1、U4.Looking good, feeling good1.faint vi.昏厥 adj.昏眩的；微弱的；可能性不大的2.skip vt不做（应做的事情）；跳过；vi略过; 蹦蹦跳跳的走skip through 浏览 skip off 偷偷溜走3.pass out 昏迷，失去知觉；分发相关搭配：pass on 传给，传下去，传递pass over 不管，略而不谈；不计较；不追究，过世pass through 穿过.，通过.pass to you 递给你pass by 经过，走过；逝去4.immediately adv立即，立刻；直接地conj.就immediate adj.立即的；直接的；
2、最接近的除 immediately 可做连词用外，还有 directly，instantly 也有此用法，意为“.就.” 相当于 assoon as5.concentrate vi.&vt.集中(注意力、思想等)，全神贯注。常见搭配：concentrate on 集中精力于；全神贯注于concentrate on sth.专心致志于某事concentrate on doing sth.专心做某事concentrate ones mind/attention on/upon= fix ones attention on = focus on =be absorbed in 把注意力集中在.上pu
3、t ones heart in to sth 全身心地做某事devote oneself to sth./doing sth.致力于某事/做某事concentrated adj.极度的；紧张的；浓缩的；专心致志的concentrated study/hate/effort 紧张的学习/强烈的仇恨/专心致志的努力concentrated fire 密集的火力concentrated food 压缩食品 concentrated juice 浓缩果汁concentrationn集中；浓缩；专心；集合6.extreme adj.极端的；极度的；偏激的；尽头的n.极端；末端；最大程度；极端的事物ext
4、remely adv.非常，极其；极端地bookish in the extreme 书生气十足in the extreme 极其；极端；极to the extreme 走向极端extremely useful 非常有用extremely urgent 迫在眉睫7.effect n结果，影响，效力have an effect on/upon 对.有效put/bring sth.into effect 实施；实行，执行；使生效come into effect/take effect(法律、规则或制度)生效；实施be of no effect 没有效果的；没有影响的side effect 副作用e
5、ffective adj.有效的；起作用的ineffectiveadj无效的，失效的，不起作用的8.slim vi变苗条，减肥adj苗条的，微薄的，小的slim down 变苗条，减肥；消瘦比较级 slimmer过去式 slimmed 进行时 slimming9.prove link- v后来被发现是;证明是，显示是 vt.证明，证实 prove oneself 证明某人自己sth to sb 向某人证实某事prove vt+n/pron.(+to be)+n /adj 证明.是宾语从句证明provelink- v (+to be) + n/adj 证明是.例：She proved a str
6、ict teacher. 结果证明他是一个严厉的老师。The medicine proved satisfactory.结果证明这药疗效令人满意。10. diet n.日常饮食：节食 vi.节食，进行规定饮食be/go on a diet 正在/开始节食put sb. on a diet 让某人节食keep a balanced diet 保持均衡的饮食a low-fat，salt-free diet 低脂无盐的饮食11. function vi.起作用，正常工作，运转 n.作用，功能，职能function as 担任；起作用12. take in 收留；包括；吸收；理解；欺骗；吸收，摄入相关
7、搭配：take away 拿走，使离开；消除(病痛等)take down 记下来；拆掉take for(错)当作；(误)以为take off 起飞；匆匆离去；脱下；大获成功take on 呈现；雇用take over 接收；接管；取代take up 占去，占据；开始；从事13. energetic adj.精力充沛的，充满活力的energyn14. whats more 意为“更有甚者，更为重要的是，而且”，相当于 besides，moreover，furthermore，in addition 等，其位置可在句首或句中(放在句中时常与 and 连用)。She learns quickly，a
8、nd whats more，she remembers what she has learnt.她学得很快，而且能记住所学的内容。拓展：whats worse 更糟糕的是=to make it worse15. frightened adj.害怕的，惊吓的，受惊的frighteningadj令人恐惧的，引起突然惊慌的frightn恐怖，惊吓，惊骇。16. rather than 而不是。rather adv.相反，而是，相当；更准确地说rather than 连接两个并列成分，后接名词 、代词、介词短语、形容词、副词、动词的 ing 形式、不定式rather than 之后的不定式可省略 to
9、other than 不同于；除了.外or rather 更确切地说more than 多于，不仅仅，非常注意注意*rather than 连接两个名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词应于 rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。17. where 引导定语从句引导定语从句用法：(1)先行词往往是表示具体地点的名词(如 place，school，house 等)或表示抽象地点的名词(如 point，situation，case，position 等)；(2) where 在定语从句中做地点状语，相当于“介词+which”，可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。We
