1、第二部分第二部分 语法专题语法专题专题四专题四 介词和介词短语介词和介词短语精讲常考知识精讲常考知识 考点五考点五 介词介词 的固定搭配的固定搭配考点一考点一 表示时间的介词表示时间的介词考点二考点二 表示空间的介词表示空间的介词考点三考点三 表示方式、手段或工具的介词表示方式、手段或工具的介词考点四考点四 表其他含义的介词及词组表其他含义的介词及词组介词用来表明名词、代词与句中其他词的关系。介词是虚词,不能重读,不能单独作句子成分,需要和它后面的词组合在一起共同充当句子成分。考点一 表时间的介词. . 基本用法基本用法at, in & on介词介词用法用法例词例词/ /句句at用于钟点、中午
2、、夜晚、拂晓、黄昏等词前面。at five oclock 5点时at noon 在中午at night 在晚上用在一些固定短语中。at the beginning of 在开始at the end of 在末尾at the same time 同时at the age of 在岁时介词介词用法用法例词例词/句句in用在表示世纪、年代、年份、季节、月份等的名词前;用在不特定的上午、下午、晚上或白天等词前。in the twentyfirst century 在21世纪in the 1880s 在19世纪80年代in 1983 in winter 在1983年冬天in March 在三月in th
3、e morning 在早上用在表示年龄段的数词前。in his fifties 在他50多岁时后面接一段时间,表示“在之后”,多用于将来时。We are going to Guangzhou in two days. 我们准备两天内去广州。介词介词用法用法例词例词/句句on强调具体的某一天如日期、星期。on May 10th 在5月10日on Monday 在星期一具体某一天的上午、中午或晚上。on the morning of August 8 在8月8日早上on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的早上用在节日前。on Teachers Day 在教师节since, for & fr
4、om介词介词用法用法例句例句since指从某时一直延续至今。后跟过去的时间点或一般过去时的句子,常与完成时连用。I have taught in No.12 middle school since I finished college in 1989. 我自从1989年大学毕业后就在第12中学任教。for指动作延续、贯穿整个过程,后接时间段,常与含延续性动词的完成时连用。I have had this book for a long time. 我持有这本书很长时间了。from说明开始的时间,谓语可用过去、现在、将来等时态。From now on, I will learn English i
5、n the evening. 从现在开始,我要在晚上学英语。介词介词用法用法例句例句by后跟时间点,意为“到之前为止,在之间”,常用于将来时和完成时中。如果by后跟的是过去的时间点,则与过去完成时连用。How many English words had you learned by last term? 你上学期学了多少英语单词?until / till后跟时间点,用在肯定句中,意为“直到为止”,其前的谓语动词需用延续性动词;用于否定句中,意为“直到才”,其前的谓语动词多用非延续性动词。He will wait for you until / till you comes. 他将一直等到你回
6、来。She didnt know me until / till last week. 她直到上周才认识我。by, until / till, during, after & before介词介词用法用法例句例句during后跟时间段,意为“在期间”,常与延续性动词连用,表示某个期间的动作。We will visit Qingdao during this summer vacation. 我们这个暑假要去青岛。afterafter后既可以跟时间段,也可以跟时间点,意为“在后”。后跟时间段时表示以过去为起点的某一段时间之后,常用于过去时;后跟时间点时,表示将来的某个时间之后。Mary got
7、back from the library after two hours. 玛丽两个小时以后从图书馆回来了。Sally will arrive in Guangzhou after 9:00. 莎莉将在9点到达广州。before 在之前。My mother always goes to work before 7:00. 我妈妈总是7点之前就去上班。. 易混词辨析易混词辨析between强调在两者之间;from . to . 意为“从到”,强调时间段。Tom does his homework between 7:00 and 9:00. 汤姆7点到9点之间做作业。(7点到9点之间的某个时间
8、段在做,不一定一直在做)Tom does his homework from 7:00 to 9:00. 汤姆从7点到9点做作业。(从7点到9点一直在做)【典例精析】1. Li Yuchun is my favorite singer. I once met her _ 2012 in Hunan. A. toB. onC. atD. in解析:此处2012表年份,年份前用介词in。2. The 2012 London Olympic Games will soon start _ the coming July.A. onB. inC. atD. To答案:D。 解析:the coming
9、July意为“即将到来的七月”。在月份前应用介词in。答案:B。解析:具体日期前用介词on。3. _ April 20th, 2013, a terrible earthquake happened in Yaan city, Sichuan. (2013娄底)A. InB. OnC. At答案:B。4. Well hold a party in celebration of the 90th birthday of the CPC (中国共产党) _ Friday. (2011莆田)A. inB. onC. at5. We can be thankful every day, not jus
