1、代词：代词：用于指人以外的一切生物，无生命的东西和事情用于指人以外的一切生物，无生命的东西和事情日期，距离，价值，度量，温度，环境等日期，距离，价值，度量，温度，环境等 it 用作非人称代词，指代日期、时间、季节、天气、温度、距离、重量、环境、情况等， 常不翻译出来uIts quite hot here in summer, isnt it ? uIts early midnight now . Wed better go to bed. uIts about an hours drive from here to Nanchang.uIt was noisy last night. u Do
2、 you like it here？(2004年高考全国卷) Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.(天气)(时间) (距离)（情况）(环境等)指代性别不详的婴幼儿他她是谁？Who is it?指代说话者心目中不太清楚的那个人-Who is knocking at the door?-Its may be Tom.The baby is crying. It might be hungry.u“Who is it over there?” “It must be headmaster.” “N
3、o, it cant be him, for he has gone to Paris.” I.人称代词a.用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物，以避免重复:Throw wasted paper in the dustbin. Its just beside you.b.还可以指代前面整件事情：This spade is made of iron. It is known to all.2.指示代词(在回答含有指示代词thisthat的问句时，常用it指代)-Who is that?- It is Lucy.Whats that on the right? I guess it might be
4、 a watermelon.u“Hello! Who is that (speaking)?” “This is john/I (speaking). 此处不能用it代this it 指代上文提到的表特指的单数可数名词或不可数名词，即“同类又同物”; one表示“同类不同物”, 只能代替可数名词单数，相当于a/an+可数名词单数；还可以指众多中的一个（注意它在定语从句中的指代）(复数n用ones指代)that 表示“同类不同物”，（只在平级结构或比较级结构或表对比结构中指代前文出现的表特指的可数名词单数或不可数名词。（复数名词用those指代)uI had a good pen, but I
5、lost it yesterday. Ill buy one tomorrow.注 1: it, one, that 区别1.The Parkers bought a new house but _ will need a lot of work before they can move in. A. they B. it C. one D. which2. Weve been looking at houses but havent found _ we like yet. A. one B. ones C. it D. them3. Im moving to the countryside
6、 because the air there is much fresher than _ in the city. A. ones B. one C. that D. those易误辨析易误辨析: :it / one / thatBACthe house that the Parkers boughta housethe airExercises:1.-would you like to buy a bicycle of this kind? -Yes, Id like to have_.A. it B.that C.one D.this2.The color of my coat is d
7、ifferent from_of yours.A. it B. one C. that D. this3.The machines we use today are much better than _we use ten years ago.A. it B.that C.one D.those4.These shoes are too tight, do you have large_?A. it B.that C.ones D.one定语从句1. Is this the factory _ her mother worked last year?A. the one B. that C.
8、where D. which2. Is this factory _ her mother worked in last year?A. the one B. that C. where D. which3. _clean the blackboard is to be praised.A. Anyone who B. The boy C. The one D. the ones1. Sb + think + it + necessary + ( for sb. ) to do sth. +连词连词+clause The chairman thought _ necessary to invi
9、te Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.(05全国)A. that B. it C. this D. himSentence patterns:B形式宾语形式宾语makebelievefeelfindconsiderhardpossibleimportanduselessworthworthwhileTranslation:我们认为你什么时候出发并不重要。He made it quite clear that he wont change his mindWe consider it unimportant when you set out. 2.
10、 S+ V + it + ones duty + ( for sb. ) to do sth. +连词连词+ clause3. S + V + it + no +n n+ doing sth. ( need 除外）形式宾语形式宾语I think it his duty to clean the blackboard.Sentence patterns:an honour, a pity, a shame, a good idea-no usegoodpointharm-1. 作为医生，我们觉得救死扶伤是我们的职责。2. 他们相信适当锻炼身体毫无坏处。TraanslationAs doctors
11、, we feel it our duty to save the dying and treat the wound. They believe it no harm doing the exercsie appropriately.I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(04全国)A. this B. that C. it D. one点拨点拨: :这是这是it it作形式宾语的一种特殊用法作形式宾语的一种特殊用法. .少数动词少数动词( (如如like, love,enjoy, dislike, hate,
12、 dont mind, like, love,enjoy, dislike, hate, dont mind, appreciate, feellikeappreciate, feellike等等) )或包含介词的动词短语或包含介词的动词短语( (如如see to, depend on,be fond ofsee to, depend on,be fond of等等) )后接宾语从句后接宾语从句, ,必必须先由须先由it it担任形式宾语担任形式宾语, ,再接从句再接从句. .1.I like (enjoy, hate) it when.2.I would appreciate it if3.
