1、Point of View Point of View 观点 - The angle / perspective from which the story is told. Narrator 叙述者/ Storyteller - The character / voice that tells the story. Point of view depends on two factors: - Physical situation of the narrator as an observer; - Speakers intellectual and emotional position. 观点
2、 - 有些东西能为我所见，有些东西则不能。在事件中，没有一个人能说出全貌，却都提供了别人所缺少的部分。作者的任务是找出最适合于他要述说之故事的观点。Kinds of Point of View 1. Third-Person Point of View (narrator as non-participant) - Narrator outside the action describes the events. Third-Person Point of View Omniscient (all-knowing) - With this point of view, an “all-know
3、ing” narrator firmly imposes his presence between the reader and the story, and retains complete control over the narrative. - The narrator is not a character in the story but can tell you the thoughts and actions of all characters at all times. (Pronouns: he, she, him, her, they, them, etc.) Advant
4、age - The flexibility given by the “all-knowing” narrator can direct the readers attention and control the sources of information. Third-Person Point of View Limited (limited to one characters thought) -With this point of view, the narrator limits his ability to penetrate the minds of characters by
5、selecting a single character to act as the center of revelation. Dramatic Point of View (strictly reporting) - In this point of view, the narrator disappears completely and the story is allowed to present itself dramatically through action and dialogue. Advantage - With the disappearance of the narr
6、ator, telling is replaced by showing, and the illusion is created that the reader is a direct and immediately witness to an unfolding drama. 2. First-Person Point of View (Narrator as Participant) - In this point of view, the narrator appears in the novel as “I” or “me” and shares the limitations of
7、 third person limited. Narrator as Major Character; Narrator as Minor Character. Advantage - By assuming the identity as “I”, the narrator endears himself to the reader while he has to sacrifice the privilege of omniscience. - The narrator stands inside the story and relates first hand experience, w
8、hich can create a feeling of intimacy.Analyzing Narrator1.Is he/she reliable or unreliable? If the narrator is crazy, jealous, self-serving, mistaken, confused, etc., then the reader may questions the reliability of the story he/she is telling.2. Is the narrator a participating character, or is the
9、narrator telling the story from an omniscient point of view?3. Is the narrator nave? The reader can see that the narrators background limits his/her ability to understand a situation. 全知全能的叙事观点 - 叙事者对每一件事都能了然，他能随意进入任何人物的内心深处，并直接告诉读者，某一小说人物正在想些什么。通常是以第三人称法叙事，其优点是具有高度弹性，缺点是在训练不足的作家手中，可能会使作品倾向于松散而凌乱。 有
10、限制的叙事观点： - 其叙述者所知有限，他可能是小说中的人物，以第一人称（我）的方式去叙事，也可能置身于小说之外，以第三人称叙事。 戏剧式观点 - 前两者或以小说外的导演口吻来布局，或以剧中人的我来道出亲身经历，都是有一个操纵者或摄影者，但戏剧式观点是根本没有明显的观看者，完全借着对话、行动，让小说中的人物自己演出，是极为客观的一种叙述法。 Haircut In Haircut Ring Lardner tells a story about an awful man, but through the eyes of Whitey, the town barber. Whitey has an
11、 unusual point of view about Jim. Whitey sees Jim Kendell, the main character, as “comical” (101) and “kind of rough, but a good fella at heart” (101). When in reality Whitey did not see Jim for what he really was, a heartless, cheating, vindictive man. Whitey believes he telling a story about his f
12、riend Jim, who with his buddy Hod Meyers, “used to keep this town in an uproar” (101). In fact Whitey was telling a story about some of the horrible and mischievous pranks Jim would pull on some of the towns people. Whitey seems to be an unreliable narrator. Whitey, even being more of a town gossip then a barber, cannot get the story straight on Jim Kendell.
