1、.Word Formation第1页,共55页。There are three major processes of word formation:derivation,compounding and conversion.第2页,共55页。().Derivation:(派生)Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix,or suffix,or both,to the base.第3页,共55
2、页。Prefixes:The major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning.1.“negative”prefixes(un-,non-,in-,dis-,a-,)eg:unkind(adj),untie(v),non-person(n),non-restrictive(adj),inability(n),incomplete(adj),impossible(adj),disadvantage(n),dislike(v),asexual(adj),abnormal
3、(adj),abuse(v)第4页,共55页。2.“reversative”prefixes(un-,de-,dis-,)eg:uncover(v),unearth(v),uncomfortable(adj),unlike(prep),deform(v),degrade(v),discover(v),discourage(v),dislike(v),第5页,共55页。3.“pejorative”prefixes(mis-,mal-,pseudo-,)eg:mistake(v),misunderstand(v),misfortune(n),maladjustment(n),malformatio
4、n(n),maladminister(v),pseudo-science(n),pseudoclassic(a),第6页,共55页。4.“degree or size”prefixes(arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-,)eg:archbishop(n),arch-criminal(n),archenemy(n),supermarket(n),superpower(n),superfine(adj)outdo(v),outlive(v),outgo(v),subeditor(n),subdivide(v),subti
5、tle(n),overdo(v),overbuy(v),overestimate(v),hypersonic(a),hypersensitive(a),hypertension(n),ultra-democracy(n),ultrarapid(a),ultrared(a),minibus(n),miniskirt(n),minigun(n),第7页,共55页。5.“attitude”prefixes(co-,counter-,anti-,pro-,)eg:cooperate(v)合作,coheir(n)共同继承人,coexist (v)共存,counterattack(n,v)反击,count
6、er-revolutionary(adj)反革命的,anti-Japanese(adj)抗日的,antiwar(adj)反战的,anticolonial(adj)反殖民地的 anti-drinking(adj)反对酗酒的 pro-American(adj)亲美的,pro-Japanese(adj)亲日的,第8页,共55页。6.“locative”prefixes(sub-,inter-,trans-,)eg:subway(n)地铁,subtitle(n)副标题,subsurface(adj)表面下的 international(adj),intercity(adj)市间的,interact(v
7、)相互作用,相互影响 transport(v)运输,transfer(v)转移,调动 transmit(v)转播 trans-Atlantic(adj)穿越大西洋的,第9页,共55页。7.“time and order”prefixes(fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,)eg:forecast(v,n)预报,foresee(v)预见,forehead(n)前额 preview(v)预习,pre-read(v)预先阅读,prepay(v)预付,postwar(adj)战后的,postgraduate(n)研究生,postscript(n)附言,ex-president(n)前任总统,e
8、x-monitor(n)前任班长,ex-wife(n)前妻,第10页,共55页。8.“number”prefixes(uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-,poly-,)eg:unicycle(n)独轮车,unidirectional(a)单向的,uniform(a,n)统一的;制服 monocycle(n)独轮车,monodrama(n)单人剧,monoxide(n)一氧化物 bicycle(n),bilateral(adj)双边的,bilingual(adj)双语的 dioxide(n)二氧化物,dialogue(n)对话,dichromatic(adj)二色(性)
9、的,第11页,共55页。tricycle(n)三轮车,tricar(n)三轮车,triangle(n)三角,multilateral(adj)多边的,multimedia(adj)多媒体,multi-industry(n)多种经营,polycrystal(n)多晶体,polycyclic(adj)多环的,polyfunctional(adj)多功能的,第12页,共55页。Suffixes:Since suffixes usually change the word from one part of speech to another,we can introduce the main grou
