1、虚拟语气虚拟语气-非真实条件从句谓语动词主句谓语动词例句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+助动词的过去式（were, did, had）主语 + should / would / could / might + 动词原形If I had time, I would attend the meeting.If I were you, I should seize the opportunity to go abroad.与过去事实相反的假设If +主语+had+过去分词主语 + should / would / could / might + have + 过去分词If you had taken
2、 my advice, you would not have failed in the exam.与将来事实相反的假设 If+主语+动词过去式 If+主语+were to+动词原形 If+主语+ should + 动词原形(注意不能是would)主语 + should / would / could / might + 动词原形If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.If it were to rain tomorrow, we would put off the sports meeting.If he should not come
3、 tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.练习题：1. If I _(have) a large amount of money, I would use it to help those in trouble. (所给词的适当形式填空）2. If the doctor had been available, the child _. (die) (所给单词适当形式填空)3. Without electricity, human life _ (be) quite different today. (所给单词适当形式填空
4、)4. If I had hurried, I _ (catch) the train. (所给单词适当形式填空)5. It _ (be) very nice if it were possible. (所给单词适当形式填空)6. We _ (lose) our lives if it had not been for the policeman. (所给单词适当形式填空)7. If he _ (approve) of my plan, the task would have been accomplished. (所给词的适当形式填空)8. If he had been taken good
5、 care of, he wouldnt _ (fall) ill. (用所给单词适当形式填空)9. If I _ (be) you, I would buy that house. (用所给单词适当形式填空)10. Peter works in a car factory now. If he _(study) hard in high school, he would be studying at college now. (所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】1. had 2. would not have died 3. would be 4. would have caught 5. wo
6、uld be 6. would have lost 7. had approved 8. have fallen 9. were 10. had studied 【解析】1. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我有很多钱，我会用它帮助那些有困难的人。根据主句中would use可知，这是对现在的虚拟，所以if从句中使用动词的过去式或者were，故填had。2. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果有医生的话，这个孩子就不会死了。根据语境和if引导的条件状语从句中的had been可知，此处使用了虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟，主句谓语动词使用would have done这种形式，此处使用否定形式。故填woul
7、d not have died。3. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果没有电，今天人类的生活将大不相同。Without electricity是虚拟语气中的含蓄条件句，根据时间状语today可知，与“现在”事实相反，主句谓语应用“情态动词（should/would/could/might）+动词原形”。此处表示普通的“将要”，并无“建议、命令、能力、可能性很小”之意，所以情态动词选用would。故填would be。4. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我快点的话，我就会赶上火车了。If从句中谓语“had hurried”是过去完成时形式，表示是对过去事情的假设，所以主句谓语应用“would/could/sh
8、ould/might + have + 过去分词”，根据句意，句子不表示“建议、能力和可能性小”的含义，故情态动词选用would，故填would have caught。5. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果可能的话，那就太好了。分析句子可知，此处为if引导的虚拟条件状语从句；由were可知，此处表达与现在事实相反，其主句谓语部分为“would/should/could/might+ 动词原形”；结合句意可知，主句不表示“建议、能力和很小的可能性”，所以情态动词应选用would。故填would be。6. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果没有那个警察，我们就没命了。根据if从句中的谓语形式“had not b
9、een for”可知是对过去情况的假设，主句谓语应用“would/could/should/might+have+过去分词”，根据句意，主句不表示“建议、能力和很小的可能性”，所以情态动词应选用would，故填would have lost。7. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他同意了我的计划，任务早就完成了。由主句谓语“would have been accomplished”可知，本句是虚拟条件句，从句与过去事实相反，故用过去完成时。故填had approved。8. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他得到很好的照顾，他就不会生病了。若要表示与事实相反的假设，if引出的条件从句以及相应的主句则用虚拟语气
10、，结合上文“If he had been taken good care of”，可知是与过去事实相反：主句用would+have+过去分词，从句用过去完成时。故填have fallen。9. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我是你的话，我会买那栋房子。与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时，be动词用were，主句用would /could/should/might+动词原形。根据句意，故填were。10. 考查虚拟语气。句意：Peter现在在一家汽车厂工作，如果他高中时努力学习了，他现在就正念大学。分析句子可知，设空处是条件状语从句的谓语动词；再结合语境可知，此处是假设的情况，应用虚拟语气，由
11、in high school可知是陈述与过去事实相反的情况，应用过去完成时。故填had studied。if省略句在条件句中可以省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首，变成倒装句式。如：If I were at school again, I would study harder.Were I at school again, I would study harder.如果我还有上学的机会，我会更加努力学习。If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus.Had you come earlier, you would catc
12、h the bus.如果你来得早点，你就能赶上公共汽车。If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.如果明天下雨的话，我们就不能登山去了。练习题：1. _fired, your health care and other benefits would not be immediately cut off.A. Would you beB. Should you beC. Could you beD. Might you be2. _h
13、im not to do so, he wouldnt have made such a serious mistake.A. Did I persuadeB. If I persuadeC. If I should persuadeD. Had I persuaded3. Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths _ since their highest in 2005.A. had not fallenB. would not fallC. did not fallD. woul
14、d not have fallen4. _ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.A. It wereB. Were itC. It wasD. Was it5. She said she would have sent a car for me _ that I was arriving today.A. if it didnt slip her mindB. if it werent to slip her mindC. had it not slipped he
15、r mindD. shouldnt it slipped her mind6. _ then what I know now, I would have made different decisions.A. Should I knowB. I knewC. I did knowD. Had I known7. _ the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.A. If it is notB. Were it not forC. Had it not been forD. If it had not been8.