10、t _ Thanksgiving Day. (2012黔西南)A. inB. onC. toD. by解析:星期前用介词on。答案:B。答案:B。解析:节日前用介词on。6. I usually get up _ 7:00 _ the morning. A. in; at B. at; inC. in; in D. at; on解析:强调某一个具体时间点时用介词at;泛指的上午、下午或晚上前用介词in。7. Lucy lived in Beijing from 2008 _ 2012. A. onB. toC. atD. of解析:能与from搭配组合成短语的是to;from . to .意为
11、“从到 ”。答案:B。答案:B。8. _ the time I got to the bus stop, the bus had already left. A. OnB. InC. ByD. With解析:句子的时态为过去完成时。by只有在后面跟时间点时才与完成时连用,by the time意为“到时候为止”,常与完成时连用。另外三个词一般不与完成时连用。9. A terrible earthquake hit Yaan. Sichuan Province _ the morning _ April 20. A. in; inB. at; onC. on; of答案:C。解析:指具体的某个上
12、午、下午或晚上用介词on;April 20与the morning是所属关系,应用of。 答案:C。10. Welcome to our hotel! I hope youll have a good time _ your stay here. A. afterB. duringC. withD. since 解析:after意为“在之后”,其后跟一段时间时,句子用一般过去时;during意为“在期间”,强调在某一特定的时间段做的动作;with不与表时间的短语连用;since 后跟时间点或从句。your stay here表示的是一段时间,并且句子用的是一般将来时。因此用during最合适。
13、答案:B。11. I had too much work to do last night, I didnt go to bed _ 11 oclock. A. inB. untilC. for 解析:由句意可知,“我”到十一点钟才睡觉。until用于否定句时,表示动作到某个时刻为止,即“直到才”。答案:B12. You dont want to visit any other mountain if you have seen wu yue, but you wont wish to see even wu yue _ returning from Mount Huangshan. A. a
14、boutB. beforeC. sinceD. after解析:about 大约;before在之前;since自从以来;after在之后。根据句意“五岳归来不看山,黄山归来不看岳”,用after最恰当。13. Im looking after Tom today. Hes been in my house _ 8:00 this morning. A. atB. forC. sinceD. till答案:D。解析:since后跟过去的时间点,表示一段时间,常与现在完成时连用。答案: C。考点二 表示空间的介词.基本用法基本用法at, on, in & to介词介词用法用法例词例词/句句at在
15、 ( 里 面 或 附近)。可用于小地点前;可用于地址、邮箱地址前;可用于表示“在前/后”;还可用于一些固定短语中。at the door 在门口at the table 在桌子旁at No.2, Beijing Road 在北京路2号at the back of 在后面on在上。可以用来表示“紧邻”;可用于路名前;用来表示“在左/右”;还可以用于一些固定短语中。Canada lies on the north of the U.S. 加拿大在美国北边。Li Ping is on my left. 李平在我左边。on Bridge Street 在大桥街介词介词用法用法例词例词/句句in在里。可
16、以用来表示“包含”;可以用来表示“在排/行/组”;可用于较大的地点前,如大城市、国家、洲等;还可以用于一些固定短语中。Beijing is in the north of China. 北京在中国的北部。We are in Team One. 我们是第一队的。My uncle lives in Guangzhou. 我叔叔住在广州。in the front of 在前面to向;朝;至;达。用来表示目的地或去的目的;常与动词原形构成动词不定式。Will you take a train to Tianjin? 你(将)坐火车去天津吗?【典例精析】1. There are four people
17、_ my family. A. onB. atC. inD. of 2. How can I get more information about the donation to Yaan? You can email Mr. Wang _ .A. onB. inC. atD. by解析:my family表示范围,用介词in表示在范围之内。答案:C。解析:邮箱地址前通常用介词at。 答案:C。3. Excuse me. Could you tell Tae the way to the Peoples Hospital? Walk along this street _ the end an
18、d youll find it on your left. A. inB. toC. byD. at解析:in在里面;to表示方向;by在旁边;at表示在某一时刻或小地方。此处为“走到路的尽头”,表示方向。答案:B。.同义词辨析同义词辨析over, above & on介词介词用法用法例句例句over在正上方。表示一种垂直悬空的上下关系。Is there any bridge over the river? 河上有桥吗?介词介词用法用法例句例句above高于。表示一物比另一物高,但不是垂直的上下关系,且两者不接触。A family photo is above his bed.他的床上挂着一张
19、家庭合影。on在上。表示一物放在另一物的上面,两者必须接触。Theres a book on the table. 桌子上有一本书。注意:1. in有时也可以用来表示“在上”,但区别于on。在树上in the tree指非树木本身的一部分的人或物在树上on the tree指树木本身的一部分(如叶子、果实等)在树上 在墙上in the wall 指镶嵌在墙内,如门窗、钉子等on the wall 指在墙的表面上,如地图、照片、画像等在报纸上in the newspaper 指报纸的内容on the newspaper 指放在报纸表面上的其他物品2. over表示“在正上方”的意思时,还有“覆盖
