1、第8讲 阅读理解之AB篇课前热身Jeff Wieland, Facebooks head of accessibility engineering, said the group wants to educate more engineers, especially early in college, about designing products that are compatible with the disabled and others. “We really dont want accessibility to be the luxury of a handful of compa
2、nies,” Wieland said. “We want everything around the world to be built with accessibility in mind.”65. The underlined phrase in the last paragraph “are compatible with” most probably means _.A. are unaffordable toB. bring harm toC. keep company ofD. well suitKeys: D年份题量分值考点题型2014816细节题3道、推断题3道、词义和句意猜
3、测题1道、主旨题1道选择题2015714细节题2道、推断题2道、词义和句意猜测题2道、主旨题1道选择题2016714细节题4道、推断题3道选择题【考纲解读】1、考纲要求掌握记叙文的基本结构，理解主旨大意、段落大意和关键词句的隐含意义。具体要求学生能够分析语篇的基本结构和主要信息，把握文章的主旨大意和段落大意；在阅读的过程中，能推断语段或语篇的隐含意义。2、应用文重点掌握文本格式和语言特征。就阅读而言，重点应掌握书信、海报、广告、宣传册和说明书等文本的语言特征，能获取基本信息，把握作者写作目的。 【考点分析】1、就考查体裁和题材来说，阅读A篇主要考查记叙文，以记人、叙事为主，基本都围绕“发生了什
4、么”展开，每个故事通常都由情节、人物、场景构成，基本按照一定的顺序交代事情的起因、发展、高潮和结果。阅读B篇通常以应用文为主，以表达信息为目的，题材涉及经济、商业、科技、旅游、教育、医疗等日常生活的方方面面。2、就考查题型和考查能力而言，AB篇都会涉及到事实细节题、推断题、词义和句意猜测题以及段落大意和主旨大意题，要求考生能够熟练运用skimming和scanning的阅读方法，不仅理解作者的写作目的和主旨，而且能够准确把握细节，并进行合理推断，能够根据文章的描写，把握文中单词句子的隐含意思。因此，考生在备考过程中，不仅要注重对文章结构和主旨的把握，更要注重对细节的把握及长难句的分析和理解。
5、（一）事实细节题：指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问或用与此相类似的词填空。说明文和叙述文的思考题有相当于部分是此类题）及语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论。）抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：(1) When/Where did the story happen?(2) Which of the following
6、 statements is (not) correct?(3) Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?(4) Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?(5) All the statements are true except.解题技巧：该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里，大部分篇幅
7、都属于这类围绕主题展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。弄清细节、准确获取信息，也是把握文章中心思想的前提。（二）推断题：包括判断和推理题，两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase
8、)或综合。解题技巧：（1）吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；（2）对文字的表面信息挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理；（3）忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测；（4）把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。（三）词意猜测题：要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或者常见基本词汇在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。解题技巧：要求猜
9、测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、举例、同义、反义、因果、对比、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。（四）主旨大意题：主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。解题技巧：（1）做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读 文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来。（2）着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择
10、的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。干扰项特点：（1）以偏概全：干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。（2）断章取义：干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。（3）主题扩大：干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。（4）张冠李戴：命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选
11、答案。（5）无中生有或似是而非：有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。【真题拾遗】阅读A篇2014年高考真题(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals cant talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying,
12、 but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protec
13、t its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the hurt adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest. Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has some
14、thing to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doi
15、ng much work. How? They dont make nests. Instead, they get into other birds nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them. Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the oth
16、er. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winners hand and start fighting again. Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry ou
17、t. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps dont hear them, and they dont need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying You cant fool Mother Nature. But maybe you cant trust her, either.66. A plove
18、r protects its young from a predator by_.A. getting closer to its young B. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nest D. pretending to be injured67. By Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky (paragraph 5), the author means_.A. chimps are ready to attack others B. chimps
19、are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winners D. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winners hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive
20、 parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie? B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie? D. How does honesty help animals survive?66. D 67. B 68. A 69. A【解
21、析】66. 细节题。从第二段的“For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young”可知，答案为D.67. 句意理解题。从后面的例子中的“But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winners hand and start fighting again.”可得出，动物有时也会撒谎，用计，因此，选B.68. 细节题。根据倒数第二段做后一句“But some clever chimps l
22、earn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps dont hear them, and they dont need to share their food.”可知，A选项对。根据“After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again.”可知，猩猩握手的目的是求和，而不是赢，因此B
23、错。通过Cuckoos的例子可知，它们到其它鸟窝里下蛋，小鸟出生以后，就让它们的adoptive parents喂养，因此Cuckoos的欺骗对象是其它鸟而不是their adoptive parents，因此C选项错误。从第三段最后一句“But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.”可知，D选项错误。69. 主旨题。根据文章开头结尾及中间例子，可知答案为A.20
24、15年高考真题(A)Look to many of historys cultural symbols, and there youll find an ancestor of Frosty, the snowman in the movieFrozen.It appeared on some of the first postcards, starred in some of the earliest silent movies, and was the subject of a couple of the earliest photos, dating all the way back t
25、o the 1800s. I discovered even more about one of humanitys earliest forms of life art during several years of research around the world.For example, snowmen were a phenomenon in the Middle Ages, built with great skill and thought. At a time of limited means of expression, snow was like free art supp
26、lies dropped from the sky. It was a popular activity for couples to leisurely walk through town to view the temporary works of chilly art. Some were created by famous artists, including a 19-year-old Michelangelo, who in 1494 was appointed by the ruler of Florence, Italy, to build a snowman in his m
