1、 New words and expressions resource ris:s n. 复数复数 资源、物力、财资源、物力、财力力 rely rilai vi.依赖，依靠，仰仗，信任，指望依赖，依靠，仰仗，信任，指望 hydro haidru n.水力发的电水力发的电,电力电力 复数复数水力发电站，水力发电厂水力发电站，水力发电厂 renewable rinju:bl adj.可更新的可更新的;可继续的可继续的; 可再生的可再生的 n.再生性能源再生性能源 fossil fsl n.从地下采掘出的石块从地下采掘出的石块(或矿物或矿物) adj.从地下采掘出来的从地下采掘出来的Introduc
2、tion to Coal Mining2 combustible kmbstbl adj. 可燃的可燃的,易燃的易燃的 n.可燃物可燃物,易燃易燃,燃料燃料 sedimentary ,sedimentri adj.沉淀沉淀(物物) compose kmpuz vt.组成组成,构成构成 consolidate knslideit vt. 把把合成一体合成一体,合并合并 stratum streitm; str-; str:- n.层层; 岩层岩层 silt silt n.泥沙，淤泥泥沙，淤泥;泥沙层；粉沙层泥沙层；粉沙层 crust krst n.外壳，外皮外壳，外皮;地壳地壳 tectonic
3、 tektnik adj.地壳构造的地壳构造的 peat pi:t n.泥炭，泥煤泥炭，泥煤;泥炭块；泥炭土泥炭块；泥炭土 bog b n.沼泽沼泽,泥沼泥沼,泥塘泥塘;沼泽地区沼泽地区3 subject sbdekt n.主题主题,题材题材,题目题目,论题论题,课题课题 adj.受受()影响的影响的(常与常与to连用连用) carboniferous ,krbnfrs adj. 石炭纪的石炭纪的 n.石炭纪石炭纪,石炭层石炭层 span spn n. 时间阶段时间阶段 deposit dipzit vi.沉积沉积;沉淀沉淀 n. 沉积沉积,沉淀沉淀,沉积物沉积物;堆积物堆积物 【采矿采矿】矿
4、藏矿藏,矿床矿床 maturity mtjuriti n.成熟成熟;【生物学生物学】 成熟期成熟期 lignite linait n.褐煤褐煤 亦作亦作 brown coal shade eid n.阴阴,树阴树阴;细微差别细微差别 4 progressive pruresiv adj.逐渐的逐渐的; 渐进的渐进的 bituminous bitju:mins adj.沥青的沥青的; 烟煤的烟煤的 anthracite英英nrsatn. 矿物矿物 无烟煤无烟煤 abundance bndns n.充足充足,大量大量,多多;丰富丰富, 富富有有 yield ji:ld n.生产生产,收益收益;产量
5、，收益量产量，收益量 historically histrikli adv.在历史上在历史上;以往以往,过去过去 destine destin vt.预定预定,指定；打算指定；打算 使使(成成)为，委托为，委托(for) continental ,kntinentl adj.洲的洲的,大陆的大陆的 exponentially,ksponnli adv. 以指数方式以指数方式 Newcastle nu,ksln. 纽卡斯尔（英国港市）纽卡斯尔（英国港市）5 Durhamdrm n. 达拉谟达拉谟(英格兰一郡及其首府名英格兰一郡及其首府名) Coalbrookdale 煤溪谷煤溪谷 collier
6、y kljri n.煤矿煤矿(包括建筑物和设备包括建筑物和设备) drift drift n. 【采矿采矿】平巷，水平巷道，平峒平巷，水平巷道，平峒 Midlothian midluin 中洛锡安郡中洛锡安郡(英国苏格兰英国苏格兰东南部旧郡东南部旧郡) Virginia vdinj (美国东部的美国东部的)弗吉尼亚州弗吉尼亚州 pickpik n.鹤嘴锄；镐鹤嘴锄；镐 shovel vl n.铲，铁锹铲，铁锹 conduct kndkt vt.进行进行,实施实施,处理处理 tremendous trimends adj.巨大的，极大的巨大的，极大的 subsidencesbsadns n. 下
7、沉；沉淀；陷没下沉；沉淀；陷没 6 beneath bini: prep.在在下面，在下面，在下方下方 collapse klps vi.(突然突然)倒塌；塌下倒塌；塌下 transmit trnsmit vt.传导；传递传导；传递 potential putenl adj.潜在的潜在的,可能的可能的 aquatic kwtik adj.水产的，水生的；水栖的水产的，水生的；水栖的 terrestrial tirestril adj.陆地的陆地的, 陆生的陆生的 offset ,fset vt.抵消抵消;补偿补偿 landscape lndskeip n.山水山水,景色景色; 地形地形,景观景
8、观7 relies on依赖依赖 mineral resources矿藏矿藏 、矿产资源、矿产资源 hydro power 水力发电水力发电 fossil fuel 矿物燃料，化石燃料矿物燃料，化石燃料 fossil oil 石油；化石燃料石油；化石燃料 combustible gas 可燃气体可燃气体 combustible material 可燃物；易燃材料可燃物；易燃材料 combustible dust 可燃粉尘；易燃粉尘可燃粉尘；易燃粉尘 sedimentary strata 沉积岩沉积岩 sedimentary deposit 沉积矿床；成层沉积沉积矿床；成层沉积 buy out
9、买下买下的全部产权；出钱使的全部产权；出钱使放弃地位放弃地位 coal preparation plant 选煤厂选煤厂 to same degree在某种程度上在某种程度上 in place适当的，恰当的适当的，恰当的8 composed of 由由组成组成 rock strata 岩层岩层 earths crust 地壳地壳 tectonic movement 构造运动；地壳运动构造运动；地壳运动 peat bog 泥炭沼，泥炭沼泽泥炭沼，泥炭沼泽 bituminous coal 烟煤；沥青煤（等于烟煤；沥青煤（等于soft coal） in abundance 大量的；丰富的；充足的大量
10、的；丰富的；充足的 electricity generation 发电发电 industrial revolution 工业革命，产业革命工业革命，产业革命 destined for 驶往；去往驶往；去往9Introduction to Coal Mining煤炭开采技术煤炭开采技术 Coal is one of the worlds most important resources of energy ,fuelling almost 40% of electricity worldwide. In many countries this figure is much higher: Pol
11、and relies on coal for over 94% of its electricity; South Africa for 92%; China for 77%; and Australia for 76%. Coal has been the worlds fastest growing energy source in recent yearsfaster than gas, oil, nuclear, hydro and renewable.101. What is coal? Coal is a fossil fuel, which is a combustible, s
12、edimentary, organic rock, and it is composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It is formed from vegetation, which has been consolidated between other rock strata and altered by the combined effects of pressure and heat over millions of years to form coal seams. The build-up of silt and other s
13、ediments together with movements in the earths crust (known as tectonic movements) buried these swamps and peat bogs, often to great depths. 11 With burial, the plant material was subjected to high temperatures and pressures. This caused physical and chemical changes in the vegetation, transforming