10、have reached a point where a change is needed.我们到了需要改变的地步。*提醒:先行词为表示地点的名词时，其后的定语从句并非都用 where 来引导。*试比较：The place where Lu Xun once worked has become a museum.(从句中缺少地点状语，故关系词用 where)The place which/that I visited last week is in Hong Kong.(从句中缺少宾语，故关系词用 which 或 that)辨析比较辨析比较 where 引导的定语从句与引导的定语从句与 whe
11、re 引导的状语从句引导的状语从句从句区别例句where引导 的 定 语从句where 为关系副词关系副词，在定语从句中做地地点状语点状语， 其前有一个表示地点的先行词。此时，where 可以换成可以换成“介词+which”结构。where 引导的定语从句不能位于句首Is there a shop around where (=in which) wecan buy some fruit?附近有没有一家我们可以买到一些水果的商店?where引导 的 状 语从句where 为从属连词从属连词。where 引导的地点状语从句对主句中的谓语动词进行说明，此时 where 前面没有表示地点的名前面没有
12、表示地点的名词词。此时 where 不能换成“介词+which”结构。where 引导的地点状语从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后You should put the book where it was.你应该把书放在原来的地方。18.reason 后接定语从句的引导词后接定语从句的引导词reason 后接定语从句，如果引导词在定语从句中做引导词在定语从句中做宾语、定语宾语、定语，从句应由从句应由关系代词关系代词 that/which引导引导(可省略可省略)；若；若做状语做状语，应，应由由 why 引导引导。The reason why. is that.的原因是the reason for
13、(doing) sth. (做)某事的原因Tom should tell me the reason why he was late for our date this morning.(why 做原因状语)Did you hear the reason(that) he gave for being late?(that 做宾语)The reason why he was absent was that he was ill.(why 做原因状语)19. “It+be+adj.+that 引导的主语从句引导的主语从句”句型句型(1)当 that 引导的从句做主语时，为了保持句子平衡，避免头重
14、脚轻，通常把它移到句子后面，用 it 做形式主语，放在句首。that 在句中仅起连接作用，不做成分，但不能省略。(2)“It+be+adj.+that 引导的主语从句”句型中常见的形容词有 clear，obvious，evident，true，possible，certain，likely，probable 等。It is obvious that youve made a big mistake.*提醒：It is necessary/important/strange/natural+that 引导的主语从句中. 从句常用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用 “should+动词原形” ， should
15、可省略。 It is very important that students(should) learn English well.学生学好英语很重要。20.since 的用法的用法：since 做连词时，既可引导原因状语从句，也可引导时间状语从句。做介词时，通常与现在完成时或过去完成时连用。其具体用法如下：(1) conj. 因为，由于，既然；从以后Since we have no money we cant buy a new car.(2) adv. 从那以后；自那以来She left her hometown five years ago. We have not seen her
16、since.(3) prep. 从以来；自以后Since then，they have been trying to find out how the fight began.21. pressure n.心理压力，紧张；压力；要求，催促。vt迫使，密封；使.增压high blood pressure 高血压high blood 高压，高气压；高度紧张under pressure 面临压力，在压力之下；受到压力pressured adj 紧迫的，感受压力的22. contribute vi&vt.是的原因之一，捐赠，捐献：增加，添加； 投稿，撰稿contribute.to.把.贡献给某人.；捐
17、助.给.contribute to 有助于，有益于，导致 ；促成，造成contribution n捐助，贡献，捐助物contributor n捐助者make a contribution/contributions to 为.做出贡献辨析：contribute 和 devotecontribute表示“献身于某一事业或目标时”contribute 后不能接 oneself 或 ones lifethe volunteers contribute theirown time to the project.”花时间在.上devote表示“献身于，致力于” 时，常用 devote oneselfto
