1、运营管理讲义运营管理讲义课程重点nOM基本知识n国际OM领域:新的管理方法n科学的OM管理方法Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009EvaluationEVALUATION COMPOENTPERCENT 平时成绩(出勤情况,课堂讨论)10 运作管理作业110 运作管理作业210 Final Examination70 Total 100%Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009课程教学安排课程教学安排序号序号周周日期日期授课内容授课内容备注备注112008.2.23Chapter 1 Introduction22008.2.26C
2、hapter 2 Operations StrategyAssignment 1:论文学习作业布置Deadline:2008.3.12(2周后)322008.3.2Chapter 3 Product Design42008.3.5532008.3.9Chapter 4 Location Planning62008.3.12Chapter 5 Facility LayoutSubmission:交论文学习作业1742008.3.16Chapter 6 Strategy Capacity DecisionAssignment 2:案例讨论布置82008.3.19Chapter 7 Services
3、 Design 952008.3.23Chapter 8 Total Quality Management 102008.3.26Chapter 9 Inventory Management1162008.3.30Textbook Case DiscussionDiscussion:小组案例讨论122008.4.2Chapter 10 Just In Time(JIT)1372008.4.6Chapter 11 MRP&MRPII(1)142008.4.9MRP&MRPII(2)1582008.4.13论文作业分析,复习答疑Submission:交案例讨论作业162008.4.16考试Dr.W
4、enJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Chapter 1 IntroductionnWhat is Operations Management?nProduction SystemnHistorical DevelopmentnTrendDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity20091.What is Operations Management?nPM:生产管理nPOM:生产与运作管理nOM:运作管理 制造管理 生产管理 生产与运作管理 运作管理Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009OM definitionOpe
5、rations Management(OM)is defined as the design,operation,and improvement of the system that create and deliver the firms primary products and services.Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009运作管理生产系统设计生产系统运行与控制(知识与技巧)生产战略生产类型选择生产能力发展产品与工艺技术作业管理决策纵向一体化生产企业服务战略产品和服务设计工艺选择生产能力设施布置工作系统设计选址规划与分析综合计划库存管理物料需求计划
6、进度安排质量管理项目管理管理决策的定量方法企业战略规划生产战略要素供应链管理生产系统改进敏捷制造准时生产系统最优生产技术精益生产计算机集成制造系统预测企业资源计划划Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009OM,OR/MS,IE的不同点nOM:运作管理nA field of managementnOR/MS:运筹学/管理科学nThe application of quantitative methods to decision making in all fieldsnIE:工业工程nAn engineering discipline,如工厂自动化Dr.WenJie
7、Wang DonghuaUniversity20092.Production SystemnIntroductionnDesignnOperationsnTypes of ProcessnDifferences between Services and Goods Production(Manufacturing)Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009运作管理的定义运作管理就是对提供公司主要产品或服务提供公司主要产品或服务的系统的系统进行设计,运行和改进。Operations Management(OM)is defined as the design,oper
8、ation,and improvement of the system that create and deliver the firms primary products and servicesDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Production System生产系统输入输入输出输出5PsIn general,a production system is one that transforms raw materials and input by a certain process or a variety of transformation acti
9、vities into a desired product.Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009生产系统中发生的转换过程 物理过程 例如:生产 位置变化过程 例如:运输 交易过程 例如:零售 存储过程 例如:库存 生理过程 例如:健康保养 信息过程 例如:电信Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009TransformationsnPhysical-manufacturingnLocation-transportationnExchange-retailingnStorage-warehousingnPhysiological-he
10、alth carenInformational-telecommunicationsDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009典型系统的输入典型系统的输入-转换转换-输出关系输出关系 系统 主要输入 资源 主要转换功能 期望输出医院 病人 医生、护士 健康护理(生理)健康人 药品供应、设备 餐厅 饥饿的顾客 食品、厨师、服务员 精美食物、舒适 满意的顾客 的环境(物理和交易)汽车工厂 钢板、动力、部件 工具、设备、工人 装配和制造汽车 高质量的汽车 (物理)学院和大学 高中毕业生 教师、教材和教室 知识和技能(信息)受教育的人 百货商店 顾客 展示、商品的存储 吸引
11、顾客、推销产品 满意的顾客 售货员 供应订货(交易)Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009生产系统的运作资源5PsnPeople人力:直接和间接劳动力nPlant工厂:进行生产的工厂和服务分支部门nParts物料:贯穿在整个系统的原料(服务,供给品)nProcess工艺过程:设备和产品完成的步骤nPlanning and control system计划和控制:运行系统的过程控制和信息管理Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity20092)Production Systems DesignnProduct and Services Desi
12、gnnProcess SelectionnCapacity ManagementnFacility LayoutnJob Design and Work MeasurementnLocation PlanningDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity20093)OperationsnForecastingnAggregate PlanningnInventory ControlnMaterial Requirements Planning(MRP)nOperations SchedulingnSupply Chain ManagementnQuality Managem