10、ps of suffixes.1.Noun suffixes:neighbourhood(邻居),friendship(友谊),booklet(册子),kingdom(王国),kindness(善良),socialist(社会主义者),socialism(社会主义),rapidity(迅速),worker(工人),employee(雇员),action(行动),movement(运动),arrival(到达),marriage(婚姻)第13页,共55页。2.Verb suffixes:simplify(简化),modernize(使现代化),quicken(加快),第14页,共55页。3.Ad
11、jective suffixes:useful(有用的),useless(无用的),windy(多风的),foolish(愚蠢的),manly(有男子气概的),washable(可水洗的),pointed(尖的),cultural(文化的),poisonous(有毒的),第15页,共55页。4.Adverb suffixes:happily(愉快地),backward(s)(向后),northward(s),clockwise(顺时针地),第16页,共55页。Formation:1.prefixfree root:prearrange(v)预先安排,postscript(n)附言,rewrit
12、e(n)改写,enlarge(v)扩大,impossible(adj)不可能的,dislike(v)不喜欢,第17页,共55页。2.free rootsuffix:darkness(n),friendship(n),movement(n),hopeful(a),hopeless(a),mouse-like(a)像鼠一样的,darken(v),badly(adv),clockwise(adv),第18页,共55页。3.prefixfree rootsuffix:inaction(n)无行动,懒散,improfitable(adj)无利润的,unfriendly(adj),removal(n),第
13、19页,共55页。4.prefixbound root:predict(v)预言,预示,descend(v)下降,contradict(v)反驳,同矛盾,第20页,共55页。5.bound rootsuffix:tolerance(n)容忍,liberate(v)解放,diction(n)措辞,linguist(n)语言学家,第21页,共55页。6prefixbound rootsuffix:intolerable(adj)不可容忍的,descendant(n)后代,disruptive(adj)分裂的,第22页,共55页。().Compounding:(合成)Compounding is a
14、 word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit,a compound word.第23页,共55页。1.Noun Compounds:(commonest)One kind of classification is lexical:第24页,共55页。(1)NN:nightschool(夜校),(夜校),handbook(手册),(手册),(2)AdjN:greenhouse(温室),(温室),blackboard(黑板),(黑板),(3)VN:driveway(机动车道),(
15、机动车道),pickpocket(扒手),(扒手),(4)Prep/advN:after-effect(后效),(后效),afternoon(下午),(下午),(5)gerundN:living-room(起居室),(起居室),walking-stick(拐杖),(拐杖),第25页,共55页。(6)present.pN:ruling-class(统治阶级),(统治阶级),floating-bridge(浮桥),(浮桥),(7)NV:snowfall(下雪),(下雪),daybreak(黎明),(黎明),(8)Ngerund:handwriting(书写),(书写),book-learning(
16、书本知识),(书本知识),(9)pronN:he-goat(公山羊),(公山羊),she-cat(女猫),(女猫),(10)VAdv:make-up(构造;性格;化妆品),(构造;性格;化妆品),breakthrough(突破)(突破)第26页,共55页。The other kind of classification is syntactic:第27页,共55页。(1)Subjectpredicate:sunrise(黎明),flashlight(闪光灯),working-people(劳动人民),(2)vtobject:pickpocket,reading-material,haircut
17、,letter-writing,chopstick,pastime,(3)Subjectobject:gas-light(汽灯):”gas produces light,”sugar-cane(甘蔗):”cane produces sugar,”(4)Appositive:manservant(男侍者),girl-friend(女朋友),第28页,共55页。2.Adjective Compounds:One kind of classification is lexical:第29页,共55页。(1)NAdj:life-long(终生的),world-famous(举世闻名的),(2)AdjA