14、it into peat and then into coal. Coal formation began during the Carboniferous Period(known as the first coal age), which spanned 360 million to 290 million years ago. 12 The quality of each coal deposit is determined by temperature and pressure and by the length of time in formation, which is refer
15、red to as its “organic maturity”. Initially the peat is converted into lignite or “brown coal”-these are coal-types with low organic maturity. In comparison to other coals, lignite is quite soft and its color can range from dark black to various shades of brown. 13 Over many more millions of years,
16、the continuing effects of temperature and pressure produces further change in the lignite, progressively increasing its organic maturity and transforming it into the range known as “sub-bituminous” coals. Further chemical and physical changes occur until these coals became harder and blacker , formi
17、ng the “bituminous” or “hard coals”. Under the right conditions, the progressive increase in the organic maturity can continue, finally forming anthracite. 142. Importance of Coal Due to its abundance , coal has been mined in various parts of the world throughout history and continues to be an impor
18、tant economic activity today. Compared to wood fuels, coal yields a higher amount of energy per mass and could be obtained in areas where wood is not readily available. Though historically used as a means of household heating, coal is now mostly used in industry, especially in smelting and alloy pro
19、duction, as well as electricity generation.15 Coal is one of the worlds most important sources of energy since the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s. As of 2010, coal is fuelling almost 40% of electricity worldwide. In many countries this figure is much higher: Poland relies on coal for over 94% of
20、 its electricity; South afric for 92%; China for 77%; and Australia for 76%. Coal has been the worlds fastest growing energy source in recent years-faster than gas, oil, nuclear, hydro and renewable.16 Over 6185 million tones (Mt) of hard coal is currently produced worldwide and 1042 Mt of brown coa
21、l/lignite. The largest coal producing countries are not confined to one region-the top five hard coal producers are China, the USA, India, Australia and South Africa. Much of global coal production is used in the country in which it was produced; only around 15% of hard coal production is destined f
22、or the international coal market.173. History of Coal Mining The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the 18th century and later spread to continental Europe and North America, was based on the availability of coal to power steam engines. International trade expanded exponentially when c
23、oal-fed steam engines were built for the railway and steamships. The new mines that grew up in the 19th century depended on men and children to work long hours in often dangerous working conditions. There were many coalfields, but the oldest were in Newcastle and Durham, South Wales, Scotland and th
24、e Midlands, such as those at Coalbrookdale. 18 The oldest continuously worked deep-mine in the Unite Kingdom ia Tower Colliery in South Wales valleys in the heart of the South Wales coalfield. This colliery was developed in 1805, and its miners bought it out at the end of the 20th century, to preven
25、t it from being closed. Tower Colliery was finally closed on 25 January 2008, although production continues at the Aberpergwm drift mine owned by Walter Energy of the USA nearby. 19 Coal was mined in America in the early 18th century, and commercial mining started around 1730 in Midlothian, Virginia