16、-Its a complete pity that you missed the wonderful lecture.-Terribly sorry! _my former colleague not come to me unexpectedly.A. ShouldB. WouldC. HadD. Did9. Punishments would be severe, ranging from a few years in prison to the death penalty _ a person be caught carrying drugs.A. shouldB. wouldC. co
17、uldD. might10. I _ sooner, but I didnt know he was waiting for me.A. would comeB. had comeC. would have comeD. was coming【答案】1. B 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. C【解析】1. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果你被解雇，你的医疗和其他福利不会立即被中断。结合选项，分析句子结构可知，这是一个与将来事实相反的虚拟语气句型。主句用would (not)+动词原形（be），从句应用“主语+should+动词原形”，如从句省略i
18、f则要用倒装语序，即should提到主语you之前。故选B项。2. 考查虚拟条件句的省略倒装。句意：如果我说服他不这样做，他就不会犯这么严重的错误了。由主句中的wouldnt have made可知本句是对过去事实的假设，条件句中的谓语动词应用“had+过去分词”，又因在if引导的虚拟条件句中，当从句谓语动词含有had, should, were时，可将if省略，而将had, should, were置于句首，故答案为D。3. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果政府和科学家不共同努力，与艾滋病相关的死亡就不会从2005年的最高点下降。根据句意可知，使用虚拟语气表示与过去相反的事实，if条件句用had d
19、one，省略if，将had提前，主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟，故选D。4. 考查虚拟语气的省略。句意：要不是老师们的支持，该生是无法克服她自己的困难的。根据句意可知，表示与过去相反的虚拟语气，虚拟语气中，be动词统一用were；虚拟语气的省略形式主要是把if省略，同时把were/should/had提前，即Were/Should/Had+主语.，故选B。5. 考查虚拟语气。句意：她说如果她没有忘记我今天到的话，她会派车来接我的。分析句子成分可知，she would have sent a car for me _ that I was arriving today为
20、宾语从句，该宾语从句中用虚拟语气，根据句意，该句与过去事实相反，从句_ that I was arriving today中应用过去完成时，该空处可填“if it hadnt slipped her mind”。再有，虚拟条件从句中的谓语动词如果是had，should，were的话，可以省略连词if，且用倒装，故该句还可表述为had it not slipped her mind，选项C符合题意，故选C。6. 考查If条件句中的虚拟语气和倒装。句意：如果我之前知道我现在知道的事情，我可能会做出不同的决定。分析句意可知，这是If引导的条件句，从句“_ then what I know now”表
21、达的是“如果我之前知道我现在知道的事情”，这是对过去的一种假设，从句谓语动词需用过去完成时had known。分析句子可知，If在句中被省略，if引导的条件句中，如果if被省略，从句需进行部分倒装，将助动词had提前。故选D。【点睛】If条件句是高中语法的常考知识点，主要考核虚拟语气和倒装。学生在遇到If条件句的题型，首先需要判断主从句是否表达的是一种虚拟假设。如果确定了是虚拟语气，需要再分析是对过去，现在还是将来的虚拟假设，从而对主从句谓语动词时态进行变化。此外，还要特别留意If条件句中if是否被省略，如果if被省略，从句需进行部分倒装。本题中If引导的从句“_ then what I kn
22、ow now”表达的是“如果我之前知道我现在知道的事情”，这是对过去的一种假设，从句谓语动词需用过去完成时had known。另外，本题中的If在句中被省略，从句需进行部分倒装，将助动词had提前。故选D。7. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果不是因为免费的电影票，我就不会看电影看得那么勤。根据“I would not have gone to the films so often.”可知，这里在对过去进行虚拟，要用非真实条件句的虚拟语气，此时条件从句中谓语动词用had done。而当非真实条件句中有had时，可以省略if，把had提至主语前形成部分倒装结构。故选C项。【点睛】非真实条件句的虚拟语气是
23、虚拟语气的考查中很重要的一部分。非真实条件句表示条件从句假设的动作客观上未发生，只是主观虚拟在这个动作发生的情况下主句动作的反馈。非真实条件句的虚拟语气可分为对现在的虚拟、对过去的虚拟和对将来的虚拟，每一种情况下条件从句的谓语动词和主句的谓语动词形式都是有相应要求的。而当非真实条件句中有should、had或were时，可以省略if，而把should、had、或were提至主语前，从句形成部分倒装结构。本题正好符合这种情况，首先根据分析出的非真实条件从句可以写出一般形式“If it had not been for the free ticket”，再省略if、提前had作部分倒装，即可得出正
