1、1.选修六Unit1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING西方绘画艺术简史 Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. 艺术是受着人民生活习俗和信仰的影响的。 Styles in Western art have changed many times. 西方的艺术风格经历了多次变革。 As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in su
2、ch a short text. 由于西方的艺术风格多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD.因此,本文只谈及从公元6世纪以来最主要的几种艺术风格。The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD) 中世纪(公元5世纪到15世纪) During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to re
3、present religious themes. 在中世纪,画家的主要任务是把宗教的主题表现出来。 A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. 一个传统的艺术家无意于如实地展现自然和人物。A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. 那个时期的典
4、型的绘画充满了宗教的(象)特征,体现出了对上帝的爱戴与敬重。 But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.但是,很显然到了13世纪时,观念发生变化,像乔托这样的画家开始以一种比较现实的风格来画宗教场景。The Renaissance (15th to 16th century) 文艺复兴时期( 15世纪到16世纪) During
5、 the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. 在文艺复兴时期,新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。 People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. 人们开始较少关注宗教主题而采取一种更人性化的生活态度。 At the same time painters returned to classical Rom
6、an and Greek ideas about art. 同时画家们回到了罗马、希腊的古典艺术理念上。 They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. 他们力争如实地画出人物和自然。Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. 富人们想拥有自己的艺术品并用来装饰自己的高级宫殿和豪宅They paid famous artists to paint
7、 pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements.,他们出价聘请著名艺术家来为自己画像,画自己的房屋和其他财物,以及他们的活动和成就。 One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. 在此期间,最重要的发现之一就是如何用透视法来画出事物。 This technique was first used by M
8、asaccio in 1428. 这一手法是1428年由马赛其奥第一次使用的。When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. 当人们第一次看到他的画时,还以为是透过墙上的小洞来观看真实的场景,并对此深信不疑。If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such rea
9、listic pictures. 如没有发现透视法,人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画。 By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. 巧合的是这一时期油画颜料也得到了发展,它使得绘画的色彩看上去更丰富、更深沉。 Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great mast
10、erpieces for which this period is famous. 没有新的颜料和新的(绘画)手法,我们就不能看到很多使这一时代著名的杰作。Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)印象派时期( 19世纪后期到20世纪初期) In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. 19世纪后期,欧洲发生了巨大的变化,从以农业为主的社会变成了以工业为主的
11、社会。Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. 许多人从农村迁入到新城市。There were many new inventions and social changes. 有着许多新发明,还有许多社会变革。Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styles. 这些变革也自然而然地促成了新的绘画风格。Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were th
12、e Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.在那些突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工作在法国巴黎的印象派画家。 The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. 印象派画家是第一批室外写景的画家。They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. 他们急切地想把一天中不同时间投射到物体上的光线和阴影呈现出来。However, because natura
13、l light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. 然而由于自然光的变化很快,印象派画家们必须很快地作画,Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. 因此,他们的画就不像以前那些画家们的画那样细致了。 At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. 起初,许多人都不喜欢这种画法,甚至还怒不可遏。Th
14、ey said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.他们说这些画家作画时漫不经心、粗枝大叶,而他们的作品更是荒谬可笑。Modern Art (20th century to today) 现代艺术(20世纪至今) At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call mod
