1、1.7 Airfoil An airfoil is any part of an aircraft that is designed to produce lift.The wing is the primary airfoil but the propeller can also be an airfoil as well as the tail surfaces or sometimes even the fuselage itself.An airfoil has a leading edge,a trailing edge,a chord,and camber.The leading
2、edge is the“front”of the airfoil the portion that meets the air first.The trailing edge is the back of the airfoil the place at which the airflow over the upper surface of the airfoil joins the airflow over the lower surface of the airfoil.1English specialized in engine第1页，共24页。Figure 1.6 The elemen
3、ts of an airfoil airfoil 翼型fuselage 机身，壳体leading edge 前缘trailing edge 后缘chord 弦camber 弯度2English Specialized in engine第2页，共24页。The chord of an airfoil is the imaginary straight line drawn through the airfoil from its leading edge to its trailing edge.The camber of an airfoil is the curve of its uppe
4、r and lower surfaces.This curve is measured by how much it departs from the chord of the airfoil.Some airfoils have very little camber,i.e.,the airfoil looks flat,while others have a higher degree of camberthe airfoil has more curve.The term upper camber refers to the camber of the upper surface of
5、the airfoil.The term lower camber refers to the camber of the lower surface of the airfoil.3English Specialized in engine第3页，共24页。The camber of an airfoil affects its lift.The direction of the air that is flowing past an airfoil relative to the path of flight is called the relative wind.The relative
6、 wind is always parallel and opposite in direction to the path of flight.imaginary straight line 假想的直线depart from 离开i.e.也就是flat 平，扁平lift 升力4English Specialized in engine第4页，共24页。parallel 与相似，相同的，同样的1.8 Airplane Parts DefinitionsFigure 1.7 Airplane Parts Definitions5English Specialized in engine第5页，共
7、24页。nCockpit 驾驶座，驾驶舱nJet engine 喷气发动机nThrust 推力nWing 机翼nHorizontal stabilizer 水平安定面nPitch 俯仰nVertical stabilizer 垂直安定面nYaw 偏航nRudder 方向舵nSide-to-side 左右6English Specialized in engine第6页，共24页。nElevator 升降舵nUp-down 上下nFlaps 襟翼nDrag 阻力nAileron 副翼nRoll 旋转nSpoiler 扰流片，扰流器nSlats 前缘缝翼nPayload 有效负载7English
8、Specialized in engine第7页，共24页。This page shows the parts of an airplane and their functions.Airplanes are transportation devices which are designed to move people and cargo from one place to another.Airplanes come in many different shapes and sizes depending on the mission of the aircraft.The airplan
9、e shown on this slide is a turbine-powered airliner which has been chosen as a representative aircraft.airliner班(客)机8English Specialized in engine第8页，共24页。nrepresentative典型，有代表性nFor any airplane to fly,you must lift the weight of the airplane itself,the fuel,the passengers,and the cargo.The wings ge
10、nerate most of the lift to hold the plane in the air.To generate lift,the airplane must be pushed through the air.The jet engines,which are located beneath the wings,provide the thrust to push the airplane forward through the air.The air resists the motion in the form of aerodynamic drag.Some airpla
11、nes use propellers for the propulsion system instead of jets.9English Specialized in engine第9页，共24页。nlocate设置，安排，固定nbeneath在下方，在之下nmotion运动nTo control and maneuver the aircraft,smaller wings are located at the tail of the plane.The tail usually has a fixed horizontal piece(called the horizontal stab
12、ilizer)and a fixed vertical piece(called the vertical stabilizer).The stabilizers job is to provide stability for the aircraft,to keep it flying straight.10English Specialized in engine第10页，共24页。nThe vertical stabilizer keeps the nose of the plane from swinging from side to side,while the horizontal
13、 stabilizer prevents an up-and-down motion of the nose.(On the Wright brothers first aircraft,the horizontal stabilizer was placed in front of the wings.Such a configuration is called a canard after the French word for“duck”).At the rear of the wings and stabilizers are small moving sections that ar
14、e attached to the fixed sections by hinges.11English Specialized in engine第11页，共24页。nIn the figure,these moving sections are colored brown.Changing the rear portion of a wing will change the amount of force that the wing produces.The ability to change forces gives us a means of controlling and maneu
15、vering the airplane.The hinged part of the vertical stabilizer is called the rudder:it is used to deflect the tail to the left and right as viewed from the front of the fuselage.12English Specialized in engine第12页，共24页。nThe hinged part of the horizontal stabilizer is called the elevator,it is used t