20、”的意思。under & below介词介词用法用法例句例句under在正下方,与over相对。My new bike is under the tree. 我的新自行车在树下。below在的下面,低于,与above相对。Please dont write below this line. 请不要在这条线下写。注意:表示“温度在度以上用above,表示“温度在度以下”用below。over, across & through介词介词用法用法例句例句over越过。强调从表面越过。The plane flew over the river. 飞机飞过河流。across穿过,横过。即“从一头到另一头
21、,从一边到另一边”,强调从表面穿过。She went across the street to make some purchases. 她穿过马路去购物。through穿过,纵穿。即“穿越”,强调从一定的空间内穿过”。The sunlight was coming in through the window. 阳光透过窗户照了进来。注意:over放在数词前时,意为“超过,大于,多于”。on, in & to介词介词用法用法例句例句in在。表示“在某范围内”,两者为包含关系。Guangdong is in the south of China. 广东在中国的南方。on在。表示“毗邻,接壤”,两
22、者为并列关系。Guangdong is on the east of Guangxi. 广东在广西东边。to在。表示“在某范围外”,两者为并列关系。South Korea is to the east of China. 韩国在中国东边(隔海相望)。between & among介词介词用法用法例句例句between在之间。用于两者之间,常与and连用。There are many trees and flowers between the two buildings. 两座建筑物之间有许多树和花。among在之间。用于三者或三者以上之间。Our teacher sits among my c
23、lassmates in the picture. 照片中,我们的老师坐在同学们中间。in front of & in the front of介词介词用法用法例句例句in front of在前面。强调在物体的外部的前方。Theres a young lady in front of the bus. 公共汽车的前面站着一位年轻女士。(在车外)in the front of在前面。强调在物体的内部的前部。Theres a young lady in the front of the bus. 公共汽车的前部站着一位年轻女士。(在车内)after & behind介词介词用法用法例句例句afte
24、r在之后。强调先后顺序。Please come into the room after me. 请跟着我进入房间。behind在后面。强调方向和位置的前后关系。The hospital is behind the post office. 医院在邮局的后面。【 典例精析】1. Ice is not often seen here in winter as the temperature normally stays _ zero. (2013无锡)A. upB. down C. above D. below答案:C。解析:表示“温度在度以上用above,表示“温度在度以下”用below。根据常
25、识可知,零度以上才见不到冰,故选above。2. Can I join Oxfam Trailwalker? Only if you are _ eighteen.A. overB. onC. under D. below解析:几个选项中,只有over可以和数词连用,表示“超过,大于”,over eighteen意为“超过18岁”。3. Sam likes trekking _ the jungle, because he thinks its exciting. A. overB. underC. acrossD. through解析:根据句意可知,Sam喜欢穿越丛林。across和thro
26、ugh 都有“穿过”的意思,但across指的是从物体表面穿过;而through指的是从立体空间内部穿过。故此处应用through。答案:A。答案:D。4. The workers will build a new railroad _ the two cities. A. sinceB. between C. asD. during解析:句中的the two cities表示的是“两个城市”,两者之间用介词between。5. Mrs. King put a coat _ the sleeping girl to keep her warm. A. overB. withC. behindD
27、. beside解析:根据句意可知,句子要表达“盖上一件外套”,几个介词中,只有over有“在上”的意思。答案:B。答案:A。考点三 表示方式、手段或工具的介词by, in & on (表交通方式)易混词易混词用法用法例句例句by与交通工具连用时,交通工具前不用任何限定词。Mr. White goes to work by car every day. 怀特先生每天开车上班。in与交通工具连用时,交通工具前用限定词。Whos the man in the car? 汽车里的那个人是谁?I often go to school on my fathers car. 我经常坐我爸爸的汽车去上学。o
28、nby, in & with (表手段或工具)易混词易混词用法用法例句例句by表示用某种方式或手段时,名词前不加冠词;若后接动词,需将动词变为动名词形式。Mr. White goes to work by car every day. 怀特先生每天开车上班。in表示使用某种语言或材料,名词前不加冠词。Can you tell a story in English? 你能用英语讲个故事吗?with后跟具体的工具。You can write it down with my pen. 你可以用我的钢笔写。【典例精析】You can improve your English _ practicing
