1、Section BGrammar and usage1. surrounding be surrounded by/with被环绕/包围surround vt.环绕，围绕；包围surrounding adj.周围的，附近的surroundings n.环境练习：Steve arrived and sat in the front row, _ (被他的家人团团围住).surrounded by his family2. harmony in harmony with. 与融洽/和睦live/work in harmony 和睦/融洽地生活/工作harmonious adj.(关系）友好和睦的，
2、和谐的练习：Deeply touched, Nancy felt extremely fortunate in living in such a _ (harmony) family.harmonious3. mannerin a(n)manner 以方式table manners餐桌礼仪have good/bad manners 有礼貌/没礼貌It is good/bad manners to do sth.做某事是礼貌/不礼貌的。练习：It is good manners for an Arab _ (stand) close to his friend when they are tal
3、king.to standWhat are the advantages and disadvantages of tourism?Advantages: Tourism allows service industries to grow consistently, thus giving jobs to the local population, and bringing more wealth to the surrounding community.Disadvantages: Tourist destinations may be at risk physically and cult
4、urally, with wildlife habitats suffering and the local culture receiving insufficient respect.These industries, in turn, give jobs to the local population, whose welfare depends on tourism.The prices of tourist essentials such as transport, accommodation and food usually increase too, which brings e
5、ven more wealth to the surrounding community.More nature-centred tourist attractions, where man and nature live in harmony, can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.As resources are used more rapidly than they can be sustained, wildlife habitats are likely to suffer, which
6、could endanger the local plants and animals.Local festivals and customs, which may have deep meaning in a particular culture, can simply become entertainment for tourists.非限制性定语从句往往是对先行词或整个主句进行附加说明，主从句的关系并不十分密切，如果省略非限制性定语从句，主句的意义仍然完整清楚。从句和主句之间往往用逗号隔开。关系词关系词所指所指所作成分所作成分关系代词关系代词who指人主语whom指人宾语（不能省略，不能
7、用who替代）which指代整个主句或主句的一部分 主语/宾语等whose指人或指物定语as指代整个主句或主句的一部分 主语/宾语等关系副词关系副词when时间名词时间状语where通常是地点名词地点状语非限制性定语从句的关系词Mr Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my father.张先生是我父亲的一位老朋友，昨天他来看我了。Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。Laura couldnt come to ou
8、r party, which was a pity.劳拉不能来参加我们的聚会，这真遗憾。Jack told me he would join the Poetry Club, which surprised me greatly.杰克告诉我他要加入诗歌俱乐部，这让我很吃惊。That evening, which I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.那天晚上我工作到很晚，稍后我会告诉你更多关于那天晚上的事。Mr Smith, whose daughter went to Tsinghua Universit
9、y last year, retired yesterday.史密斯先生昨天退休了，他女儿去年上了清华大学。Mr Brown has written a novel, whose name I completely remember.布朗先生写了部小说，我完全记得它的书名。More and more people in the world, as we see, have come to realize the significance of pollution control.正如我们所见，世界上越来越多的人已经意识到控制污染的重要性。The story in the book happen
10、ed in Canada, where Norman Bethune was born.书中的故事发生在加拿大，白求恩大夫就是在那里出生的。I left on Sunday, when everyone was at home.我星期日离开的，那天所有人都在家。注意：as引导非限制性定语从句时常用于以下结构：as we all know/as is known to all众所周知，as is often the case情况常常如此，as is hoped正如所希望的那样，as was expected/as we had expected正如所预料的那样，as has been said
11、above 如上所述。As is well known to all/As we all know, the famous American writer, Mark Twain, wrote many humorous stories.众所周知，著名的美国作家马克吐温写了很多幽默的故事。as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别关系代词关系代词意义意义从句位置从句位置as正如，就像可位于句首、句中或句末which这一点，这/那 一般位于主句之后与限制性定语从句的区别区别区别限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式形式不用逗号与主句隔开。如：I still rememb
12、er the teacher who taught us English. 我仍记得教我们英语的那个老师。用逗号与主句隔开。如：I still remember the English teacher, who taught us a lot.我仍记得那个英语老师，他/她教了我们很多。意义意义是先行词不可缺少的定语，如省略，主句意义将不完整。如：This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.这就是他昨天丢的那本书。只是对先行词或整个主句的附加说明，如省略，主句意义仍然完整、明确。如：The book, which he lost yesterd
13、ay,has been found.那本书已经找到了，是他昨天丢的。译法译法通常译成先行词的定语。如：He is the man who lives next to me.他就是住在我隔壁的那个人。通常译成与主句并列的分句。如：He is a generous man, who lives next to me.他是一个慷慨的人，住在我隔壁。关系词的使用关系词的使用1.作宾语时可省略2.可用that1.不可省略2.不可用that非限制性定语从句需要注意的问题（1）that不能引导非限制性定语从句。（2）非限制性定语从句常常位于句末，但也可位于句中，这时前后都需要用逗号隔开。Disneyland
14、, which consists of several theme areas, is a popular tourist destination.迪士尼乐园是颇受欢迎的旅游目的地，包括好几个主题园区。（3）“介词+关系代词”也可以引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不可用who/that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用that。In our class there are 46 students, of whom half wear glasses.我们班有46名学生，其中有一半戴眼镜。The colourless gas, without which we ca
15、nt live, is called oxygen.这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们无法生存。（4）“名词/代词/数词+介词of+关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句。Julie is good at German, French and Russian, all of which she speaks fluently.朱莉擅长德语、法语和俄语，所有这些语言她说得都很流利。Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week.她的两个儿子每周都给她打电话，他们都在国外工作。注意：“名词+介词of+关系代词”有时可以用
16、“whose+名词”或“of+关系代词+名词”替换。那幢楼房曾经被整修过，但在一场大火中，楼顶又被烧毁了。The building had been repaired, the roof of which was destroyed again in a big fire.The building had been repaired, of which the roof was destroyed again in a big fire.The building had been repaired, whose roof was destroyed again in a big fire.1.
17、 My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people. Some of them had never been abroad before.2. My favourite place to visit is a little village near Shanghai. My grandma was born there.My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people, some of whom had never been abroad before.My favourite place to
18、 visit is a little village near Shanghai, where my grandma was born.3. Dr Luo will give us a tour of Beijing. He is an expert in Chinese history.4. Id rather visit Europe in summer. The weather is at its best in summer.5. Im reading a guidebook to Rome. It is really fascinating and helpful.Dr Luo, who is an expert in Chinese history, will give us a tour of Beijing.Id rather visit Europe in summer, when the weather is at its best.Im reading a guidebook to Rome, which is really fascinating and helpful.cadb