13、see to (depend on) it thatSentence patterns:C形式宾语形式宾语点拨点拨:这这也也是是it作形式宾语的一种特殊用法作形式宾语的一种特殊用法.少数动词少数动词短语中包含短语中包含it作作形式宾语形式宾语,其结构为：其结构为： sb owe it to sb+ 连词连词 + clause 把把归功于归功于 bring it to sb+ 连词连词 + clause 把把带给某人带给某人 leave it to sb to do+ 连词连词 + clause 把把留给某人去做留给某人去做 take it for granted + 连词连词 + clause
14、 某人想当然某人想当然 keep it in mind + 连词连词 + clause 牢记牢记形式宾语形式宾语She took _ for granted that he was liked by all the people. A. this B. that C. it D. one CSentence patternsYou can leave the chores to me if you are busy. Please keep it in mind that you are a chinese man.She owed it to me that she is getting b
15、etter and better.Sentence patterns:Sentence patterns:形式宾语形式宾语sb think it adj for sb to do+连词连词+clausesb think it n for sb to do+连词连词+clausesb think it no n(usegood-) doing (except need)sb appreciate it +连词连词+ clausesb leave it to sb to do+连词连词+从句从句sb owe it to sb +连词连词+ clausesb bring it to sb +连词连词
16、+ clausesb take it for granted+连词连词+ clausesb keep it in mind +连词连词+ clauseIt 常可代替不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在句中作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句子后面。为方便记忆，我们可将it 作形式宾语的句型称为6123结构。6. 指主句中常用的动词：think， believe， make， find, consider， feel；1. 指的是形式宾语it；2. 指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词； 3. 指的是真正宾语的三种形式：不定式短语，动 名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。 it 作形式宾语We thi
17、nk it important to learn English.1. -There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and bottow ? -No, Id rather buy in the bookstore. 2007 陕西卷陕西卷 A. it;one B. one;one C. one;it D. it;it2. Little joy can equal _ of a surprising ending when you read stories. 2007 四川卷四川卷 A. that B. those
18、 C. any D. Some3. He didnt make _ clear when and where the meeting would be held.2007 天津卷天津卷 A. this B. that C. it D. these4. （2011福建福建21） We have various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose _ based on your own interests. A. either B. each C. one D. it 5. （2010全国全国II 14）The doctor thought
19、 _ would be good for you to have a holiday. A. this B. that C. one D. it6. （2010陕西卷陕西卷12）The cost of renting a house in central Xian is higher than _ in any other area of the city. A. that B. this C. it D. one 7. (2011天津天津1) We feel _ our duty to make our country a better place. A. it B. this C. tha
20、t D. one1. _ (WhetherIfThatIt) the experientment will be carried out is not known. =?2. _ (ThatThisItAs) is not clear when he will attend the meeting. =?3. _(ThatThisItAs) is known to everybody , the moon travels round the earth once every month. =?形式主语形式主语高考真题高考真题It be adjndonevi+连词+clauseto do doi
21、ng=连词+clauseto do doing+be adjndoneviIt is obvious that going for sports will do a lot of good to your health. =?Its a pity that the Chinese team didnt attend the World Cup in South Africa this year. =?3. It is clear ( obvious,true,certain.) that . 该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句，常译为清楚（显然，真的，肯定）是主语从
22、句最常见的一种结构。 It is very clear that hes round and tall like a tree. = That hes round and tall like a tree is very clear. It is important ( necessary，strange，natural.) that . 该句型和上一个同属一个句型；由于主句中的形容词不同，that 后的从句中要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省去，It is important that we (should) learn English well. It is
23、necessary that he (should) remember these words. 4. It is said (reported， learned.) that . 该句型中的it 仍是形式主语，真正主语是that 引导的主语从句；该结构常译为据说（据报道，据悉）。 It is said that he has come to Beijing. It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit. It is suggested ( ordered /demanded/insisted/comm
24、anded. ) that . 该句型和上一个同属一个句型，主句中的过去分词是表示请求，建议，命令等词时，that后的从句要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省；常译为据建议；有命令） It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. It was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in two hours. 5. It happens (seems，appears) that. 该句型中it是形式主语，that 引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen，seem