29、more. A. byB. withC. ofD. in解析:由句意可知,多练习是提高英语的方式,by表示方式。答案:A。考点四 表其他含义的介词及词组介词介词意义意义as作为about关于besides除之外(还)because of因为except除之外for为了of的(表所属关系)instead of代替;而不是with和;关于;带有;戴眼镜、假发等without没有【 典例精析】1. Whos that man _ sunglasses? Hes Jack Ding. Ive just got an autograph from him. A. on B. for C. of D. w
30、ith解析:表示“戴眼镜、假发等”用介词with。答案:D。2. We are planning to have a surprise party _ her fifteenth birthday. A. at B. in C. for D. with解析:根据句意可知,聚会是为了她的15岁生日而办的,只有for有“为了”的意思。 答案:C。3. Students shouldnt go to school _ breakfast. Its bad for their health. A. with B. without C. for D. by解析:根据第二句的句意“对身体有害”可知,设空处
31、要表达的意思是“没有”。只有without最合适。答案:B。4. _ her husband, she has now become a famous film star. A. Because B. Thanks toC. Thanks for D. With the help答案:B。解析:根据句意“幸亏/因为/由于她的丈夫,她现在才成了著名影星。”可以排除C和D两个选项,而because后面需要跟从句,也被排除,所以选thanks to(由于;幸亏)最恰当。考点五 介词的固定搭配. 介词与名词的常见搭配介词与名词的常见搭配after school 放学后at first 首先at lea
32、st 至少at home 在家at work 在上班at school 在上学at last 最后at times 有时at the age of 在岁时at once 立刻,马上at the moment 在那时at the same time 同时at this time 此时at the foot of 在脚下at the end of 在末端,在终点by accident 偶然by the lake 在湖边by the way 顺便问(说)一下by the end of 在末尾by car / bus / taxi / plane / train 乘坐汽车/公共汽车/出租车/飞机/火车
33、by bike 骑自行车for some reason 由于原因in common 共同的in the end 最后in class 在课堂上in time 及时in the daytime 在白天in danger 处在危险中in style 时髦的in fact 事实上in general 一般来说on duty 值日,值班on foot 步行on show 展出,展览on time 按时on the phone 打电话on the weekends / weekdays 在周末/工作日on the left / right (side) 在左边/右边out of style 过时的tha
34、nks to多亏了thanks for为而感谢the key / answer to 的答案【典例精析】1. Do you know Mo Yan? Of course, He won the 2012 Nobel Prize four Literature _ the age of 57.A. inB. atC. onD. to解析:at (the) age of为固定短语,意为“在岁时”。2. Did you go to the exhibition on May 18th? Of course. There were many kinds of Taiwan fruits _. A. o
35、n showB. on dutyC. on business答案:B。解析:on show展出;on duty值班;on business出差。根据句意“有许多种台湾水果在展出”可知,选on show最恰当。 答案:A。3. Dont ask him to study too late into the night. _, he is only a small child. As a result B. After allC. Best of all D. For example解析:as a result 结果;after all毕竟;best of all最好的;for example例如
36、。第二句话的两个分句之间为让步关系,因此用after all。4 . Maybe you should call him up. But I dont want to talk with him _ the phone. A. onB. atC. inD. with答案:B。解析:on the phone是固定搭配,意为“通过电话”。答案:A。. 动词与介词的常见搭配动词与介词的常见搭配agree with 同意ask for 向要arrive at / in 到达be made in 在某地制造be / come from 来自borrow from 从借care for 照顾get on
37、/ off 上/下车compare . with 与比较complain about 抱怨dance to 随着跳舞depend on 依靠,依赖do business 经商get ready for 为准备get on well with 与相处得好hear of / about 听说hear from 收到的来信help with 帮助做laugh at 嘲笑lend to 借给look forward to 盼望learn from 向学习look like 看起来像look after 照顾talk with 和交谈make of 由制成(能看出原材料)make from 由制成(看不
38、出原材料)provide with 提供给run out of 用完remind . of 使想起suffer from 忍受的痛苦succeed in doing 成功做某事take care of 照顾think about 考虑think of 认为,想到,考虑talk about 讨论talk to 对说take pride in 以而自豪turn on / off 打开/关掉worry about 担心write to 写信给【典例精析】1. The charity provides homeless people _ food and clothes. A. withB. forC