15、ern art.在印象派作品的创建初期,它们是存在着争议的,但是如今己被人们接受而成为现在我们所说的“现代艺术”的始祖了。This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. 这是因为印象派鼓励画家用一种崭新的视角看待他们的环境。There are scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist
16、. 如今,现代艺术风格有好几十种,然而如果没有印象派,那么这许多不同的风格就不可能存在。 On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them. 一方面,有些现代艺术是抽象的,
17、也就是说,画家并不打算把我们眼睛看到的东西如实地画出来,而是集中展现物体的某些品质特性,用色彩、线条和形状把它们呈现出来。On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs. 而另一方面,有些现代派的艺术作品却是那么写实,看上去就像是照片。These styles are so different.这些风格如此不同。Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future?谁能预言将
18、来会有什么样的绘画艺术风格?2.选修六Unit 1 THE BEST OF MANHATTANS ART GALLERIES曼哈顿艺术画廊荟萃The Frick Collection (5th Avenue and E.70th Street) 弗里克收藏馆(第5大道和第70街大道之间) Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any other in New York. 在纽约,比起其他艺术馆许多艺术爱好者都更乐意参观这家小型艺术陈列馆。Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker
19、, died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture and art collection to the American people. 亨利克莱弗里克是纽约的一位富豪,于1919年去世,把他的房子、家具和艺术收藏品全部留给了美国人民。 Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth century Western paintings, and these are well-represented in this excellent collection. 弗里克对20世纪以前的西方绘画有偏爱,而在这个陈列馆的珍藏品里这些
20、绘画得以很好展出。 You can also explore Fricks beautiful home and garden which are well worth a Visit.你还可以好好考察一下弗里克美丽的故居和花园,它们是很值得一看的。Guggenheim Museum(5th Avenue and 88th Street)古根海姆博物馆(第5大道和第88街交汇处) This museum owns 5,000 superb modern paintings, sculptures and drawings. 这家博物馆拥有5000幅非常好的现代油画、雕塑和素描。 These a
21、rt works are not all displayed at the same time. The exhibition is always changing. 这些艺术品并不是同时展出的,展品总是在不断地更换。 It will appeal to those who love Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. 展览将吸引印象派和后印象派作品的爱好者。 The Guggenheim Museum building is also world-famous. 古根海姆博物馆的大楼也是世界闻名的。 When you walk in
22、to gallery, you feel as if you were inside a fragile, white seashell. 当你走进画廊的时候,你会觉得你进入了一个易碎的白色贝壳之中。The best way to see the paintings is to start from the top floor and walk down to the bottom. 看画展最好是从顶层看起,一直往下看到底层。 There are no stairs just a circular path. The museum also has an excellent restauran
23、t.展厅里没有楼梯,只有一条环形的小道。博物馆里还有一家极好的餐馆。Metropolitan Museum of Art (5th Avenue and 82nd Street)大都会艺术博物馆(第5大道与第82街交汇处) The reputation of this museum lies in the variety of its art collection. 这家博物馆以收藏艺术品种类繁多而享有盛名。 This covers more than 5,000 years of civilization from many parts of the world, including Ame
24、rica, Europe, China, Egypt, other African countries and South America. 它的艺术品收藏涵盖了5000多年来世界上众多国家的文明史,其中包括美洲、欧洲、中国、埃及、其他非洲国家和南美洲。The museum displays more than just the visual delights of art. It introduces you to ancient ways of living. 这家博物馆展出的不只是可以看得见的艺术之美,它还向你介绍了古代的生活方式。 You can visit an Egyptian t
25、emple, a fragrant Ming garden, a typical room in an 18th century French house and many other special exhibitions. 你可以看到埃及的寺庙,馥郁的明朝花园,18世纪法国住宅中的典型房间,以及许多其他特殊展品。Museum of Modern Art (53rd Street, between 5th and 6th Avenues) 现代艺术博物馆(第53街,位于第5和第6大道之间) It is amazing that so many great works of art from
26、the late 19th century to the 21st century are housed in the same museum. 令人惊奇的是,在同一家博物馆里竟能容纳下19世纪后期到21世纪的如此众多的名家巨作。The collection of Western art includes paintings by such famous artists as Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse. 西方艺术的收藏包括有莫奈、凡高、毕加索和马蒂斯等著名艺术家的作品。 A few words of warning: the admission