18、,devote ones life/lifetime/efforts toI will devote my whole life toscientific research, and make acontribution to my country.23. in the short/long term 从短期/长期看in the long run 从长远看24. memory n记忆力，记性：记忆，回忆memories复数in memory of 纪念.call into memory 回忆起，记起memorize v记住，记录；记下【通常表示本身需要加强记忆、记熟。remember 表示事物
19、较长时间的停留在记忆中，是可记得的、可回忆起来的】memorial adj纪念的；追悼的n纪念碑；纪念物；纪念仪式memorable adj值得纪念的；难忘的25. attack n.(疾病的)突然发作；袭击；攻击；v攻击；进攻；attack.=make/launch an attack on/against.攻击.，抨击.air attack 空袭a heart attack 心脏病突发be/come under attack 遭到攻击26. amount n.金额；数额；数量an amount of 一些【修饰不可数名词，做主语时谓语动词用单数】large amounts of 大量的【修
20、饰不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用复数】v总计；共达；等于；相当于。amount to 共达，等同于拓展：表达“许多，大量”的短语有a good/great manya large/great/good number of+ 可数名词复数（做主语时，谓语动词用复数）a good few/quite a fewmany a/anmore than one+可数名同单数（做主语时，谓语动词用单数，但表示复数概念）a great/good deal ofa good /great/large amount of+不可数名词（作主语时，谓语动词用单数）quite a littlea lot of/lot
21、s ofplenty of+可数名词复数或不可数名词（作主语时，谓语动词根据 n 决定）a mass of可数名词复数（做主语时，谓语动词用复数）&不可数名词（作masses of+ 主语时，谓语动词形式由 quantity 或 mass 的单复数形式决定）large quantities oflarge amounts of+ 不可数名词，但谓语动词用复数27. “介词关系代词”引导的定语从句某些在从句中充当时间、 地点、 原因状语的“介词关系代词”结构可以同关系副词 when， where，why 互换。ThisistheofficeinwhichIusedtowork.(I used t
22、o work in the office)ThisisthestudentforwhomIboughtthebook. (I bought the book for the student)IllneverforgetthedayonwhichIfirstmethim.(on the day 在那一天)Hebroughttheresultwithwhichthebosswassatisfied.(be satisfied with the result)There are my glasses，without which I cannot see clearly.(I cannot see c
23、learly without my glasses)Thisisthehouseinwhich（where）Ilivedtwoyearsago.(live in the house)Idlikeyoutoexplainthereasonforwhich（why）youwereabsent.*特别提醒:使用“介词关系代词”引导定语从句时要注意以下几点：1.在此结构中，关系代词只能用 whom（先行词指人），which（先行词指物），whose（表示所属关系）。2.可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。3.介词的确定遵循“一先、二动、三意义”的原则。“一先”即根据先行词的习惯搭配来确
24、定介词；“二动”即根据定语中谓语动词（或主要形容词）所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；“三意义”即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。28. situation 做先行词的定语从句当先行词是 stage，situation，case，position 等词时，定语从句常用 where 或 in which 来引导。You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately .你可能遇上一种情况，使你不得不立刻做出决定。Were getting to the stage where we can hardly go out to
25、gether.我们已经快到几乎难以一起外出的地步了。29. treat v 治疗，对待，款待n款待；招待treat sb as.把某人看作.treat sb badly/well 虐待某人、对某人好treat sth seriously 严肃认真的对待某事treat sb to sth 请某人吃某物；用某物招待某人treat sb for sth 治疗某人某种疾病Its a treat！ 我请客treatment n治疗；对待；处理30. operationn手术；运转，操作常见搭配：come /go into operation 开始工作、运转；生效put/bring into operat
26、ion 实施；施行do/perform/carry out an operation 做手术be in operation 在运转中；在行动中；在实施中operate v操作；运转；开动；起作用；动手术operate on/upon sb 给某人动手术operate a business 经营一家企业31. regret v可惜，后悔，遗憾；惋惜n遗憾，抱歉常见搭配：having done sthregretdoing sth后悔做了某事regret to say/tell/inform .that 遗憾地说/告知/通知.regret that.遗憾.It is to be regret th
