1、Word-building Benefits:Improving your reading comprehension by using word part clues to guess word meanings.Helping build up your vocabulary. 1ppt课件IndexGeneral introductionClassify wordsCompounding (有两个或更多的词合成一个词有两个或更多的词合成一个词)Derivation introduction(在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词)prefixsuffixCo
2、nversion (将一种词性转化成另一种词性将一种词性转化成另一种词性)Practice2ppt课件Classify: pathway freedom darkest place frustration lock everyday riverside loneliest合成词合成词(有两个或更多的词合成一个词有两个或更多的词合成一个词):转化词转化词(将一种词性转化成另一种词性将一种词性转化成另一种词性):派生词派生词(在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词):everyday pathway riversidefrustration darkest lonel
3、iest freedomlock place3ppt课件构词法构词法构词法:构词法:合成合成(Compounding) 派生法派生法(Derivation) 【前缀前缀/后缀后缀】转化法转化法(Conversion) 【词性转换词性转换】4ppt课件合成(Compounding) blackboard spaceshiphalf-understandfirst-class man-made good-looking sometimes beforehand5ppt课件(1)合 成 名 词构成方式 例词名词名词weekend周末名词动词daybreak黎明名词动名词handwriting书法名词
4、及物动词erorpain-killer止痛药6ppt课件名词介词名词editor-in-chief总编辑动词名词typewriter打字机动名词名词reading-room阅览室现在分词名词 flying-fish飞鱼形容词名词gentleman绅士副词动词outbreak爆发介词名词afternoon下午代词名词she-wolf母狼7ppt课件(2)合 成 形 容 词构成方式例词名词形容词snow-white雪白的名词现在分词English-speaking讲英语的名词to名词face-to-face面对面的名词过去分词man-made人造的数词名词 one-way单行的数词名词形容词two
5、-year-old两岁的数词名词edfive-storeyed五层的动词副词 see-through透明的8ppt课件形容词名词high-class高级的形容词名词ednoble-minded高尚的形容词形容词light-blue浅蓝色的形容词现在分词good-looking相貌好看的副词形容词ever-green常青的副词现在分词hard-working勤劳的副词过去分词well-known著名的副词名词 fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词名词 downhill下坡的9ppt课件(3)合 成 动 词构成方式例词名词动词sleep-walk梦游形容词动词 white-wash粉刷副词动词
6、overthrow推翻10ppt课件(4)合 成 副 词构成方式 例词形容词名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词副词everywhere到处副词副词however尽管如此介词名词beforehand事先介词副词forever永远11ppt课件(5)合 成 代 词构成方式例词代词宾格selfherself她自己物主代词selfmyself我自己形容词名词 anything任何东西12ppt课件(6)合 成 介 词构成方式例词副词名词inside在里面介词副词within在之内副词介词into进入13ppt课件Derivation 派生14ppt课件定义(Definition) 派生词缀和词根结合,或粘
7、着词根和粘着词结合构成单词的方法,叫做派生法(derivation)。 用派生法构成的词叫做派生词(derivative)。15ppt课件词根(Roots) 词根是一个单词的根本部分。它表示一个单词的基 本意义。它是同根词可以 辨认出来的部分。16ppt课件 例如: eulogize(称赞),prologue(序言), monologue(独白),dialogue(对话),epilogue(结束语),apologize(道歉),logogram(标语),neologism(新语)。 它们有一个共同的部分”log”,它表示一个共同的基本意思“言”。这个共同的部分”log”就是这些单词的词根。一个
8、词根可以派生出许多新词。17ppt课件 词根大部分是单音节的,有小部分是多音节的。有的词根可以单独成为单词,这种词根叫做根词,如:act, man, work等。18ppt课件词缀(Affix) 在英语中,词缀可以分为前缀(Prefixes)和后缀(Suffixes)。19ppt课件AffixationPrefix 一般只改变词义,不改变词性一般只改变词义,不改变词性Suffix 一般只改变词性,不改变词义一般只改变词性,不改变词义20ppt课件派生法派生法(Derivation)-词缀词缀法法1. 前缀前缀:Pre-Pre-reading, preview, prepayRe-Rewrite
9、, reconsider, reuse(前前)(重新重新)21ppt课件加前缀:加前缀: happy - _happy 加后缀:加后缀: develop - develop_既加前缀又加后缀:既加前缀又加后缀: employ -_employ_unmentunment派生词派生词(derivation) 22ppt课件dis- (不不)disagree, dislike, disappearmisunderstand, misleadmis (错误或失当错误或失当)miniskirt, minibussupermarket, supermansuper- (超级超级)mini-(微小微小)in
10、/im- (不不)incorrect impossible23ppt课件foretell, forecastpost(之后之后)postwar, post-readingfore-(前前, 预先预先)semicircle, semi-finalsemi-(半半, 部分部分)antiwar, anti-Japanese waranti- (阻止阻止, 抗抗)underground, under-developunder- (在在下下, 在在中中)24ppt课件 前缀(Prefixes) 前缀是加在词根或单词前面的部分。它具有一定的含义。 同一词根或单词加上不同的前缀,即可构成不同的新词。 如:p
11、re-(前):prewar(战前的) post-(后):postwar(战后的) im-(入):import(输入) ex-(出):export(输出)25ppt课件 前缀可以增加、改变或加强一个词根或单词的意义,也可以改变一个单词的词类。 如: 增加意义:hemi-(半) hemisphere(半球) 改变意义:un-(不) unhappy(不快乐的) 加强意义:de- describe(描写) 改变词类:en- enlarge(扩大)26ppt课件 大多数前缀不影响词根的词性和其它语法范畴,只是对词根的语义加以修饰或限制,可以表示方法、态度、程度、时间、地点、否定等概念。27ppt课件 表
12、示“方式”的前缀: mis- “错误地” mislead v. 领错路,使人误解 miscalculate v. 算错,错误地估计 mal- “恶”,“不良” maltreat v. 虐待 malnutrition n. 营养不良 co- “共同” cooperate v. 合作 cochairman v. 联合主席28ppt课件表示“态度”的前缀:anti- “反对” anti-social a. 反社会 anti-war a. 反战的counter- “反对” counter-revolution n. 反革命 counter-charge v. 反诉,倒打一耙re- “反对” react
