 世纪才真正开始传播。在同一时期，丝绸之路的贸易也蓬勃发展。因此，中国雕塑受到通过丝绸之路从印度和中亚传来的佛教艺术的极大影啊。这些作品旨在传播佛教，具有非凡的美感和品质。看着这些雕塑中人物的面孔，您会看到过去时代的面孔，历史栩栩如生。This is just a small taste of what is in store for you in this exhibition. We guarantee that From Shang toQing: Chinese Art Through the Ages will transport you to another time w
26、ith its amazing collection of works.以上只是让你稍微感受下你将在本次展览看到什么。我们保证“从商到清:中国历代艺术”将以其惊人的收藏品将您带到另一个时代。From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages will run until November 25.“从商到清: 中国历代艺术”将持续到 11 月 25 日。4Opening hours are from 9: 00 a.m. to 5: 00 p. m, from Tuesday to Sunday ( the museum is closed onMo
27、ndays). No one will be admitted into the exhibition after 4: 30 p. m.开放时间为周二至周日上午九时至下午五时(博物馆逢星期一闭馆)。展览下午 4:30 后停止入馆。Admission: $10 for adults; $8 for students; $5 for children under 12; free for children under 5.门票:成人 10 美元;学生 8 美元;十岁以下的儿童 5 美元;5 岁以下儿童免费入场。No photos or food and drink are allowed in
28、the museum.博物馆内禁止拍照、携带食物和饲料。Reading and WritingTHE STARRY NIGHT星夜Perhaps my favourite painting is The Starry Night, by Vincent van Gogh(1853-1 890). Born in theNetherlands, Van Gogh had always been interested in art, and tried to live as a professional painter starting from1883. His early work was d
29、ark and sad, so in 1886 Van Goghs brother Theo invited him to come to live in Paris也许我最喜欢的画是文森特-梵高（1853-1890）的星夜 。梵高出生于荷兰，一直对艺术很感兴趣，从 1883 年开始尝试以职业画家的身份生活。他早期的作品是黑暗和悲伤的，所以 1886 年梵高的哥哥提奥邀请他来巴黎生活。Theo hoped that the bright colours of the Impressionist movement there would influence his work. VanGogh m
30、oved to the south of France in 1888. Later that year, he suffered a mental collapse and went to live in ahospital. He made more than twenty paintings of the view from his hospital window, during all times of the dayand all kinds of weather. However, he only made one painting of the scene at night. A
31、s Van Gogh wrote to hisbrother Theo in June, 1889, “This morning I saw the countryside from my window a long time before sunrise,with nothing but the morning star, which looked very big.” The morning star Van Gogh referred to was actuallythe planet Venus. Van Gogh had longed to paint a night scene,
32、and the sight of Venus inspired him提奥希望那里的印象派运动的明亮色彩能影响他的作品。 1888 年， 梵高搬到法国南部。 同年晚些时候，他精神崩溃，住进了医院。他画了二十多幅画，画的都是医院窗外的景色，在一天中的任何时候，任何天气。然而，他只画了一幅夜景的画。正如梵高在 1889 年 6 月写给弟弟提奥的信中所说：今天早上，我在日出前很久就从窗口看到了乡村，除了晨星，什么都没有，晨星看起来非常大。 梵高所说的 晨星 其实是金星。梵高一直渴望画一幅夜景，而金星的景象给了他灵感.On the left side of The Starry Night, ther
33、e is a large tree which shoots up from the ground like a dark fire. Itreaches all the way to the top of the painting. In the background are rolling hills, with a small village in a valley.In the centre of the village is a white church. Its tower points up into the sky like a sharp knife. Here and th
34、ere youcan see houses with windows shining with yellow light.Above all this is dark blue sky.Aquarter moon fills thetop-right corner of the painting with yellow. Venus sits low near the tree. It burns with white light. Here and therein the sky above Venus are yellow, orange, and red stars.Around the
35、se are lines of pure paint in different shades ofblue, yellow and white. They flow out of control, like river rapids.在星夜的左侧，有一棵大树，它像一团黑火一样从地面射出。它一直延伸到画的顶端。背景是连绵起伏的群山，山谷里有一个小村庄。村子的中心是一座白色的教堂。它的塔楼像一把尖刀一样指向天空。5在这里和那里，你可以看到房屋的窗户闪着黄色的光。在这一切之上，是深蓝色的天空。一轮四分之一的月亮在画的右上角充满了黄色。金星低低地坐在树旁。它燃烧着白色的光。在金星上方的天空中，这里和那
36、里是黄色、橙色和红色的星星。在这些周围是蓝色、黄色和白色不同色调的纯颜料线条。它们不受控制地流动着，就像河流的激流。The Starry Night is not a realistic panting of the scene Van Gogh saw out of his window. For example in reallife there is no village in that valley. However, perhaps the painting shows the deeper reality of what Van Goghcould see with his min
37、ds eye. Though the scene is dark and quiet, the painting is full of light and life. It gives us alook, perhaps, into the complex mind and genius of Van Gogh.星夜并不是梵高看到的窗外的真实景象。比如在现实生活中，那个山谷里并没有村庄。然而，也许这幅画表现了梵高用他的心灵之眼所能看到的更深层次的现实。虽然画面黑暗而安静，但画中却充满了光明和生命。它也许能让我们一窥梵高复杂的思想和天才。Unit Two Healthy Lifestyle第二单