39、. as解析:provide sb. with sth.为固定搭配,意为“为某人提供/供给某物”。2. Catherine got married _ a policeman twenty years ago.A. withB. forC. to解析:get married to sb.为固定短语,意为“嫁给某人;跟某人结婚”。答案:A。答案:C。3. Id like a cup of black coffee. What about you, Maggie? I prefer coffee _ sugar. A. thanB. forC. withD. to解析:prefer . to .为
40、固定短语,意为“和相比,更喜欢”,但答话者并非想说自己更喜欢糖,而是说自己喜欢加糖的咖啡,表示“有,伴随”用with最恰当。4. They arrived _ Shanghai _ a cold morning. A. in; inB. in; onC. at; onD. at; in解析:arrive in和arrive at都可表示“到达”。到达大的地方用arrive in,到达小的地方用arrive at。表示“在具体的某天或某个特定的上午、下午或晚上”时,要用介词on。答案:C。答案:B。5. Mr. Wang is strongly _ keeping animals in the
41、zoo, because he thinks animals should also enjoy freedom. A. upB. forC. againstD. down解析:be up向上;be for赞成;be against反对;down向下。由后半句话的句意可知,王先生“反对”把动物放在动物园里。6. Ann often helps me _ maths after school. A. forB. withC. onD. by解析:help sb. with sth.为固定搭配,意为“帮助某人做某事”。答案:C。答案:B。7. John often asks his teacher
42、 _ help.A. toB. withC. forD. on解析:“ask sb. . for .”为固定搭配,意为“向某人要”。8. Mary, does your brother get _ work by bus? No, he rides a bike. Sometimes he walks. A. inB. onC. toD. for解析:get to为固定搭配,意为“到达”。9. Sandy is a real book lover and she often brings home many books to read _ the library. A. inB. forC.
43、byD. from解析:固定短语bring . from .意为“从带到”。答案:C。答案:C。答案:D。. 介词与形容词的常见搭配介词与形容词的常见搭配be angry with 生的气be afraid of 害怕be absent from 缺席,不在be bad for 对有害be good for 对有好处be good to 对有好处be good at 擅长be friendly with 对友好be famous as 作为而出名be famous for 以著名be interested in 对感兴趣be filled with 被充满be full of 充满be kin
44、d to 对亲切be late for 迟到be mad at 生的气be pleased with 对满意be proud of 对感到骄傲be popular with 受某人欢迎be polite to 对有礼貌be strict with 对要求严格be sure of 确信,肯定different from 不同于the same as 和一样【典例精析】1. If you read a lot, your life will be full _ pleasure. A. byB. ofC. forD. with 解析:be full of 为固定短语,意为“充满”,等同于be fi
45、lled with。 答案:B。2. Not only the young but also the old are getting interested _ WeChat (微信). They can communicate more freely. A. byB. aboutC. inD. for 解析:be / get interested in为固定短语,意为“对感兴趣”。3. Sanya is famous _ its beautiful beaches. A. ofB. forC. as解析:be famous for为固定短语,意为“以著名”,介词宾语是主语的特点或一部分;be
46、famous as意为“作为而出名”,主语和介词后面的内容指的是同一人或物。根据句意“三亚因其美丽的海滩而著名。”可知,此处用be famous for更恰当。答案:C。答案:B。4. Whats your teacher like? She is always strict _ us. A. inB. withC. to解析:be strict with sb.表示“对某人要求严格”;be strict in sth.表示“对某事要求严格”。由空后的us可知其前的介词应用with。5. The chemicals in the vegetables and fruit are bad _ our health. A. fromB. withC .ofD. for解析:be bad for为固定搭配,意为“对有害处”。答案:B。答案:D。49写在最后写在最后成功的基础在于好的学习习惯成功的基础在于好的学习习惯The foundation of success lies in good habits 结束语当你尽了自己的最大努力时,失败也是伟大的,所以不要放弃,坚持就是正确的。When You Do Your Best, Failure Is Great, So DonT Give Up, Stick To The End演讲人:XXXXXX 时 间:XX年XX月XX日