24、确答案。8. 考查虚拟倒装。句意：你错过了那场精彩的演讲，真是太遗憾了！非常抱歉，要是我以前的同事没有突然来找我就好了。根据句意可知，此处是对过去的虚拟，从句用过去完成时，谓语动词是had，if可以省略，但是要用倒装语序。故选C。9. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果发现有人携带毒品，将会受到严厉的惩罚，从几年的监禁到死刑不等。因为与将来事实相反，所以从句用if+主语+should+do。此处为省略if的虚拟语气的倒装，从句should a person be caught carrying drugs=if a person should be caught carrying drugs。故选A。【
25、点睛】虚拟语气的倒装：当虚拟条件句中含有were，had，should，could等动词时，可以将if省略，然后将were，had，should，could等词移至句首。本题分析为考查虚拟语气后，先判断与将来事实相反，且主句在前，从句在后。从句为省略if的虚拟语气的倒装，从句“should a person be caught carrying drugs=if a person should be caught carrying drugs”，从而选出正确的答案。10. 考查虚拟语气。句意：我本来可以早一点来，但我真不知道他正在等我。由“but I didnt know he was wai
26、ting for me.”可知，“我”事实上并没有早点来，因此可推知第一句应该是一个虚拟语气的句子。因为讲述的是过去的事情，所以句子应借助于“would+have+过去分词”的形式。本句可以理解为：I would have come sooner if I had known that he was waiting for me.故选C。含蓄条件句有时在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件句。如：I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting. (副词)He
27、telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. (连词)A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. (定语从句)I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. (连词)Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly.
28、(独立主格结构)练习题：1. My brother lent me the money, _ I couldnt have afforded the tripA. FurthermoreB. OtherwiseC. MoreoverD. Nevertheless2. Which of the following is wrong?A. But for his help, I wouldnt have done such a wonderful job in English.B. His house, all the windows of which face south, enjoys gre
29、at sunshine.C. Not until the result turned out to be so serious that he realized his fault.D. It is at this moment that he made the most important decision in his life.3. Many things we benefit from now wouldnt be around _ Albert Einstein.A. aside fromB. thanks toC. but forD. regardless of4. Without
30、 coconuts, most of the tropical islands in the South Pacific _ uninhabitable for both animals and people.A. must have remainedB. may have remainedC. need have remainedD. would have remained5. But for his determination to stick it out, he _ it as a top-ranked player in tennis.A. shouldnt have madeB.
31、could makeC. wouldnt have madeD. wouldnt make6. How marvelous our life is with so many digital devices!Yes. I bet our life _ the same without them.A. isntB. cant beC. wont beD. wouldnt be7. Your little brother is watering the flowers! Why?Well, Im not feeling very well todayotherwise I _ it myself.A
32、. didB. would be doingC. had doneD. would have done8. But for your timely warning, we _ into great trouble. You know were friends.A. would get B. must have gotC. would have gotD. have got9. Bob _ his fortune; otherwise, he _ from stress to pay back the loan.A. must have made; wouldnt have sufferedB.
