1、Series PPT of Intensive care unit(20140919)安徽省立医院重症医学科安徽省立医院重症医学科 副主任医师、副教授副主任医师、副教授安徽医科大学安徽医科大学 硕士研究生导师硕士研究生导师周树生周树生1优质医学This study of 2,289 patients included prospectively from two different cohorts in a quaternary-level provincial referral hospital in BC,Canada.(47.75%)Crit Care Med. 2014 Jul 22
2、优质医学在管理血流动力学不稳定的患者中,常见策略是提高心排血量和组织灌注,故评估患者的容量状态极其重要;对评估容量状态容量无反应的患者,增加容量负荷不但不能引起心输出量的增加,反而会增加组织水肿及缺氧,故在进行快速补液时应首先对患者进行容量评估。J Intensive Care Med. 2009 Sep-Oct;24(5):329-37Techniques for assessment of intravascular volume in critically ill patients优质医学德国生理学家德国生理学家Otto Frank 英国生理学家英国生理学家StarlingFrank-S
3、tarlingFrank-Starling机制机制优质医学静态前负荷参数:静态前负荷参数:前负荷压力指标(CVP)及前负荷容量指标(全心舒张末期容积,GEDV);动态前负荷参数:动态前负荷参数:收缩压变异率(SPV)、脉压变异率(PPV)、每搏变异率(SVV)及被动抬腿试验(PLR)等。Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2008 Oct 6;6:49.World Interactive Network Focused on Critical Ultrasound (WINFOCUS)优质医学血压(血压(BP):):失血量达18%仍然可以通过提高血管阻力来维持相对正常的MAP;中心静
4、脉压(中心静脉压(CVP)和肺动脉楔压)和肺动脉楔压(PAWP):通过压力代容积来反应心脏前负荷,均受到心脏顺应性,机械通气和血管张力等因素影响;优质医学优质医学超声超声FATE(focus assessed transthoracic echo )草案草案优质医学Research has suggested that volume responsiveness can be defined as a 15% increase in stroke volume(SV) or cardiac output(CO)after a 500ml infusion.Anesth Analg.2010 N
5、ov;111(5):1180-92A critical review of the ability of continuous cardiac output monitors to measure trends in cardiac output优质医学床旁超声下腔静脉直径床旁超声下腔静脉直径(IVCD)测量方法)测量方法Korean J Intern Med 2014;29:241-245一、床旁超声预测容量反应之下腔静脉直径一、床旁超声预测容量反应之下腔静脉直径(IVCD)优质医学J Emerg Med.2012 Apr;42(4):429-36一、床旁超声预测容量反应之下腔静脉直径一、床
6、旁超声预测容量反应之下腔静脉直径(IVCD)在容量反应时,下腔静脉直径变化与CVP具有相关性(P0.001),下腔静脉直径在1-2CM范围具有较高的特异性和敏感性.(A) Subxiphoid, transverse orientation, at end inspiration. (B) Subxiphoid, longitudinal orientation, at end inspiration.优质医学inferior vena cava diameter(IVCD) and central venous pressure value(CVP)Pak J Med Sci. 2014 M
7、ar;30(2):310-5.下腔静脉长轴切面下腔静脉长轴切面优质医学IVC= inferior vena cava; CVP= central venous pressure.Statistically relationship between IVC and CVP pressuresPak J Med Sci. 2014 Mar;30(2):310-5.结论:自主呼吸患者,下腔静脉直径变化可以预测容量反应优质医学下腔静脉扩张指数下腔静脉扩张指数(dIVC)(dIVC)(Dmax(Dmax(吸气末吸气末)-Dmin()-Dmin(呼气末呼气末)DminDminIntensive Care
8、Med. 2004 Sep;30(9):1740-630-min volume expansion (7 ml/kg) using 4% modified fluid gelatin二、床旁超声预测容量反应之下腔静脉扩张指数二、床旁超声预测容量反应之下腔静脉扩张指数(dIVC)BaselineAfter volumeexpansion优质医学Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patientsI
9、ntensive Care Med. 2004 Sep;30(9):1740-6机械通气患者,dIVC18,预测容量反应性敏感性和特异性均在90以上.优质医学下腔静脉呼吸变化率(下腔静脉呼吸变化率(D DIVC)= =(Dmax-Dmin)/(Dmax+Dmin)Dmax-Dmin)/(Dmax+Dmin)Intensive Care Med. 2004 Sep;30(9):1834-7三、床旁超声预测容量反应之下腔静脉呼吸变化率(三、床旁超声预测容量反应之下腔静脉呼吸变化率(DIVC)A studied 39 mechanically ventilated patients with sep
10、tic shock.优质医学Individual values (open circles) and mean SD (closed circles) of the minimum DIVC, maximum DIVC and DIVC befor volume loading in responder (R) and non-responder (NR) patients.*P0.05 R vs NR下腔静脉呼吸变化率12,预测容量反应性的阳性和阴性分别为93和92.Intensive Care Med. 2004 Sep;30(9):1834-7优质医学四、床旁超声预测容量反应之下腔静脉塌
