1、Unit 4 Exploring literatureGrammar and usageLead-in1 Step Whats the definition of modal verbs? 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话表示说话人的情绪人的情绪,态度或语气的动词态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓但不能单独作谓语语, 只能和其他只能和其他动词原形动词原形构成谓语。构成谓语。 情态动词的语法特征情态动词的语法特征1. 情态动词情态动词 不能单独做谓语不能单独做谓语, 情态动情态动词后接词后接动词原形动词原形。 2. 情态动词情态动词没有人称，时态和数的变化没有
2、人称，时态和数的变化，但有些情态动词，如但有些情态动词，如can, may, will, dare也有一般式和过去式的变化。也有一般式和过去式的变化。常见的常见的情态动词情态动词 Modal verbs （4组）组） can / could, may / might, shall / should, will / would （4对）对） have to, had better, ought to, used to （3个）个） must, need, dareExploring the rules2 Step Below is a website article about how to c
3、hoose books. Find the sentences that use modal verbs and fill in the table below. The first one has been done for you.SuggestionSuggestion AbilityAbilityNecessityNecessityPossibilityPossibilityWhat shall I read? you can get ideas from different sources You can also read book reviews in newspapers in
4、 magazines or online. Teachers in particular can provide suggestions for interesting reading materials that can be found in the library or bookshop easily.A book review can also tell you whether a book is worth reading or not. what books you ought to read. However, you must also decide for yourself
5、what kind of books to read. You do not have to read a book just because everyone recommends it. You might have asked yourself this question more than once. These ideas should point you in the right direction. you may find yourself better able to seek out books to your taste Working out the rules3 St
6、ep a, d, e, fExploring the usages of modal verbs4 Step 1. Ability 1. Ability （能力）（能力）2. Obligation 2. Obligation （义务）（义务）3. Certainty 3. Certainty （可能性）（可能性）4. Permission 4. Permission （允许）（允许）5. Make requests5. Make requests（提出请求）（提出请求）6. Make suggestions6. Make suggestions（提出建议）（提出建议）7. Make offer
7、s7. Make offers（提供帮助）（提供帮助）8. Give advice8. Give advice（提出意见）（提出意见） How can we deal with exercises concerning modal verbs?Language context (上下文、语境上下文、语境)Functions & usages of modal verbsSome of us can use the computer now, but we couldnt last year.It will be sunny in the daytime, but it can rain lat
8、er on this evening. -Can I go now? -Yes, you can.Could you wait a few days for the money?This cant/couldnt be done by him. 表示表示“能力能力”表示表示“客观可能性客观可能性”表示表示“请求和允许请求和允许”表示表示“请求请求”,口语中代替口语中代替can,使语气更委婉使语气更委婉,主要用于疑问句主要用于疑问句,答语用答语用can. -Could I use your bike tomorrow? Yes,_. No, _.表示表示(推测推测)不相信的态度不相信的态度(主要
9、用于否定句主要用于否定句,疑问句和感叹句中疑问句和感叹句中)”you canIm afraid not1. can和和could1.can/be able to区别区别:cancan表示表示或或，而，而be able be able toto更加强调更加强调或者或者，能，能成功做到成功做到的事情。的事情。表示特定的某一过去能力或表示成功地做表示特定的某一过去能力或表示成功地做了某事时，只能用了某事时，只能用was/were able towas/were able to， 不不能用能用couldcould。 1.He _ flee Europe before the war broke out
10、. 2. A big fire broke out in ABC hotel yesterday. Luckily, everyone _ run out of the building.3.She _ speak both English and French.was able towas able tocan1. Anyone _ be in a rough life time，whether he is “Bai Fumei” or “Gao Fushuai”2. I have her telephone number.You _ call her if you like.3. The
