1、a physiologic process during which the products of conception (i.e, the fetus, membranes, umbilical cord, and placenta) are expelled outside of the uterus.妊娠及其以后的胎儿及附属物,从临产发动至从母体全部娩出的过程Premature delivery is labor that occurs between 2837 weeks of pregnancy . Birthing a baby before 37 weeks may requi
2、re a stay in the neonatal intensive care unit. A pregnancy that has reached 42 or more weeks is called a post-term or post-date pregnancy.A very small number of post-term pregnancies are linked to stillbirth and infant death. For safety reasons, most health professionals will plan to deliver a baby
3、by 42 weeks, inducing labor or cesarean section if necessary. 临产后主要产力,贯穿于整个产程特点: 对称性极性 缩复作用 .前后径前后径 (conjugate vera) 11cm 2. 横横 径径 (transverse diameter) 13cm 3. 斜斜 径径 (oblique diameters) 12.75cm (1) 骨盆入口平面骨盆入口平面 pelvic inlet planeInterspinous diameter:连接骨盆各平面中点的曲线 峡部伸展形成:非孕时1cm 临产后7-10cm physiologic
4、 retraction ring软产道下段形成向前弯的长筒阴道粘膜皱襞展平会阴体变薄:5cm 2-4mm阴道和骨盆底的结缔组织和肌纤维增生肥大,血管变粗是决定分娩难易的重要因素之一胎头颅骨: 颅缝矢状缝和囟门是确定胎 位的重要标志 产妇精神心理因素能够影响机体内部的平衡、适应力和健康 心率加快、呼吸急促、肺内气体交换不足,致使子宫缺氧、收缩乏力、宫口扩张缓慢,产程延长,产妇体力消耗过多 交感神经兴奋,释放儿茶酚胺,血压升高,导致胎儿缺血缺氧,出现胎儿窘迫 无痛分娩消除紧张、恐惧、焦虑情绪陪伴分娩 doula delivery Doula: the Greek term for female h
5、elper A doulas job is to soothe a womans fears and to help her through labor(mechanism of labor) During delivery the infantile head has to conform to the various pelvic sections. 是指胎儿先露部随着骨盆各平面的不同形态,被动地进行一连串适应性转动,以其最小径线通过产道的全过程。双顶径进入骨盆入口平面,胎头颅骨最低点接近或达到坐骨棘水平。 枕额径衔接枕额径衔接 胎头沿骨盆轴前进的动作 贯穿于分娩全过程 false lab
6、or lightening show:在分娩发动前24-48小时内,因宫颈内口附近的胎膜与该处的子宫壁分离,毛细血管破裂经阴道排出少量血液,与宫颈管内的粘液相混排出。 (total stage of labor): The first stage begins with regular uterine contractions and ends with complete cervical dilatation at 10 cm.从开始出现间歇5-6分钟的规律宫缩到宫口开全。初产妇的宫颈较紧,宫口扩张较慢,约需11-12小时;经产妇的宫颈较松,宫口扩张较快,约需6-8小时。 (一)、临床表现(
7、二)、观察及处理子宫收缩:触诊、监护(内、外监护) The frequency, duration, and intensity of uterine contractions should be assessed 胎心:听诊、胎心监护仪宫口扩张及先露下降:产程图 :第一产程分潜伏期和活跃期 :规律宫缩宫口开大3cm, 8h,16h称延长 :宫口开大3cm10cm,4h,8h称延长 加 速 期: 3cm4cm, 1h30min 最大加速期: 4cm9cm, 2h 减 速 期: 9cm10cm,30min以胎头颅骨最低点与坐骨棘平面关系标明。(二)、观察及处理胎膜破裂:宫口近开全时自然破裂,应立即听胎心,观察羊水性状、颜色和量肛查:宫颈软硬程度、厚薄,宫口扩张程度、是否破膜,骨盆腔大小,确定胎位以及胎头下降程度 阴道检查:直接摸清胎头,并能触清矢状缝及囟门确定胎位、宫口扩张程度,以决定其分娩方式 (二)、观察及处理BP:每46h测一次,宫缩时可轻微升高排尿与排便活动与休息精神安慰饮食:少量多餐,足够水分勤听胎心:5-10min指导产妇屏气接产准备:初产妇宫口开全、经产妇宫口扩张4cm且宫缩规律有力时,应将产妇送至产室作好接产准备工作 接产胎盘剥离娩出方式:新生儿处理新生儿处理: 清理呼吸道 Apgar评分 处理脐带 协助胎盘娩出检查胎盘、胎膜检查软产道预防产后出血,观察2小时