13、 v. 反作用 resist n. 抵抗pro- “亲”,“赞美” pro-American a. 亲美的 pro-Communist a. 亲共的29ppt课件表示度程度的前缀:super- “超越” superman n. 超人 super-power n. 超级大国under- “低于”,“不足” underfeed v. 不喂饱 underdeveloped a. 不发达的cover- “过分” overcareful a. 过分小心的 overdo v. “做得过头”30ppt课件表示“地点”的前缀:inter- “在之间” international a. 国际的trans- “跨
14、越” trans-Atlantic a. 跨越大西洋的,大西洋两 岸的super- “在之上” superstructure n. 上层建筑over- “在之上” subway n. 地下铁道under- “在之下” underground a. 地下的31ppt课件表示“否定”的前缀:un- untidy a. 不整齐的in- incorrect a. 不正确的im- improper a. 不适当的il- illogical a. 不合逻辑的ir- irregular a. 不规则的dis- dishonest a. 不诚实的32ppt课件 在英语中,只有三个前缀能决定词性,那就是en-(
15、在p, b, m前用em),be-和a-。33ppt课件 en-加在一些名词前面,表示“使处于状态、处境”的意思,如: enslave v. 使成为奴隶,奴役 empower v. 授权 embody v. 体现 endanger v. 使处于危险之中,危害34ppt课件en-也可以与形容词相结合,如:enable v. 使能够enrich v. 使富裕,使丰富enlarge v. 放大,扩大endear v. 使受喜爱ensure v. 担保35ppt课件 be-可以加在名词、形容词之前,使其成为动词,如: befriend v. 把当做朋友 becloud v. 遮掩,使糊涂 benumb
16、 v. 使麻木 becalm v. 使平静 belittle v. 贬低36ppt课件 be-也可以加在名词之前,使其成为带-ed的形容词,常含有轻蔑或戏谑之意,如: bespectacled a. 戴眼镜的 benighted a. 不觉天黑了的,愚昧的37ppt课件 a-主要用来使动词、名词变成表语性形容词,如: asleep a. 睡着的 astray a. 误入歧途的 astir a. 动起来,激动起来 afire a. 燃烧着 afoot a. 在行进中,活动着,徒步38ppt课件后缀(Suffixes) 后缀是加在词根或单词后面的部分。后缀分为四种: 1)名词后缀; 2)形容词后缀
17、; 3)动词后缀; 4)副词后缀39ppt课件1)名词后缀名词后缀有许多种,下面略举数种为例:表示人:-er worker(工人) -ist artist(艺术家)表示物:-or tractor(拖拉机) -ant disinfectant(消毒剂)表示抽象名词:-hood childhood(童年) -ship friendship(友谊)表示集体名词:-ry peasantry(农民总称) -age mileage(英里数)表示场所地点:-ery piggery(养猪场) -arium planetarium(天文馆)40ppt课件表示小称:-let streamlet(小溪,小河) -o
18、ck hillock(小丘) -et floweret(小花)表示阴性:-ine heroine(女英雄) -ess lioness(母狮) -enne comedienne(女喜剧演员)表示行为:-ade blockade(封锁) -ation visitation(访问) -ism criticism(批评)41ppt课件表示化学名词:-ane methane(甲烷 -ide oxide(氧化物) -one acetone(丙酮)表示身份、地位:-age pupilage(学生身份) -cy captaincy(船长身份、职务) -dom serfdom(农奴地位)表示“学”:-logy
19、zoology(动物学) -ics electronics(电子学) -ry forestry(林学)42ppt课件2)形容词后缀 表示一种事物具有或属于某种性质或状态,表“意义是的”,“似的”,“具有的”,“多的”,“关于的”,“有性质的”等等。如: -ic atomic(原子的) -ous globous(似球形的) -ful powerful(强有力的) -y hilly(多山的)43ppt课件构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish
20、,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。例如:nature自然natural自然的reason道理reasonable有道理的 America美国American美国的 China中国Chinese中国人的44ppt课件gold金子golden金的 woodeneast东eastern东方的 westernchild孩子childish孩子气的 foolish snow雪snowy雪的 cloudy windy45ppt课件4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表
21、示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如:angry生气的angrily生气地to到towards朝,向east东方eastward向东46ppt课件(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几),-ty (几十),-th (构成序数词)。例如:six六sixteen十六sixteenth第十六four四forty四十fortieth第四十47ppt课件3)动词后缀 表示“使成为”,“致使”,“做”,“化”,“变成”等,如: -fy glorify(使光荣) simplify,purify, -ize modernize(现代化)realrealize意识到organorganize组织 -en lengt
22、hen(延长) strengthen,widen -ate hyphenate(加连字符)48ppt课件4)副词后缀表示状态、方式、方向等,如:-wise clockwise(顺时针方向的)-ways crossways(交叉地)-wards southwards(向南) northwards, westwards,-ly hourly(每小时的) daily ,weekly,monthly-s outdoors(在户外),indoors-atim literatim(逐字地)49ppt课件Recognizing prefixes.a-, ac-, ad-, af-, ag-, al-, an
23、-, ap-, as-, at- : to, toward, near, in addition to aside (adverb): to or toward the side accompany (verb): to go with someone as a companion adjust (verb): to correct, to move closer to a correct position affix (verb): to attach to something, to fasten 使附于, 粘贴50ppt课件aggression (noun): hostile behav