11、only thing that I _ do was that I wished her a long life.4. A left luggage office is a place where bags _ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station. can never/cant.too表示表示“无论怎样无论怎样也不过分也不过分”，“越越越好越好” 。你过马路的时候再小心也不为过。你过马路的时候再小心也不为过。 You cant be too careful while crossing the road. I ca
12、nt thank you too much.(翻译)May I watch TV after supper?Yes,_./ No, _.Might I use your telephone?May I go home now?It may be true.She may come tomorrow.He might have some fever.May you succeed!May you have many more days as happy as this one!you mayYou mustnt允许允许,许可许可禁止禁止,阻止阻止might比比may的语气更委婉的语气更委婉表示可
13、能性的推测表示可能性的推测,译为译为“大大概概,可能可能”用用might时显得更时显得更加不肯定加不肯定用于祈使句表示祝愿用于祈使句表示祝愿2. may 和和mightA computer _ think for itself; it must be told what to do. A. cant B. couldnt C. may not D. might notAmay _ can_表主观表主观“可能可能”表客观表客观“可能可能”cannot_ may not_不可能不可能可能不可能不 may 和和can 1. He _ be at home, but Im not sure. 2. T
14、hey (can/might) _ be away for the weekend but Im not sure. 3. You (may/might) _ leave now if you wish. 4. (Could/May) _ you open the window a bit, please?5. They (cant/may not) _ still be out!6. You (can/might) _ be right but Im going back to check the times.mightThey_ be doing the experiment in the
15、 lab.Why？Because the lights are still burning.A.could B.can C.must D.would 1. must 用于用于肯定句肯定句中表说话人的中表说话人的；或坚决；或坚决要求某人做某事；要求某人做某事；否定否定mustnt 表禁止。表禁止。 I must go to the bank and get some money. Cars mustnt park in front of the entrance.2. 在以在以must 开头的疑问句中，肯定回答用开头的疑问句中，肯定回答用must; 否定否定回答用回答用neednt 或或dont
16、 have to。 Must we hand in our exercise books now? Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. / No, you dont have to. 3.must 3. 表示可能性或肯定的表示可能性或肯定的。意为。意为“想必、准是、一想必、准是、一定定”等，只用于肯定句。等，只用于肯定句。 He must be ill. He looks so pale. Shes wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. must表主观意志，而表主观意志，而have to
17、表由于客观因素不得不表由于客观因素不得不做完成的事情。做完成的事情。 must没有过去式，除在间接引语中可表示过去的时没有过去式，除在间接引语中可表示过去的时间。在直接引语中表示过去的时间用间。在直接引语中表示过去的时间用had to代替。代替。 比较比较must & have toIts getting late. I have to leave now.（客观需要）（客观需要） I told her that she must give up smoking.1. You _ be Carol. You havent changed a bit after all these years.
18、 2.The weatherman on the news said it might rain later on this afternoon. Well, I _ take my umbrella along with me today. Acan BMay Ccould Dmust3.You _ (肯定很兴奋) about going to London for study soon.4. You _ (不要玩刀子). It may hurt you.mustmust be very excitedmustnt play with the knife 1.- Whats the name
19、? - Khulaifi. _ I spell that for you? A. Shall B. Would C. Can D. Might 4.shall2. I havent got the reference book yet, but Ill have a test on the subject next month. Dont worry. You_ have it by Friday. A. could B. shall C. must D.may 1. shall用于用于二、三人称的陈述句二、三人称的陈述句，表，表“命令、威胁、命令、威胁、警告、强制、允诺、决心警告、强制、允诺
20、、决心”等等。 You shall do as I say. (命令命令) You shall have my answer tomorrow. (允诺允诺) Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. (决心决心)2. shall用于用于一、三人称的疑问句一、三人称的疑问句，表征询意见或请求，表征询意见或请求允许允许,多与多与I或或we连用连用。 What shall we do this weekend?3. shall 常用于主语是常用于主语是第三人称第三人称的条约、法律法规、规的条约、法律法规、规章制度等文件中表章制度等文件中表“