11、陷指数四、床旁超声预测容量反应之下腔静脉塌陷指数(IVCC)下腔静脉塌陷指数下腔静脉塌陷指数(IVC-CI):(Dmax-DminDmax-Dmin)/Dmax/DmaxJ Am Coll Surg. 2009 Jul;209(1):55-61优质医学JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011 Sep;4(9):938-45下腔静脉2cm(精确度88)和下腔静脉塌陷40(精确度68)是确定右心房压10mmHg较高精度比组合(RAP=08mmHg)下腔静脉塌陷指数预测右心房压力(下腔静脉塌陷指数预测右心房压力(RAPRAP)优质医学Intensive Care Med. 2010
12、 Apr;36(4):692-6IVC-CI指导心衰患者缓慢超滤(指导心衰患者缓慢超滤(SCUF)治疗)治疗Hypotension was observed only in those patients (2/24) who reached an IVCCI30%.In all the other patients,a significant increase in IVC-CI was obtained without hemodynamic instabilityMean UF time was 20.34.6h with a mean volume of 287.696.2ml h-1
13、and a total ultrafiltrate production of 5,780.8 1,994.6 ml.优质医学IVC-CI to guide fluid removal in slow continuous ultrafiltration: a pilot studyIntensive Care Med. 2010 Apr;36(4):692-6IVC ultrasound is a rapid, simple, and non-invasive means for bedside monitoring ofintravascular volume during SCUF an
14、d may guide fluid removal velocity.优质医学Am J Emerg Med. 2013 Aug;31(8):1208-14Cutoff values=ADHF were LVEF45%, IVC-CI 20%, and 10 B-lines. LVEF、IVC-CI and B-lines联合诊断急性呼吸困难心衰患者联合诊断急性呼吸困难心衰患者优质医学锁骨下静脉和下腔静脉的塌陷指数(锁骨下静脉和下腔静脉的塌陷指数(IVC-CI and SCV-CI)J Surg Res. 2013 Sep;184(1):561-6优质医学SCV-CI versus IVC-CI
15、. Linear regression demonstrates acceptable correlation between the twomeasurement modalities (R2 0.61). (Color version of figure is available online.)Measurement bias plot comparing IVC-CI and SCV-CI across a broad range of collapsibility values.J Surg Res. 2013 Sep;184(1):561-6锁骨下静脉和下腔静脉的塌陷指数(锁骨下静
16、脉和下腔静脉的塌陷指数(IVC-CI and SCV-CI)优质医学Crit Care Med. 2013 Mar;41(3):833-41Point-of-care ultrasound to estimate central venous pressure: a comparison of three techniques下腔静脉直径比下腔静脉塌陷指数与下腔静脉直径比下腔静脉塌陷指数与CVP更具有相关性更具有相关性R2 = 0.58 R2 = 0.21R2 = 0.16优质医学Test Characteristics of Three Ultrasound Techniques in Pr
17、edicting CVP10%预测液体反应的敏感性为74%, 特异性为95%;PPrad10%和SVVigileo11%预测容量反应敏感性为95%和79%,特异性为95%和89%Crit Care.2009;13(5):R142.doi:10.1186/cc8027优质医学Cardiol Res Pract. 2012;2012:191807.VFdim =深吸气股动脉血流峰值速度的呼吸变化率;PPdim =深吸气桡动脉血流峰值速度的呼吸变化率.VFdim和和PPdim可以准确预测容量反应性可以准确预测容量反应性优质医学VFdim和和PPdim可以准确预测容量反应性可以准确预测容量反应性机械通
18、气时,深吸气股动脉及桡动脉血流峰值速度的呼吸变化率(VFdim和PPdim)12,为90敏感性和100特异性,可以准确预测容量反应性.Cardiol Res Pract. 2012;2012:191807.优质医学Crit Care Res Pract. 2012;2012:513480. 八、床旁超声预测容量反应之八、床旁超声预测容量反应之被动抬腿试验被动抬腿试验优质医学Crit Care Res Pract. 2012;2012:513480. 研究证明,超声联合被动抬腿试验评估一定阈值范围(10-15)的CO和SV增加,具有很好的敏感性(77-100)和特异性(88-99)。被动抬腿试验
19、被动抬腿试验预测容量反应预测容量反应优质医学被动抬腿动作不能准确预测腹内高压患者的体液反应被动抬腿动作不能准确预测腹内高压患者的体液反应Crit Care Med.2010 Sep;38(9):1824-9.PP=respiratory pulse pressurevariations;VE=volume expansion;responders to passive leg-raising maneuver(PLR+) and nonresponders to PLR (PLR-).优质医学小结(小结(brief summary)p 危重病患者进行液体复苏时应进行有效的容量评估;p 容量反应性评估需要多个参数的测量;p 没有任何一个指标是绝对的,是排他的,临床上要结合临床情况应用;p 应用超声评估前负荷及容量反应性方面具有可用、有效且极具前景。优质医学优质医学