27、price is not cheap and the museum is often very crowded.有几句话需要提醒你注意:博物馆票价不菲,而且常常十分拥挤。Whitney Museum of American Art (945 Madison Avenue, near 75th Street)惠特尼美国艺术博物馆(麦迪逊大道945号,靠近第75街) The Whitney holds an excellent collection of contemporary American painting and sculpture. 惠特尼博物馆藏有极好的当代美国绘画和雕塑品。Ther
28、e are no permanent displays in this museum and exhibitions change all the time. 馆内没有永久性的展出,展品都是随时更换的。Every two years, the Whitney holds a special exhibition of new art by living artists. 惠特尼博物馆每两年有一次特殊的展览,展品是仍然在世的艺术家们的新作。The museum also shows videos and films by contemporary video artists. 这家博物馆还展出当
29、代影视艺术家的录像和电影作品。3.选修六Unit 2 A FEW SIMPLE FORMS OF ENGLISH POEMS 简体英文诗 There are various reasons why people write poetry. 人们写诗有着各种各样的理由。 Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way that will give the reader a strong impression. 有些诗是为了叙事，或者说是描述某件事并给读者以强烈的印象。 Others try to convey certain emot
30、ions. 而有些诗则是为了传达某种感情。Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves. 诗人用许多不同风格的诗来表达自己的情感。In this text, however, we will look at a few of the simpler forms. 本文只谈了几种格式比较简单的诗。 Some of the first poetry a young child learns in English is nursery rhymes. 孩子们最早学习的英文诗是童谣。 These rhymes like t
31、he one on the right (A) are still a common type of childrens poetry. 像右边的这首童谣（A）至今仍然是常见的。 The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition. 童谣的语言具体但富有想象力，这使得小孩子们快乐，因为它们押韵，节奏感强，并较多重复。The poems may not make sense a
32、nd even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. 童谣不一定有什么意义，甚至有的看来自相矛盾，但是它们容易学，也容易背诵。By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language. 通过童谣中的文字游戏，孩子们学习了语言。（A）Hush, little baby, dont say a word,小宝宝，别说话，Papas going to buy you a mockingbird.爸爸给你买个小嘲鸟。If that
33、mockingbird wont sing,小嘲鸟，不会唱，Papas going to buy you a diamond ring.爸爸给你买个钻石戒。If that diamond ring turns to brass,钻石戒，变成铜，Papas going to buy you a looking-glass.爸爸给你买个小镜子。If that looking-glass gets broke,小镜子，打破了，Papas going to buy you a billy-goat.爸爸给你买个小山羊。If that billy-goat runs away,小山羊，跑掉了。Papas
34、 going to buy you another today.爸爸今天再去给你买一只。One of the simplest kinds of poems are those like B and C that list things.像（B）和（C）这样的列举事物的清单诗是诗歌中最简单的一种。List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem.清单诗可长可短，可以重复一些短语，较为灵活。形成固定句型和诗的节奏。Some r
35、hyme (like B) while others do not (like C).有些清单诗有韵脚（如B）,但有一些没有（如C）。（B）I saw a fish- pond all on fire我看到鱼塘在燃烧I saw a fish-pond all on fire,我看到鱼塘在燃烧，I saw a house bow to a squire,我看到房子向地主哈腰，I saw a person twelve-feet high,我看到人高一丈八，I saw a cottage in the sky,我看到茅屋在天郊。I saw a balloon made of lead,我看到气球用
36、铅做，I saw a coffin drop down dead,我看到棺材把死人抛。I saw two sparrows run a race,我看到两只麻雀在赛跑，I saw two horses making lace,我看到两匹马儿绣花包。I saw a girl just like a cat,我看到姑娘像只猫，I saw a kitten wear a hat,我看到小猫带花帽。I saw a man who saw these too,我看到有人在一旁瞄，And said though strange they all were true.虽奇怪，但也把实情报。（C）Our fi
37、rst football match我们的第一场球赛We would have won .我们本来会得冠军if Jack had scored that goal,如果杰克踢进了那个球，if wed had just a few more minutes,如果我们还有几分钟，if we had trained harder,如果我们训练的更严格，if Ben had passed the ball to Joe,如果本把球传给了乔，if wed had thousands of fans screaming,如果有大批球迷助威，if I hadnt taken my eye off the b
38、all,如果我死死盯住球，if we hadnt stayed up so late the night before,如果我们头晚不熬夜，if we hadnt taken it easy,如果我们没有放松警惕，if we hadnt run out of energy.如果我们没有精疲力竭，We would have won .我们本来是会的冠军的if wed been better!如果我们能干的更好！ Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a poem made up of