27、at.可惜的是.,令人遗憾的是.with great/deep regret 很遗憾to ones regret 让某人感到遗憾的是.32. addition n.增加，添加：加法【反】subtraction 减法in addition 此外,另外，除此之外【一般单独使用，在句中作状语。其后不能跟名词或其他成分，意义相当于 besides,moreover,whats more】in addition to 除.以外（还），后接名词，代词或 v-ing 做宾语例： In addition to swimming,she likes playing the guitar.除游泳外，她还喜欢弹吉他
28、。* 提醒：使用 in addition 和 in addition to 时注意addition 前面无任何冠词；在句中作状语时用 in addition,后接成分时用 in addition toin addition to 后接动词时，要用 v-ing 形式。33. hang over 笼罩；威胁；被遗留下；使忧心忡忡，担心可能发生The possibility of losing her job is still hanging over her.可能失业的阴影依然笼罩在她的心头。34. guard against 防止；提防，防范Yearly guard against famine
29、; nightly guard against thieves.年年防旱，夜夜防盗。35. live up to 实践；履行；达到，符合，不辜负He never lived up to his promise.他从不遵守诺言。拓展： live up to ones reputation 名副其实，不负盛名live up to ones name 名副其实live up to sbs expectation(s)不辜负某人的期望live by 以.为生；（按照某信念或原则）生活live on 继续生活，以.为主食。靠.生活36. end up 最终成为，最终处于，后常接 v-ing 形式或介词短
30、语与 end 相关的短语: end 做动词end up doing/adj 以.结束end up with 以.结尾（侧重以某种方式结束，反义短语为 begin/start with）end up in.以(状况)告终(侧重以某种结果结束)end up as.最后成了，最后是(侧重以某种身份结束)end 做名词in the end(=finally)最后，终于come to an end 结束by the end of.到为止(通常与完成时连用)on end 连续地；竖着，直立着at an end 完毕，终结(通常做表语)make(both) ends meet 使收支相抵at the end
31、 of.在末端；在尽头37. strength nU力量，体力； C长处，强项【反】weaknessbuild up ones strength 增强实力strengths and weakness 强项和弱项the strength of.is. .的优点是.strengthen vt加强，增强易混词：strength 体力energy 精力power 权利；能力force 武力；强迫力38. content n.内容；目录,容量；满足vt使满足adj满足的，满意的be content to do sth 乐于做某事be content with=be satisfied with 对.满足
32、/满意do sth to ones hearts content 心满意足地/尽情地做某事content oneself with 满足于；使（某人）自己对.感到满足注*content 作目录讲时，总是用复数形式39. way 后接定语从句的用法way 作“方式，方法”讲，后接定语从句时有两种情况：(1)当 way 在后面的定语从句中做状语时，可用 that/in which 来引导从句，也可以省略。(2)当 way 在后面的定语从句中做主语或宾语时，关系词用 that/which(做宾语时关系词可省略，做主语时关系词不可省略）。I dont like the way (that/in whi
33、ch) he talks about it.我不喜欢他谈论这件事的方式。(way 在从句中做状语)None of us likes the way(that /which)he often uses to speak to us. 我们都不喜欢他跟我们说话时实用的方式。(way 在从句中做宾语)Grammar关系副词引导的限制性定语从句关系副词表示从句成分例句备注when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用 on which 替代where地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可
34、用 in which 代替why原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turneddown my offer.可用 for which 代替（一）基本用法（一）基本用法关系副词起连接主句和从句的作用，又在从句中做状语，when，where 和 why 分别表示时间、地点和原因。1. when在定语从句中做时间状语。可用 on which，in which，at which，during which 等代替。April the first is the day when people make fun of others.=April the first
35、is the day on which people make fun of others. 四月一号是愚人节2. where在定语从句中做地点状语。可用 in which，at which，on which 等代替。This is the house where he lived two years ago.=This is the house in which he lived two years ago.这就是他两年前住过的那个房子3. whywhy 在定语从句中做原因状语。可用 for which 代替。why 不可引导非限制性定语从句，此时可用 forwhich 代替。This is