33、 couldnt have made; would have sufferedC. must have made; would have sufferedD. couldnt have made; wouldnt suffer10. Tom had his hands full yesterday, otherwise he _ your graduation ceremony.A. will attendB. had been attendedC. would attendD. would have attended【答案】1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. B
34、 8. C 9. C 10. D【解析】1. 本题考查副词辨析。句意：我哥借钱给我了，否则我不可能有能力支付这旅行的费用。A.furthermore还有；B.otherwise否则；C.moreover还有；D.nevertheless然而。根据句意可知，这里含有对过去情况假设的虚拟语气，用otherwise相当于“if my brother hadnt lent me the money（要是我哥没有借钱给我）”。故选B。2. 考查倒装句。A项考查虚拟语气。but for his help是含蓄条件句，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，主句用would have done，故A项正确；B项是定语
35、从句。which指代house，从句中作介词of的宾语，指物，用关系代词which，故B项正确；D项是强调句型，去掉it isthat，句子“at this moment he made the most important decision in his life.”是完整的句子，故D项正确。C项“Not until the result turned out to be so serious”置句首，主句用倒装句，that改为助动词did，故C项错误。故选C。3. 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果没有爱因斯坦，现在我们从中获益的很多东西都不会存在。A. aside from除之外；B. thank
36、s to由于；C. but for如果没有；D. regardless of不管，不顾。分析句子可知，本句与现在事实相反的含蓄虚拟语气，用“如果没有”符合语境和语法，故选C项。4. 考查含蓄条件句。句意：如果没有椰子的话，大多数南太平洋的热带岛屿对于人和动物而言都将会不适宜居住。本处考查含蓄条件句，这里从句可以用另外一种形式“If there were no coconuts”，表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句结构：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他。故选D。5. 考查虚拟语气。句意：要不是他坚持到底的决心，他就不会成为一流的网球选手。but for表
37、示“要不是、倘若没有”，需要用虚拟语气，属于隐含虚拟条件句，根据“his determination to stick it out”可知此处表示对过去情况的虚拟，主句谓语用would(not)+have done，故C项正确。6. 考查虚拟语气。句意：有这么多数码设备，我们的生活真是太奇妙了。是的。我打赌如果没有它们，我们的生活就不一样了。由without判断此处是含蓄虚拟语气，且与现在的事实相反，故用would+do/be，故选D项。7. 考查虚拟语气。句意：你的小弟弟正在浇花！为什么？嗯，我今天感觉不太好，否则我就自己做了。此处otherwise“否则，要不然的话”，与现在的事实相反，o
38、therwise后面的句子相当于if非真实条件句的主句，应该用would+动词原形，且强调动作的进行，用过去将来进行时态，故选B。8. 考查虚拟语气。句意：要不是你及时的警告，我们会遇到很大的麻烦。你知道我们是朋友。分析句子可知，but for表示暗含的某种的条件，是含蓄条件句，主句要用虚拟语气，本句为对过去的虚拟，应用would have done，故选C。9. 考查情态动词和虚拟语气。句意：鲍勃一定发了财，否则，他会承受偿还贷款的压力。otherwise前是对过去事情的推测，must + have + done表示对已发生事情的肯定推测，意为一定做过某事，一定已经做过某事，想必已经做过某事
39、，该结构只用于肯定的陈述句中。otherwise意为否则，要不然，根据其后的句意，是不真实的，句子要用虚拟语气，且是与过去的事实相反的虚拟语气，要用should/would/might/could+ have done，故选C。10. 考查虚拟语气。句意：汤姆昨天一天都很忙，否则他就去参加你的毕业典礼了。without, otherwise, but for引导的短语或句子有时相当于一个虚拟条件句。假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是暗含在上下文中，通过介词短语来表示。使用到这些词组的句子中，虚拟语气的用法一般是：对现在的虚拟：would+do；对过去的虚拟：would(not)+have
40、done。根据句意，这句话是对昨天的情况的虚拟，故选D。 巩固训练单词默背1. He had not _ (预见，预知) this, so he made further investigations.2. John Snow _ (怀疑) that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.3. England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided _ (粗略地) into three zones.4. This is si
41、milar to the “jet lag” you get from flying, but it seems you keep getting flashback from your _ (早先的，在前的) time period.5. At first my new surroundings were difficult to _ (容忍，忍受).6. The _ (大多数) of people interviewed prefer TV to radio.7. The clock has just _ (敲响) three.8. All goods produced by this f
42、actory satisfy the customers _ (要求).9. A balanced diet is _ (有益的) to our health.10. He was sent to work on a lonely island as a _ (惩罚).阅读理解Two years ago this month, a 19-year-old American shot and killed 17 people at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida. Fourteen of the victims
43、were students; the other three were teachers. The gunman was a former student at the high school.On this anniversary, as with other anniversaries of school shootings, Americans continue debating how to make sure students are safe in schools.To increase preparedness for such an event, many schools no
44、w hold shooter drills for students and their teachers. A report released by Everytown for Gun Safety, a non-profit organization, notes the possible harmful effects of such exercises. It urges school administrators to look for better ways to make schools safe and to prepare children for an active sho
45、oter.One problem with the way schools carry out shooter drills is how much they frighten students. When a school fails to inform parents and students about plans for a drill, the children may think that the attack is real. In some communities, the report says, schools deploy individuals who are told
46、 to act like “masked gunmen”. Students as young as three or four years old may be told to stay quiet in a small space for a long period of time. Experts on mental health say these experiences can have both short- and long-term effects on how well the children behave in school, as well as on their ph
47、ysical and mental health.Melissa Reeves, former president of the National Association of School Psychologists, said the drills may “trigger either past trauma or trigger such a similar reaction that it actually ends up scaring the individuals instead of better preparing them to respond in these kinds of situations.”In 2007, one study found it better to prepare students for an “intruder”