25、等词是不及物动词。 It happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧. It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来 It looks ( seems ) as if . 该句型中it无意义， as if 引导一个状语从句。常译为，看起来好象如果与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气。 It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了） It looks as if he were ill. （没有生病） It seemed as if he were
26、dying. 6. It is a pity ( a shame . ) that . 该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should可省去表示出乎意料，常译为竟然。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。 It is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！ It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遗憾！ 7. It is time ( about time ，high time ) that . 该句型中that 后的从
27、句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是 常用过去时态表示虚拟 有时也用should + 动词原形，should 不能省，常译为该到做-的时侯-了 It is time that children should go to bed. = It is time that children went to bed. 8：It be +n+连词+从句 的特殊句式结构1. It is the first ( second . ) time that . 该句型要和上一个句型区别开来，该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态，。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句
28、用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态，该结构中 that 可以省去；it有时用 this 替换常译为是第一（二）次。 It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I have been here. 2. It is up to sb. to do sth 应由某人做某事。It is up to you to decide whether we start or not.3. It is +一段时间+since .。 since 引导的从句通常是一般过去时态，而且是瞬间动词。如果主句是一般过
29、去时，从句则用过去完成时。 It is 5 years since his father died. It is five months since I arrived in New York.我到纽约已经五个月了。It is five months since I was in New York.我离开纽约已经五个月了。（注意：终止性动词表示从动作发生时算起；如果是状态动词或持续性动词，则从动作或状态结束时算起。）4. It is . when .。 该句型中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的 it 指时间，表语由具体的时间充当，常译为当的时候，是 It was 5 ocloc
30、k when he came here. 5. It waswill be+段时间+ before+从句 该句型主句中的 it 指时间， 主句中的时态常是一般将来时或过去时两种时态主句中的表语多是long， 3 days ， 2 weeks 等表示时间段的词或短语It was 3 days before he went to Beijing. It will not be long before he finishes his job. It will be +段时间段时间+before+clause:要过要过-才才-It will not be+段时间段时间+before+clause:用不
31、了用不了-就就-It will be several years before we meet again. 我们我们要过要过好几年好几年才才能再见面。能再见面。It will not be long before they set out for the front.用不了用不了多久他们多久他们就就会会出发去前线。出发去前线。特殊句型：特殊句型： was+时间段时间段+before “-之后之后-才才” It was not+时间段时间段+before “没过没过就就” It was two hours before the fireman arrived here. It was not
32、five minutes before the fireman arrived here.两个小时两个小时之后之后消防员消防员才才到到.没过没过五分钟消防员五分钟消防员就就到了到了.1.Its years _(since, before, after, that) I painted this beautiful picture.2.It will be years _(since, before, after, that) I paint this beautiful picture.3.It was years _(since, before, after,that) I painted
33、this beautiful picture.4.Its for years _(since, before, after, that) Ihave painted this beautiful picture.易误辨析易误辨析: : 表示从表示从since since 从句谓语动作发生以后到现在所经过的一从句谓语动作发生以后到现在所经过的一段时间，译为段时间，译为“自从自从.以来已多久了以来已多久了” ” It is +时间段时间段+since(过去时过去时).表示从过去某一时间到表示从过去某一时间到beforebefore从句谓语动作发生所经过从句谓语动作发生所经过的一段时间的一段时间,
34、,译为译为“-之之后后-才才/ /就做了就做了”It + was + 时间段时间段 + before(过去时过去时)表示从现在起到表示从现在起到beforebefore从句谓语动作发生所经过的一段从句谓语动作发生所经过的一段时间时间, ,译为译为“多长时间后才会多长时间后才会/ /就会做就会做”It + will be +时间段时间段 +before(一般现在时一般现在时)_Translate the following:1.过了很久他才回来. 2. 我们很久后才会见面的.3. 我离开这所学校已经很久了.It was long before he came back.It will be lo
35、ng before we meet again.It is long since I left this school.It is +时间段+since(过去时).It + will be +时间段 +before(一般现在时)It + was + 时间段 + before(过去时)易误辨析易误辨析: :其他固定句式其他固定句式1. It takes sb. . to do sth. 该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，it是形式主语，句型中是形式主语，句型中的直接宾语是时间，常译为做要花费人的直接宾语是时间，常译为做要花费人 It took thousands of
36、people many years to build the Great Wall. 2. It is no good (use ) n doing sth. great fun，a new experience等名词作表语等名词作表语该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是no good ,( not any good ) ，no use ，( not any use ) It is no good learning English without speaking English. 3. It doesnt matter whet
37、her ( if ) . 该句型中该句型中whether(if) 引导的从句是真正主语，该句型常引导的从句是真正主语，该句型常译为不论（是否）没关系。译为不论（是否）没关系。It doesnt matter if they are old. 4. It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth. 该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定式的逻辑主语是由式的逻辑主语是由 of引起，主句中的形容词必引起，主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。 常见的有：常见的有： bad ， brave ， care