18、dj:light-blue(浅蓝的),dead-alive(没精打采的),(3)Present.pAdj:freezing-cold(冰冷的),smoking-hot(热气腾腾的),(4)Npresent.p:peace-loving(爱和平的),English-speaking(说英语的),(5)Npast.p:heart-felt(由衷的),snow-covered(被雪覆盖的),第30页,共55页。(6)Adjpresent.p:easy-going(悠闲的),good-looking(好看的),(7)Adjpast.p:new-born(新生的),green-painted(喷绿的),
19、(8)Advpresent.p:hardworking(勤劳的),outstanding(杰出的),(9)Advpast.p:well-known(著名的),ready-made(现成的),(10)AdjN:full-time(全职的),new-type(新型的),第31页,共55页。(11)VN:cease-fire(停火的),(停火的),tell-tale(搬弄是非的),(搬弄是非的),(12)VNed:short-sighted(近视的),(近视的),absent-minded(心不在焉的),(心不在焉的),(13)numN:a three-room flat(一套三居室公寓),(一套三
20、居室公寓),a five-year plan(无年计划),(无年计划),(14)NNed:brick-headed(砖门脸的),(砖门脸的),stone-columned(石柱的),(石柱的),(15)numNed:three-legged(三条腿的),(三条腿的),two-faced(两面派的),(两面派的),第32页,共55页。(16)VAdv:wake-up(醒来的),runaway(逃跑的,私奔的),(17)prepN:down-hill(下坡的),offhand(即时的),(18)AdvAdj:all-round(全面的,综合的),ever-green(常青的),(19)past.p
21、Adv:made-up(虚构的),grown-up(成年的),第33页,共55页。(20)Phrases:a black-and-white TV(一台黑白电视机),an out-of-the-way district(偏僻的地区),a hard-to-find place (一个难找的地方),a never-to-be-forgotten day(一个难忘的日子),(21)Sentences:the do-what-you-can-and-take-what-you-need policy (实事求是的原则),a damned-if-they-do,damned-if-they-dont c
22、hoice (一个两难的选择)第34页,共55页。The other kind of classification is syntactic:第35页,共55页。(1)Subjectpredicate:weather-beaten(饱经风霜的),thunder-struck(被雷击的),(2)vtobject:peace-loving,fault-finding(挑剔的),(3)VAdverbial:hardworking,well-behaved(表现好的),(4)subjectcomplement:tax-free(免税的),love-sick(单相思的),knee-deep(膝深的),第
23、36页,共55页。().Conversion:(转化)第37页,共55页。1Definition:Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.Eg:to plan a table 设计一个表 to table a plan 确立一个计划 to book a place 预定一个位子 to place a book 放一本书 go
24、on 继续 on go 忙碌 spare time 空余的时间 to spare time 抽出时间第38页,共55页。2.Types of conversion:There are various types of conversion,but conversions from Noun to Verb and Verb to Noun are the most productive.第39页,共55页。(1)NounVerb:radio.n.to radio(a message),can.n.to can(fish),shelter.n.They sheltered the orphans
25、.mother.n.She mothered the orphan.bicycle.n.We bicycled to the Summer Palace.summer.n.We summered in Qingdao.第40页,共55页。(2)VerbNoun:to give a cry,to have a look,to make a guess,on the go in the long run The restaurant is quite a find.(We found a nice restaurant)He is a great bore.(He is a person who
26、bores everyone.)The cloth is a good cover for the table.(I covered the table with a cloth.)第41页,共55页。(3)AdjectiveVerb:calm.adj.The sea calmed down.dry.adj.to dry clothes,spare.adj.to spare time,clean.adj.to clean the room,better.adj.to better the life of the people,lower.adj.to lower ones voice,第42页