38、元健康的生活方式The greatest wealth is health.Virgil健康是最大的财富。Reading and ThinkingHABITS FOR AHEALTHY LIFESTYLE健康的生活方式需养成的习惯As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However,during this period, it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits. These bad habits
39、, if left unchecked, couldlead to more serious ones when they become adults. For example, some of them may become involved in tobaccoor alcohol abuse, which can lead to physical and mental health problems. To prevent harmful habits like thesefrom dominating a teenagers life is essential. They must l
40、earn to recognise bad habits early and make appropriatechanges.在成长过程中，青少年会变得越来越独立，并且开始自己做决定。然而，在这一时期，他们中的一部分人容易养成不良习惯。如果任其发展，在他们长大成人后，这些不良习惯可能会导致更为严重的有害习惯。例如，一些青少年可能吸烟成瘾或酗酒，造成身心健康问题。防止此类有害习惯主宰青少年的生活是至关重要的。他们必须学会早早认清不良习惯并作出适当的改变。To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts. There is a
41、famous saying based on thephilosophy of Aristotle: We are what we repeatedly do. In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of choices wehave made. We make a choice to do something, and then we repeat it over and over again. Soon that choicebecomes automatic and forms a habit that is much harder to chan
42、ge. The good news is that we can change, if weunderstand how habits work改变不良习惯从来都不是一件容易的事情，即使你三番五次地尝试。有句基于亚里士多德哲学的名言:“我们反复做的事情造就了我们。”从很多方面看，我们的生活方式是我们所作出的选择的总和。我们选择做某件事，接着我们反反复复地做这件事。不久之后，这项选择就变得自然而然，成为一种更加难以改变的习惯。好消息是，如果我们了解习惯是怎么运作的，我们就可以作出改变。According to modern psychology, we must first learn abou
43、t the habit cycle, which works like this：根据现代心理学，我们必须首先了解“习惯循环”，其工作原理如下:6Firstly， there is a “cue” , an action， event，or situation that acts as a signal to do something.第一是“触发因素”，即一个行动、事件或状况，充当要做某事的讯号。Secondly, there is a routine, the regular action you take in response to the cue.第二是“惯常行为”，即你响应触发因素
44、而采取的常规行动。Thirdly, there is the reward, the good thing or feeling we get from the routine.第三是“回报”，即我们从惯常行为中获得的美好事物或感受。For example, when we feel unhappy (cue), we eat lots of unhealthy snacks (routine) which makes us feelhappy (reward). The reward makes us much more likely to continue the cycle, and t
45、he bad habit of relying onunhealthy snacks is formed例如，当我们感到不高兴时(触发因素)，我们会吃很多不健康零食(惯常行为)，这让我们感到快乐(回报)。这一回报使我们更有可能继续这一循环，从而形成了依赖不健康零食这不良习惯To facilitate a positive change in our bad habits, we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then tryadapt them. We can do this by combining the information f
46、rom our habit cycles with our own positive ideas. Forexample, we could try to replace a negative routine with something more positive. So, when we feel unhappyagain (cue), rather than eat snacks, we could listen to some of our favourite music instead (routine) which willmake us feel relaxed (reward)
47、. Aside from changing bad habits, we can also use the habit cycle to create goodhabits. For example, when we come to an escalator (cue), our normal routine is to ride it, but we could change thisroutine into something more positive by taking the stairs instead.为了促进我们不良习惯的积极改变，我们必须首先审视我们的不良习惯循环，然后尝试去
48、改变它们。为了做到这一点，我们可以把来自我们不良习惯循环的信息与我们自己的积极想法结合起来。例如，我们可以试着将一个消极的惯常行为替换为一个更积极的东西。因此，当我们再次感到不高兴时(触发因素)，我们可以听几首自己最喜爱的音乐(惯常行为)，而不是吃零食，这会使我们感到放松(回报)。除了改变不良习惯之外，我们还可以利用习惯循环来养成良好的习惯。例如，当我们走到电梯前的时候(触发因素)，我们的惯常行为是乘坐电梯，但是我们可以改为走楼梯，从而将上述惯常行为改变为一个更积极的事情。Many of us try to change bad habits quickly, and if we are no
49、t successful straight away we often becomepessimistic and give up. In fact, the most successful way to change is not suddenly, but over a period of time. Asthe Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” One step seemssmall, but it is essential. To re
50、ach the goal of change, a person must show some discipline and repeatedly takemany small steps.After all, it is not easy to break bad habits我们中很多人试图迅速改变不良习惯，一旦没有立刻成功，我们往往变得悲观，继而放弃。事实上，改变不良习惯的最佳方法不是一蹴而就，而是需要一段时间。正如中国哲学家老子所说:“千里之行，始于足下。” 一步似乎很小，却至关重要。为了实现改变这一目标，一个人必须展示出一定程度的自制力，不断地出许多小步。毕竟，戒除不良习惯并非易事。