36、 the reason why he went away.=This is the reason for which he went away. 这就是他离开的原因（二）关系副词常可用（二）关系副词常可用“介词关系代词介词关系代词”的结构改写的结构改写这里的关系代词只限于 which 和 whomI will never forget the night when I met you for the first time.=I will never forget the night on which I met you for the first time.We dont know the r
37、eason why he suddenly fell ill.=We dont know the reason for which he suddenly fell ill.注意：并不是所有的“介词关系代词”的结构都可用关系副词替代。I am very impressed by the way in which he works. 这里 in which 代表的是 in the way，在句中做方式状语。只有当“介词关系代词”结构做表示时间、地点和原因的状语时，才能相应地用 when，where 和 why 代替。（三）如何判断是用关系代词还是关系副词（三）如何判断是用关系代词还是关系副词这本
38、质上取决于关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当的成分。前者充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，后者充当状语。试比较下面两组句子：1. This is the factory that/which produces wheels.This is the factory where wheels are produced.第一句中画线部分在从句中做主语，故而应选用关系代词：The factory produces wheels.第二句中画线部分在从句中做地点状语，故而应选用关系副词：Wheels are produced in the factory.2. Do you remember the days(
39、that) we spent together?Do you remember the days when we worked together?第一句中关系代词在从句中做宾语：We spent the days together.第二句中关系副词做时间状语：We worked together during the days.（四）一些需要特殊记忆的关系词的用法（四）一些需要特殊记忆的关系词的用法1.I dont like the way in which he look at people.当先行词是 way 时，除了 in which，还可以用 that 来引导定语从句。that 还经常
40、省略。Judging from the way(that) he walked,I believe he was wounded in the leg.2. Finally came the day when he had to leave his hometown.当先行词为 time，moment，day 等，并在从句中做状语时，从句也可以用 that 引导，that 也常省略。It was the first time(that) we had stayed up so late.The moment(that/when) he sent the mail,John realized w
41、hat a mistake he had made.She was the only girl I went steady with during the four years(that/when)I was at university.二、关系副词的省略1. the time，every time，each time，the moment 等后的关系副词可以省略。By the time(when) he was fourteen years old,Jim had learnt more than two thousand English words.2.在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时
42、也可以省略。如 the place 等。This is the place(where)I saw him last time.3.先行词 the reason 后面的关系副词可以省略。The reason(why) he came here is quite clear.三、判断关系代词与关系副词的方法1.用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。 及物动词后面没有宾语， 就要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要用关系副词I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. ()I will never forget th
43、e days(which)I spent in the countryside. ()分析：及物动词 forget 后有宾语 the days，用关系代词 which。which 可省略2. 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语），也就能准确选择出关系代词/关系副词。四、“介词+关系代词”结构1. 可代替 when/where/why,that 等关系词例：for which=why2. 介词后面的关系词不能省略例：for which 的 which 不能省略3. that 前不能有介词4. 某些在句中充当时间、 地点或原因状语的 “介词+关系代词” 结构可以跟关系副词 when/where/why互换。