27、ansions courtyard.The Miracle of 1511 took place during six freezing works called the Winter of Death. The city of Brussels was covered in snowmenan impressive scene that told stories on every street corner. Some were political in nature, criticizing the church and government. Some were a reflection
28、 of peoples imagination. For the people of Brussels, this was a defining moment of defining freedom. At least until spring arrived, by which time they were dealing with damaging floods.If you fear the heyday of the snowman has passed, dont worry: Ive learned that some explosive snowman history is st
29、ill being made today. Every year since 1818, the people of Zurich, Switzerland, celebrate the beginning of spring by blowing up a snowman. On the third Monday of April, the holiday Sechselauten is kicked off when a cotton snowman called the Boogg is stuffed with explosive and paraded through town by
30、 bakers and other tradesmen who throw bread to the crowds. The parade ends with the Boogg being placed on a 40-foot pile of firewood. After the bells of the Church of St. Peter have rung six times, representing the passing of winter, the pile is lit. When the snowman explodes, winter is considered o
31、fficially overthe quicker it is burnt down, the longer summer is said to be.51. According to the passage, why did snowmen become a phenomenon in the Middle Ages?A.People thought of snow as holy art supplies.B.People longed to see masterpieces of snow.C.Building snowmen was a way for people to expres
32、s themselves.D.Building snowmen helped people develop their skill and thought.52. “The heyday of the snowman” (paragraph 4) means the time when _.A.snowmen were made mainly by artistsB.snowmen enjoyed great popularityC.snowmen were politically criticizedD.snowmen caused damaging floods53. In Zurich,
33、 the blowing up of the Boogg symbolizes _.A.the start of the paradeB.the coming of a longer summerC.the passing of the winterD.the success of tradesmen54. What can be concluded about snowmen from the passage?A.They were appreciated in historyB.They have lost their valueC.They were related to moviesD
34、.They vary in shape and size66-69. CBCA【解析】51. 细节题。根据第二段第二句“At a time of limited means of expression, snow was like free art supplies dropped from the sky.”可知，答案为C.52.词义理解题。由第三段的第一句“The Miracle of 1511 took place during six freezing works called the Winter of Death. The city of Brussels was covered
35、in snowmenan impressive scene that told stories on every street corner.”及具体内容和第四段第一句可知，“The heyday of the snowman”指代的是雪人的辉煌时期。53.细节题。从最后一段“Every year since 1818, the people of Zurich, Switzerland, celebrate the beginning of spring by blowing up a snowman.”可知，答案为C.54.推断题。根据文章对于snowman的描写，snowman是被喜欢，
36、被欣赏的，因此选A.2016年高考真题(A)One early morning, I went into the living room to find my mother reading a thick book calledBest Loved Poems to Read Again and Again. My interest was aroused only by the fact that the word “Poems” appeared in big, hot pink letters.“Is it good?” I asked her.“Yeah,” she answered.
37、 “Theres one I really like and youll like it, too.” I leaned forward.“Patty Poem,” she read the title. Who is Patty? I wondered. The poem began:The poem was just three short sections. The final one came quickly:A terrible sorrow washed over me. Whoever Patty was, she was a mean girl. Then, the shock
38、.“Its you, honey,” My mother said sadly.To my mother, the poem revealed a parents affection when her child grows up and leaves. To me, the “she” in the poem was horror. It was my mama who would be sad. It was so terrible I burst out crying.“Whats wrong?” my mother asked.“Oh Mama,” I cried. “I dont w
39、ant to grow up ever!”She smiled. “Honey, its okay. Youre not growing up anytime soon. And when you do, Ill still love you, okay?”“Okay,” I was still weeping. My panic has gone. But I could not help thinking about that silly poem. After what seemed like a safe amount of time, I read the poem again an
40、d was confused. It all fit so well together, like a puzzle. The language was simple, so simple I could plainly understand its meaning, yet it was still beautiful. I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry, words that had the power to make or break a persons world.I have since fallen in love with ot
41、her poems, but “Patty Poem” remains my poem. After all, “Patty Poem” gave me my love for poetry not because it was the poem that lifted my spirits, but because it was the one that hurt me the most.66Why was the writer attracted by the book Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again?AIt was a thick eno
42、ugh book.BSomething on its cover caught her eye.CHer mother was reading it with interest.DIt has a meaningful title.67After her mother read the poem to her, the writer felt _ at first.AsadBexcitedChorrifiedDconfused68The writers mother liked to read “Patty Poem” probably because_.Ait reflected her o
43、wn childhoodBit was written in simple languageCit was composed by a famous poetDit gave her a hint of what would happen69It can be concluded from the passage that “Patty Poem” leads the writer to _.Adiscover the power of poetryBrecognize her love for puzzlesCfind her eagerness to grow upDexperience
44、great homesickness66.B 67.A68.D69.A【解析】66.细节题。从第一段最后一句“My interest was aroused only by the fact that the word “Poems” appeared in big, hot pink letters.”可知，答案为B.67.细节题。从诗下面一段的开头“A terrible sorrow washed over me.”可知，答案为A.68.推断题。从诗后面的评论“To my mother, the poem revealed a parents affection when her chil
45、d grows up and leaves.”可推断，妈妈喜欢“Patty Poem”的原因应该是诗表达了家长在汉子成长过程中的心情。因此答案为D.69.推断题。从最后一段“I have since fallen in love with other poems, but “Patty Poem” remains my poem. After all, “Patty Poem” gave me my love for poetry not because it was the poem that lifted my spirits, but because it was the one tha
46、t hurt me the most.”可知，答案为A.阅读B篇2014年高考真题(B)Lets say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year. How do you make that happen? Consider putting the habit loop to use.Heres how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First, theres a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically. Th
47、en theres a routine. And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior. Its what you can use to create-or break-habits of your own. Heres how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part? In a couple of weeks, you wont need the cho