24、ior towards someone or something allocate (verb): to distribute to specific people or for specific purposes associate (verb): to join with attend (verb): to look after, to go to 51ppt课件a-, an- : not, without apolitical (adjective): without interest in or association with politics ab-, abs-: away fro
25、m, off abnormalanti-: against antipathy (noun): dislike, opposite feeling auto-: self; automatic automotive (adjective): related to self-propelled machines52ppt课件bi-: two bicentennial 每二百年的biweekly 每周二次的cat-, cata-, cath-: down, with category (noun): a class or set to which a thing belongs catalogue
26、 (noun): a book or pamphlet that lists and describescircum-: around circumstance 53ppt课件co-, cog-, col-, com-, con-, cor-: together, with coeducation 男女同校cohesiveness (noun): the ability to stick together collaborate (verb): to work together commingle (verb): 混合connectioncorrelative (adjective): 相关联
27、的contra-: against, opposite contradict (verb): to state the opposite 54ppt课件de-: to do the opposite, to take away from decrease (verb): to grow smaller, to become less di-, dif-: apart, separate, two, opposite, not divide (verb): to separate into two or more parts differ (verb): to be unlike dis-: n
28、ot, opposite of, exclude distrust (verb): to have no confidence or trust 55ppt课件e-, ex-: out, out of, from emit (verb) to send out expel (verb) to force out ex-: former 以前的,前任的以前的,前任的 ex-president 前任总统en-, em-: put into; cause to beencase (verb): to enclose in a caseendear 使受喜欢empower (verb): to giv
29、e power, to put into power 56ppt课件il-, im-, in-, ir-: not, in illegible (adjective): cannot be read impostor (noun): someone who poses as someone else inaction (noun): lack of motion, idleirresolute (adjective): uncertain about hot to act, undecided, not having a solution57ppt课件in-, im-, il-: in, in
30、to instead (adverb): in place of, an alternative import (verb): to bring into a country from another country inter-: between, among interject (verb): to throw something (usually a comment) between other things intro-: into introspection (noun): to look into ones own thoughts and feelings 58ppt课件mal-
31、: bad malfunction (noun): when something does not work properly mis-: wrong misconduct (noun): wrong doing, bad behavior mono- one monologue (noun): a dramatic performance or speech given by one actor monotonous 单调的multi- many multiply (verb): to increase in number 59ppt课件ob-, oc-, of-, op-: toward,
32、 against, in the way obtain (verb): to gain or get, to get a hold of occur (verb): to happen, to come to mind offer (verb): to attempt to give, to propose, to try to hand out oppose (verb): to be against, to stand in the way of something over-: excessive, above overwork (verb): to have too much work
33、 overpass 天桥60ppt课件para- beside; abnormal parallel 平行的paradox (noun): a statement that seems true and contradictory at the same time post- after postpone (verb): to put off, to delay pre- before precede (verb): to go before, to come in front of pro- for, foward prorevolutionary 赞成革命的人propel (verb):
34、to push forward 61ppt课件re- back, again readmit (verb): to allow in again retro- backward retrospect (noun) to look back at past events 62ppt课件se- apart, move away from secede (verb): to withdraw from an organization semi- half semiannual (adjective): occurring twice a year super- over, above superim
35、pose (verb): to place something on top of something else syn-, sym- together, at the same time synchronous (adjective): happening at the same time sympathy (noun): sharing another persons feelings, compassion 63ppt课件sub-, suc-, suf-, sup-, sur-, sus under, beneath, near, from below, secretly, above,