38、less， clever ， cruel ， foolish ， good （好心（好心的），的）， honest ， horrible ， kind ， lazy ， modest ， naughty ， nice（有教养的），（有教养的）， polite， rude ， silly ， stupid ， wise ， wrong（错误的）等。（错误的）等。 这个句型可以改写为：这个句型可以改写为：sb. is kind to do sth. 。 It is kind of you to say so. = You are kind to say so. 4. It is necessary
39、 ( for sb. ) to do sth. 该句型与上一个同属一个句型，如果不定式的逻该句型与上一个同属一个句型，如果不定式的逻辑主语是由辑主语是由for引起，主句中的形容词通常是表示引起，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况的形容词。的形容词。 常见的形容词有：常见的形容词有： important， necessary， natural easy ， safe ， common ， normal ， hard ， difficult ， dangerous ， unusual， rare ， impossible ，
40、 pleasant等。等。 =在中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写，在中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写， 如：如： It is important for her to come to the party. = It is important that she (should ) come to the party. 在一些固定用法中考查在一些固定用法中考查常见的固定用法有常见的固定用法有: make it 成功，安排在或定在某时间成功，安排在或定在某时间forget it 别提了，忘了它吧别提了，忘了它吧Dont mention it 别提了，表示不用谢别提了，表示不用谢It doesnt mat
41、ter 没关系没关系It(That) depends 视情况而定视情况而定You guessed it 你猜着了你猜着了Its hard to say 很难说很难说 判断对错(每句最多有两处错误 ) It was this morning while I finished my task. It is up to you to make the choice. It happened that I was out when he called. It is not easy finishing the work in two days. It is not a good habit stayi
42、ng up late. It is no use to cry over spilt milk. It is a pity that you dont read this book. It looks as if it were going to rain. It is the second time that I was told the rules here. It is time that we protect our environment. It is evident that he is telling a lie now.It is demanded that he goes t
43、o school on time. It was with a strong belief that Martin Luther king led mang movements against racial discrimination.It is the ability to do the job_ matters not where you come from or what you are. A. one B. that C. what D. iIt is / was + 被强调的部分 +that / who+句子其他成分强调句型强调句型高考真题高考真题It is was not unt
44、il +被强调的部分+that+句子其他成分 It was _ back home after the experiment. A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didnt go C. not until midnight that he went D. until midnight when he didnt go In which play is _ your brother appears? A. that where B. this when C. it that D. it where It was i
45、n the lab _ was taken charge of by Professor Zhang _ they did the experiment. A. where; that B. which ; where C. that ; where D. which; that强调句型强调句型被强调的部被强调的部分是分是not until引导的时间引导的时间 状语状语?强调句型用于疑强调句型用于疑问句问句, , 被强调的被强调的部分是特殊疑问部分是特殊疑问词或从句引导词词或从句引导词?In which play is it that?It is thatIs it that?I dont k
46、now in which play it is that强调句型和强调句型和各种从句各种从句高考热点高考热点?1.It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do_ benefits our work most. A. who B. which C. that D.what 2. I dont know_he had been. Awhere was it B. it was where C. where it was that D. it was where that 3.It was _he came bac
47、k from Afica that year_he met the girl he would like to marry. A. when ; then B. not, until Cnot until;that D.only;when correct: It is the school gate that I met him.at1. (2005, 全国全国) The doctor advised Vesa strongly that she should take a holiday, but _ didnt help. A. it B. she C. which D. he 正确答案：
48、正确答案：A。根据句意：医生的建议未起作用。根据句意：医生的建议未起作用。it代替整个句子。代替整个句子。 2. (2004,全国全国) -Do you like_here? -Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is nice. A. this B. these C. that D. It 正确答案：正确答案：D。根据下文，提问者不能确定被问者喜欢什么，。根据下文，提问者不能确定被问者喜欢什么，it用用于不确定指代或模糊指代。于不确定指代或模糊指代。 3. (2000,上海上海) Someone is ring
49、ing the doorbell. Go and see_. A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is 正确答案：正确答案：D。说话时，不知道对方的性别。注意在宾语从句中。说话时，不知道对方的性别。注意在宾语从句中需用陈述语序。需用陈述语序。 4. (2007, 全国全国)Have you heard the latest news? No, what _? A. is it B. is there C. are they D. are those 正确答案：正确答案：A。it指代上文提及的指代上文提及的latest news。5.
50、 (2006,全国全国) If I can help _, I dont like working late into the night. A. so B. that C. it D. them 正确答案：正确答案：C。help是是“阻止、避免阻止、避免”的意思，的意思，it指代下文的事指代下文的事情。情。6. (2002,北京北京) -He was nearly drowned once.-When was _? -_ was in 1998 when he was in Middle School. A. that, It B. this, This C. this, It D. tha