39、 five lines.另外一种学生容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的，叫做五行诗。 With these, students can convey a strong picture in just a few words. 用五行诗，学生可以用少量的词语传递一幅动人的画面。Look at the examples (D and E) on the top of the next page.请看下一页上端的D和E两个例子。（D）Brother兄弟Beautiful, athletic爱美，又爱运动Teasing, shouting, laughing爱闹，爱叫，又爱笑Friend and enemy
40、 too是我的朋友Mine也是我的敌人（E）Summer夏天Sleepy, salty困乏，咸涩Drying, drooping, dreading干涸，枯萎，恐怖Week in, week out周而复始Endless永无止境Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that is made up of 17 syllables.俳句诗（Haiku）是一种日本诗，由17个音节组成。It is not a traditional form of English poetry, but is very popular with English writers.它不属于
41、英诗的传统形式，但是在用英语写作的人们中间，这种诗也是很流行的。It is easy to write and, like the cinquain , can give a clear picture and create a special feeling using the minimum of words.它容易写，而且像五行诗一样，它可以用最少的词语呈现出一幅清晰的画面，表达出一种特殊的感情。The two haiku poems (F and G) above are translations from the Japanese.下面两首俳句诗（右边的F和G）就是从日文翻译过来的。
42、（F）A fallen blossom落下的花朵Is coming back to the branch.回到了树枝上。Look, a butterfly!瞧啊，是只蝴蝶！( by Moritake)（作者：Moritake）（G）Snow having melted,雪儿融化了，The whole village is brimful整个村庄充满着Of happy children.欢乐的儿童。(by Issa)（作者：Issa）Did you know that English speakers also enjoy other forms of Asian poetry - Tang p
43、oems from China in particular?你知道吗？说英语的人也喜欢其他类型的亚洲诗，尤其是中国的唐诗，A lot of Tang poetry has been translated into English.许多唐诗已经被翻译成英文了。This Tang poem (H) is a translation from the Chinese.下面这首唐诗（H）就是从中文翻译过来的。（H）Where she awaits her husband望夫石(by Wang Jian)王健On and on the river flows.望夫处，江悠悠。Never looking
44、back,Transformed into stone.化为石，不回头。Day by day upon the mountain top,wind and rain revolve.山头日日风复雨，Should the traveller return,this stone would utter speech.行人归来石应语。With so many different forms of poetry to choose from, students may eventually want to write poems of their own.有了这么多可供选择的诗歌类型，学生们最终也许想
45、自己作诗了。It is easier than you might think and certainly worth a try!写诗比你想象的要容易，绝对值得一试。4.选修六Unit 2 IVE SAVED THE SUMMER我把夏天省下来(by Rod McKuen)罗德麦丘恩（Rod McKuen）Ive saved the summer 我把夏天省下，And I give it all to you全都交给你。To hold on winter mornings当雪花儿初降时，When the snow is new.让冬天的早晨停住。Ive saved some sunlight
46、我把阳光省下，If you should ever need以供你不时之需。A place away from darkness 在那远离黑暗的地方，Where your mind can feed.你的心灵会得到滋养。And for myself Ive kept your smile When you were but nineteen, 那年你才十九岁，我就珍藏了你的微笑。Till youre older youll not know等你长大成人以后，What brave young smiles can mean.才知道年轻勇敢的微笑的奥秘。I know no answers 我不知道
47、有什么办法，To help you on your way帮你踏上你人生的旅程。The answers lie somewhere答案也许就在某处：At the bottom of the day.在白天结束的那个时辰。But if youve a need for love但是如果你需要爱，Ill give you all l own我会献上我所有的爱。It might help you down the road它也许能帮你踏上旅程，Till youve found your own.直到你也找到属于你的爱。5.选修六Unit3 ADVICE FROM GRANDAD爷爷的忠告Dear J
48、ames, 亲爱的詹姆士：It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden. 今天这儿的天气很好。现在我正坐在花园尽头的那棵大树底下呢。 I have just returned from a long bike ride to an old castle. 我刚刚才回来，骑自行车跑了很长一段路，一直到了古城堡。It seems amazing that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon. 感到惊奇吧，像我这样的年纪，身体健康而且能在一个下午骑车跑20公里。Its my birthday in two weeks time and Ill be 82 years old! 再过两个礼拜就是我82岁的生日了！ I think my long and active life must be due to the healthy life I live. 我想我之所以长寿而且精力充沛，要归功于我的健康生活。This brings