36、 up submarine (adjective): underwater succeed (verb): to do well, to come after suffice (verb): to be enough support (verb): to hold up, too keep up survive (verb): to live, to live through something, to exist sustain (verb): to keep up, to hold up64ppt课件trans- across, beyond, change transcontinenta
37、l 横贯大陆的transform (verb): to change shape tri- three triangle(noun): a three-legged un- not, against, opposite unceasing (adjective): never ending, unbind 解开,释放uni- one uniform (adjective): having the same form or consistency 65ppt课件常见的后缀常见的后缀1. 名词后缀名词后缀 :-er -or -tion-ment -ity -ist-hood -ionwork, e
38、ducate, develop, visit,satisfy, teach, sail, ability, piano, art, child, brother, act, solute, conclude, move, possible66ppt课件1.名词后缀:名词后缀:-er-or-tion-mentteacher, workervisitor, sailor education, satisfactiondevelopment, movement67ppt课件-ity-ist-hood-ion名词后缀名词后缀 :ability, possibility pianist, artist
39、childhood, brotherhood action, solution, conclusion68ppt课件2.形容词后缀:形容词后缀:-ous-ful-able, -ible-ant, -ent-arydangerous, humoroushelpful, carefulcomfortable,responsible important, excellent military, voluntary69ppt课件3. 副词性的词缀:副词性的词缀:-ly-wardsquickly, softly, yearly backwards, forwards70ppt课件.转化法英语中,有的名词
40、可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。1)动词转化为名词很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情况下,意思没有多大的变化,如:Lets go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。有时意思有一定变化,如:71ppt课件有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作,如:Lets have a swim.咱们游泳吧。2)名词转化为动词很多表示物件,如Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗?身体部位,如:Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。72ppt课件某类人的
41、名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如:She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。某些抽象名词也可作动词。如:We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。73ppt课件3)形容词转化为动词有少数形容词可以转化为动词。如:We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。4)副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如:Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露74ppt课件5)形容词转化为名词表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如:
42、You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数如下,如:The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。75ppt课件转化法转化法(Conversion)tasten. 味道味道v. 尝起来尝起来It has a good taste.It taste very good.record n. 记录记录v. 记录记录
43、He broke the record.He lies to record something while reading a book.76ppt课件correctcorrectionincorrectindependentdependdependabledisable disabilityimpossiblepossiblepossibilitywrongmistakenmistakemisunderstandunderstandundergraduategraduategraduationn.反义反义独立的独立的词根词根adj.残疾的残疾的n.不可能的不可能的n.反义反义n.误解误解词根
44、词根大学生大学生词根词根n.近义近义反义反义Words Building77ppt课件correctn.反义反义独立的独立的词根词根adj.残疾的残疾的n.不可能的不可能的n.反义反义n.误解误解词根词根大学生大学生词根词根n.近义近义反义反义Words Building78ppt课件correctcorrectionincorrectindependentdependdependabledisable disabilityimpossiblepossiblepossibilityexpressioneducationwrongmistakenmistakemisunderstandunder
45、standundergroundundergraduategraduategraduationunderwaysubwaysubtitlealwayssidewaysn教育教育 表达表达O独立的独立的rootadj残疾的残疾的n不可能的不可能的OnSSn误解误解root大学生大学生rootn地下的地下的地下通道地下通道地铁地铁副标题副标题总是总是79ppt课件截短法(缩略法)截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。80ppt课件1)截头telephonephone aeroplaneplane81ppt课件2)去尾mathematicsmaths co-op
46、erateco-opexaminationexam kilogramkilolaboratorylab taxicabtaxi82ppt课件3)截头去尾influenzaflurefrigeratorfridge prescriptionscript83ppt课件5.混合法(混成法)混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。84ppt课件news broadcastnewscast新闻广播television broadcasttelecast电视播送smoke and fogsmog烟雾helicopter airportheliport直升飞机场85ppt课件6.首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。86ppt课件very important personVIP (读字母音)要人;大人物televisionTV (读字母音)电视Testing of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL托福87ppt课件