21、义务义务”或或“规定规定”。 One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school.1. 表义务表义务, 意为意为“应该应该”（某件事宜做），用于各种人（某件事宜做），用于各种人称称； You should be polite to your teachers. You shouldnt waste any time. 2. 表推测，意为表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计想必一定、照说应该、估计”等；等；The film should be very good as it is st
22、arring first-class actors. They should be home by now. 3should 可以用来表示意外，常意为可以用来表示意外，常意为“竟然；居然竟然；居然”。I find it astonishing that he should be so rude to you.4.should The old man _have a smoke under a big tree every afternoon after he finished his farm work. would 5.will/would可表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性。翻译为可表示经常性、习
23、惯性、倾向性。翻译为“经常、惯于、总是经常、惯于、总是”。1. 表表，用于各种人称的陈述句，用于各种人称的陈述句; I will do anything for you. They wont lend us any more money.2. 表表，用于疑问句，用于疑问句; Will you send this letter for me, please? Would you mind leaving me alone for a few minutes?3. 表表 She will listen to music, alone in her room, for hours. He would
24、 spend hours on the telephone.Applying the rules5 Step B1 For the following groups of three sentences, tick the sentence which uses the modal verb differently from the other two.B2 Below is an entry in a students reading journal. Complete the entry with the correct modal verbs in the brackets.cantmu
25、stcouldmustcanshouldought to可兼做行为动词的情态动词：可兼做行为动词的情态动词：need 、 dare 情态动词 (+动词原形)行为动词 .needdare 1.1.无人称和数的变化无人称和数的变化; 2.2.尤其用于：尤其用于：* *否定句及疑问句中否定句及疑问句中; ;* *在在if/whether之后之后; ;* *或与或与hardly, never, no one, nobody连用连用; ; 3. 3.常以常以neednt 和和darent 的形式出现的形式出现; ;4.4.dare有其过去时有其过去时dared. . 多用于肯定句多用于肯定句; need
26、 to do dare to doneed to be done need doing 1.判断正误判断正误: How dare you say such a thing? How dare you to say such a thing?He darent to speak English before such a crowd, did he?He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he?Nobody need to be afraid of catching the disease.Nobody need be afraid o
27、f catching the disease.These dishes need be cleaned carefully.These dishes need to be cleaned carefully.These dishes need cleaning carefully. 表示否定的情态动词的用法表示否定的情态动词的用法: 部分情态动词的否定式是情态动词中的考部分情态动词的否定式是情态动词中的考点之一。点之一。mustnt 不准不准, 禁止禁止 neednt 没必要没必要 ( = dont have to )cant 不能不能; 不可能不可能may not 不可以不可以; 可能不可能
28、不shouldnt 不应该不应该 ( = ought not to ) 1. I take the book out? Im afraid not. A. Will B. May C. Must D. NeedChallenge yourself2. May I take this book out of the reading room? No, you . You read it here. A. mightnt B. wont C. neednt D. mustnt3. You _have a bicycle for your birthday. A. will B. may C. sh
29、all D. can4. You buy a gift, but you can if you want to. A. must B. mustnt C. have to D. dont have to 5. “You _ have a wrong number,” she said. “Theres no one of that name here.” A. need B. can C. must D. would 6.Im afraid Mr. Harding _see you now. Hes busy. A. cant B. mustnt C. shouldnt D .neednt7.
30、 His doctor told him not to smoke any more，but he _ listen.wouldnt翻译句子翻译句子()1.1.昨晚那间屋子着火了，但那家人都逃了出来昨晚那间屋子着火了，但那家人都逃了出来; ; 2.2.我不会告诉老师这件事我不会告诉老师这件事; ; 3.3.办公室不能抽烟办公室不能抽烟 ; ;4.4.灯还亮着，他肯定在书房读小说灯还亮着，他肯定在书房读小说; ;1.The house caught fire last night, but the family was all able to escape.4.The light is still on. He must be reading in the study.3.You mustnt smoke in the office.2.I wont tell the teacher about it .When you learn, teach.When you get, give.