16、o deflect the tail up and down.The outboard hinged part of the wing is called the aileron:it is used to roll the wings from side to side.Most airliners can also be rolled from side to side by using the spoilers.Spoilers are small plates that are used to disrupt the flow over the wing and to change t
17、he amount of force by decreasing the lift when the spoiler is deployed.13English Specialized in engine第13页，共24页。nmaneuver 操纵nstabilizer 安定面nnose 机头nconfiguration 外形ncanard 前置安定面nrear 后面，后部nhinge 铰链ndeflect 偏斜，偏转ndeployed 展开，散开，应用14English Specialized in engine第14页，共24页。nThe wings have additional hin
18、ged,rear sections near the body that are called flaps.Flaps are deployed downward on takeoff and landing to increase the amount of force produced by the wing.On some aircraft,the front part of the wing will also deflect.Slates are used at takeoff and landing to produce additional force.The spoilers
19、are also used during landing to slow the place down and to counteract the flaps when the aircraft is on the ground.The next time you fly on an airplane notice how the wing shape changes during takeoff and landing.15English Specialized in engine第15页，共24页。nlanding着落，降落ncounteract平衡，中和，抵消，阻碍nThe fusela
20、ge or body of the airplane,holds all the pieces together.The pilots sit in the cockpit at the front of the fuselage.Passengers and cargo.are carried in the rear of the fuselage.Some aircraft carry fuel in the fuselage;others carry the fuel in the wings.ncargo 货物16English Specialized in engine第16页，共2
21、4页。nAs mentioned above,the aircraft configuration in the figure was chosen only as an example.Individual aircraft may be configured quite differently from this airliner.The Wright brothers 1903 Flyer had pusher propellers and the elevators at the front of the aircraft.Fighter aircraft often have the
22、 jet engines buried inside the fuselage instead of in pods hung beneath the wings.Many fighter aircraft also combine the horizontal.stabilizer and elevator into a single stabilator surface.There are many possible aircraft configurations,but any configuration must provide for the four forced needed f
23、or flight.17English Specialized in engine第17页，共24页。nbury埋入，装入nstabilator 全动平尾n 18English Specialized in engine第18页，共24页。npropeller 螺旋桨nlanding gear 起落架，着落装置nAxes of RotationnThe aircraft is free to move around 3 different axes.nThe LONGITUDINAL AXIS is an imaginary line(line X-X)from nose to tail.Ro
24、tation around the LINGITUDINAL axis is called ROLL.Roll is controlled by the ailerons.19English Specialized in engine第19页，共24页。nWhen the pilot turns the CONTROL WHEEL(or in some aircraft a control stick),to the RIGHT the right aileron deflects upward,while the left aileron deflects downward.This cau
25、ses the right wing to produce less lift and the left wing to produce greater lift.This unequal lift causes the airplane to ROLL to the right as long as the ailerons remain in this condition.In order to stop the roll,it is necessary to neutralize the ailerons.The aircraft will remain in a“banked”cond
26、ition until rolled back to level by application of opposite aileron action.20English Specialized in engine第20页，共24页。nLONGITUDINAL AXIS 纵轴nROLL 滚转，滚动nCONTROL WHEEL 操纵盘，驾驶盘ncontrol stick 驾驶杆，操纵杆ndeflect 偏斜，偏转nneutralize 使中和，平衡，抵消，使失效，抑制nbanked侧倾的，倾斜的21English Specialized in engine第21页，共24页。nThe LATERA
27、L AXES is an imaginary line(line Y-Y)from wingtip to wingtip.Rotation around the LATERAL axis is called PITCH.The“nose up”or“nose down”pitch of the aircraft is controlled by use of the elevator surfaces of the tail.When the pilot pulls the control wheel(or control stick)rearward,the elevators deflec
28、t up ward,forcing the tail downward,This is referred to as a“nose up attitude”.When the control wheel or stick is moved forward,the opposite reactions occur,causing a“nose down attitude”.nLATERAL AXES 横轴nnose up attitude爬升nose down attitude俯冲 22English Specialized in engine第22页，共24页。nThe VERTICAL AX
29、ES is an imaginary vertical line(line Z-Z)running through the center of gravity of the aircraft,Rotation around the VERTICAL axes is called YAW.Yaw is predominately controlled by use of the rudder.Left rudder pedal depression in the cockpit deflects the rudder surface to the left.This causes the tai
30、l of the aircraft to move to the right,creating a yaw to the left about the vertical axes.Application of right rudder similarly causes yaw to the right.23English Specialized in engine第23页，共24页。nVERTICAL AXIS 铅垂轴nYAW 偏航npredominately 占主导地位，占支配地位，主宰，支配npedal 踏板，脚踏板nrudder surface 方向舵面24English Specialized in engine第24页，共24页。