27、,共55页。(4)AdjectiveNoun:There is a school for the deaf and blind.He is at most 20.He has tried his best to help me.He is a native.第43页,共55页。(5)Other examples:But me no buts!(Dont but me!)(不要给我说“but”了。)I was explaining the Golden Bull to his Royal Highness.“Ill Golden Bull you,your rascal!”roared the
28、Majesty of Prussia.Can you tell me the how and the why of the whole matter?第44页,共55页。There are three minor processes of word formation:第45页,共55页。().Abbreviation(缩写)(缩写)第46页,共55页。1.Clipping:(截短词)(截短词)(1)Apocope:(截除词尾):(截除词尾)adadvertisement,autoautomobile,examexamination,mathsmathematics lablaboratory
29、,kilokilogram (2)Aphaeresis:(截除词首)(截除词首)busomnibus,cellovioloncello,phonetelephone,(3)Front and back clipping:(截除首尾)(截除首尾)fluinfluenza,fridgerefrigerator,scriptprescription,第47页,共55页。2.Initialism:(首字母缩略词)(首字母缩略词)(pronounced letter by letter)UNUnited Nations(联合国),(联合国),USUnited States(美国),(美国),UKUnit
30、ed Kingdom(英国),(英国),E-mailelectronic mail(电子邮件),(电子邮件),第48页,共55页。3.Acronyms:(首字母拼音词)(首字母拼音词)NATONorth Atlantic Treaty Organization(北大西洋(北大西洋公约组织),公约组织),UNESCOthe United Nations Education,Science and Culture Organization(联合国教科文组织),(联合国教科文组织),radarradio detection and ranging(雷达),(雷达),laserlightwave am
31、plification by stimulated emmision of radiation(激光),(激光),第49页,共55页。4.Blending:(混成词)(混成词)smog(烟雾)(烟雾)smokefog,motel(汽车旅馆)(汽车旅馆)motorhotel,brunch(早午饭)(早午饭)breakfastlunch,Chinglish(中国英语)(中国英语)ChineseEnglish,第50页,共55页。().Back-formation (逆序构词)(逆序构词)automationto automate,editorto edit,laserto lase,greedyg
32、reed.n.,第51页,共55页。().Onomatopoeia (拟声词)(拟声词)模拟事物的声音而造词的方法叫做拟声法。虽然拟声词模拟事物的声音而造词的方法叫做拟声法。虽然拟声词在现代语言词汇中占的比例很小,但拟声造词无疑是人类最在现代语言词汇中占的比例很小,但拟声造词无疑是人类最古老的构词方法,而且至今仍在沿用这种构词方法造出新词。古老的构词方法,而且至今仍在沿用这种构词方法造出新词。拟声是运用模拟或暗示自然声音的词语,以使语言更加拟声是运用模拟或暗示自然声音的词语,以使语言更加形象生动,增添声音美。拟声词具有很强的表现力和感染力,形象生动,增添声音美。拟声词具有很强的表现力和感染力,
33、所挑选的音响有助于在大脑中再创意境的回声,达到栩栩如所挑选的音响有助于在大脑中再创意境的回声,达到栩栩如生的效果。生的效果。第52页,共55页。模拟人的声音。模拟人的声音。如:How the pretty ladies talk Tittle tattle,tittle tattle!Like their patters when they walk Pittle pattle,pittle pattle.(Erasmus Darwin)(漂亮小姐怎样闲话 叽叽喳喳,叽叽喳喳!恰似她们步履轻捷 劈嘀啪嗒,劈嘀啪嗒。)该诗通过tittle tattle和pittle pattle模拟姑娘们在一起
34、闲谈的声音和急促的脚步声,使人仿佛听到活泼可爱的姑娘们在叽叽喳喳谈笑。第53页,共55页。模拟动物的声音。模拟动物的声音。如:The dog barks;狗汪汪,the wolf howls;狼嚎叫,the tiger roars;老虎啸,the cock crows;鸡鸣啼,the cat meows;猫咪咪,the pig grunts;猪哼哼the duck quacks.鸭呱呱。通过使用bark,howl,roar,crow,meow,grunt,quack 这几个拟声词,几种动物的叫声被模拟得惟妙惟肖。第54页,共55页。模拟其它声音。模拟其它声音。如:The ice was here,the ice was there,The ice was all around;It cracked and growled,and roared and howled,Like noises in a swound!(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)(这里是冰,那里是冰,到处是冰墙重重。崩裂、咆哮、吼鸣、嚎啸,真个是震耳欲聋。)用crack,growl,roar,howl模拟出冰裂的嘎嘎声和海上汹涌的冰涛声,生动地再现了冬季海面的严寒景象。第55页,共55页。