26、. Coal-cutting machines were invented in the 1880s. Before this invention, coal was mined from underground with a pick and shovel. By 1912 surface mining was conducted with steam shovels designed for coal mining.4. Problems in Face of Coal Mining Despite the tremendous importance of coal, the indust
27、ry is faced with serious problems, such as:20 (1) Dust and noise pollution () Dust at mining operations can be caused by trucks being driven on unsealed roads, coal crushing operations, drilling operations and wind blowing over areas disturbed by mining. () Main sources of noise pollution are blasti
28、ng, movement of heavy earth moving machines, drilling and coal handling plants. (2) Mining subsidence Mine subsidence can be a problem with underground coal mining, whereby the ground level lowers as a result of coal having been mined beneath.21 The major factors affecting the extent of subsidence a
29、re seam thickness and its depth beneath the surface. Roof collapse will often start within 24 hours or coal extraction, but the full effects are transmitted rather slowly upwards, eventually resulting in subsidence at the surface. But it may be over 10 years before the surface is completely stable a
30、gain. (3) Water pollution Most underground and some surface mines lie well below the water table. 22 Both, therefore, have the potential to pollute any groundwater that flows through them. Waste water from coal preparation plant and mine water are other sources of water pollution. In addition to the
31、 obvious disturbance of the land surface, mining may affect to varying degrees, groundwater, surface water, aquatic and terrestrial vegetation, wildlife, soils, air, and cultural resources. Action based on environmental regulations may avoid, limit, control, or offset many of these potential impacts
32、, but mining will, to some degree, always alter landscape and environmental resources. 23 Regulations intended to control and manage these alterations of the landscape in an acceptable way are in place and are continually updated as new technologies are developed to improve mineral extraction, to re
33、claim mined lands, and to limit environmental impacts.24Unit 1 Coal Mine Geology and Exploration New words and expressions ancient einnt adj.古老的；远古的；古老的；远古的； 上古的；年老的上古的；年老的 microbial maikrobil adj.微生物微生物(细菌细菌)的的 reserve riz:v n.储量储量 extensive ikstensiv adj.延伸的，伸展的延伸的，伸展的 structure strkt n.构造构造,石理石理,
34、石纹石纹 feature fi:t n.特征；特色，特点特征；特色，特点25 observe bz:v vt.说，评述，评论说，评述，评论 parting p:ti n.夹层夹层 split split n.裂隙裂隙 periodic ,piridik adj.定期的定期的;周期的周期的 relatively reltivli adv. 比较地；相对地比较地；相对地 reestablishment n.重建；恢复；再建重建；恢复；再建 stage steid n.水位水位 erosive irusiv adj. 腐蚀腐蚀(性性)的的 channel tnl n. 河床，河槽河床，河槽 fold
35、 fuld n.褶皱褶皱 horizontal hrizntl adj.水平的水平的26 distort dist:t vt.扭曲，扭歪扭曲，扭歪 pattern ptn n.方式；形式方式；形式 profile prufail n.侧面，剖面，纵断面侧面，剖面，纵断面 anticline ntiklain n.【地质学地质学】背斜背斜 syncline siklain n.【地质学地质学】向斜向斜 parameter prmit n.参数；特征；特点参数；特征；特点 illustrate ilstreit vt.阐明；说明阐明；说明 core k: n.核心核心 limb lim n.肢，翼
36、肢，翼 hinge hind n.铰链；枢纽；关键铰链；枢纽；关键27 axis ksis n.轴，轴线，中心线轴，轴线，中心线 curve k:v n.弧线，曲线弧线，曲线 fracture frkt n. 断裂，裂缝，缝隙断裂，裂缝，缝隙 fault f:lt n.【地质学、采矿地质学、采矿】断层断层 tension tenn n.张力；拉力；膨胀力张力；拉力；膨胀力 thrust rst n.推动力推动力 interval intvl n.间隔；间距；空隙间隔；间距；空隙 parallel prlel adj.平行的平行的,同方向的同方向的 perpendicular ,p:pndikj
37、ul adj.垂直的垂直的 dip dip vi. 倾斜倾斜 28 clastic klstik adj.碎屑的；碎片性的碎屑的；碎片性的 dike daik n.岩脉岩脉,岩墙岩墙 vein vein n.岩脉；纹理岩脉；纹理 tabular tbjul adj.平的平的,扁平的扁平的 lateral ltrl adj.横向的横向的 protrude prutru:d vt.使突出，使伸出使突出，使伸出 squeeze skwi:z vt.把把硬塞进硬塞进(in, into) cleat kli:t n. 割理割理 rad1 rd n.拉德拉德(吸收剂量的标准单位吸收剂量的标准单位) aggregation ,riein n.聚集，凝聚聚集，凝聚 29 spherical sferikl adj. 球形的，球状的球形的，球状的 microscopic ,maikrskpik adj.微小的微小的 extensive use广泛应用；有系统应用广泛应用；有系统应用 close to 在附近在附近 intersection line 交叉线交叉线 strike direction 走向走向 contribute to 是是的部分原因，起作用的部分原因，起作用 as if 好像，似乎好像，似乎 a fraction of一小部分；一部分；零点几一小部分；一部分；零点几30