13、entnProject ManagementnWaiting LineDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity20094)Types of Processes(1)按产品的标准化程度及产量(2)按满足需求的方式分类(3)按生产的连续程度 Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009(1)按产品的标准化程度及产量n单件n产品品种繁多n每种产品生产一台或几台n生产稳定性和专业化程度很低n成批n产品产量较少,品种较多n专业化程度较低n大量n产品产量大而品种少n重复生产一种或少数几种类似的产品n专业化程度较高Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUn
14、iversity2009Process Flow StructuresnJob shopnBatch shopnAssembly LinenContinuous FlowDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009IV.ContinuousFlowIII.AssemblyLineII.BatchI.JobShopLowVolume,One of aKindMultipleProducts,LowVolumeFewMajorProducts,HigherVolumeHighVolume,HighStandard-izationCommercialPrinterFrenc
15、h RestaurantHeavyEquipmentCoffee ShopAutomobileAssemblyBurger KingSugarRefineryFlexibility(High)Unit Cost(High)Flexibility(Low)Unit Cost(Low)Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009(2)按满足需求的方式分类n备货型生产(Make-to-Stock,MTS)按已有的标准产品或产品系列进行的生产,生产的目的是为了补充库存。通过成品库存随时满足用户需求。例如,家用电器、标准件、汽车等的生产。n订货型生产(Make-to-Order
16、,MTO)按用户订单进行的生产。用户提出各种各样的要求,包括产品性能、数量、等,经过协商确定出价格和交货期等要素,然后组织设计和生产。如船舶、大型工业锅炉等。MTO和MTS的生产组织有很大的不同Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009(3)按生产的连续程度n连续式/半连续加工n产品导向型(product focus)n流程式Continuous Flown重复型(模块)Repetitive processn间歇型 Intermittent processn工艺导向型(process focus)n批量生产(Batch)n工艺专门化(Job Shop)Dr.WenJ
17、ieWang DonghuaUniversity20095)服务与生产的区别nService is an intangible process服务是无形过程nGoods is the physical output of a process产品是物理输出过程。Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Manufacturing vs ServiceCharacteristicOutputCustomer contactUniformity of inputLabor contentUniformity of outputMeasurement of producti
18、vityOpportunity to correctManufacturingTangibleLowHighLowHighEasyHighServiceIntangibleHighLowHighLowDifficultLowquality problemsHighDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009服务与生产的共同点制造者提供多种服务,作为产品的一部分,而许多服务者也提供有形的产品,分销给顾客或在提供服务过程中消费产品。(例如:麦当劳)These differences are beginning to fadein many casesDr.WenJieWa
19、ng DonghuaUniversity20094.Historical Developmentn1911年以前,探索和研究n1911年以后,科学管理n70年代,计算机在管理中的应用Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity200919111911年以前,探索和研究年以前,探索和研究n1770s,Industrial Revolution(机器代替了人)n1776,亚当.斯密在国富论中,讨论 了劳动分工经济利益n1790s,Eli Whitney,interchangeable partsDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity200919111911
20、年以后,科学管理年以后,科学管理1911,Frederic W.Taylor,Scientific mgt.1911,Frank and Lillian Gilbreth,Motion study1912,Henry L.Gantt,Activity scheduling chart1913,Henry Ford,Moving assembly line1915,F.W.Harris,Economic lot size1930,Elton Mayo et al,worker motivation1935,Walter Shewhart et al,Quality control,1940s,O
21、R applications etc.Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009五、POM发展趋势n发展柔性供应链,实现产品/服务的顾客化大量生产(mass customization).n对全球性供应商、生产与分销网络的管理.n通过“服务性工厂(Service Factory)”创造新的竞争力.n从服务性企业获得更好的服务,如物流服务等.Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009企业POM新策略n大规模定制生产(Mass Customization)n用大批量生产的效
22、率和成本满足顾客定制化(个性化)需求。n供应链管理(Supply Chain Management)n现代物流管理n配送中心n价值链分析n传统供应系统的整合nE-运作(E-Operations)Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Chapter 2 Operations Strategy&CompetitivenessnStrategy 战略战略nCompetitiveness 竞争力竞争力nProductivity 生产率生产率Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Operations StrategyOperations s
23、trategy is concerned with setting broad policies and plans for using the resources of a firm to best support its long-term competitive strategy.制定企业各项主要政策和计划,以利用企业资源最大限度地支持企业的长期竞争战略Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009生产与运作战略概念生产与运作战略概念1 企业经营战略企业经营战略:指在商品经济条件下,企业根据经营环境的变化、发展趋势,为求得生存、发展、实现企业的经营发展目标,对企业
24、经营作出的全局性、方向性和长远性的决策.2 生产运作战略生产运作战略:在企业经营战略的总体框架下,决定如何通过运作活动来达到企业的整体经营目标,它通过对企业各种资源要素和内、外部环境 的分析,对和生产运作管理和生产运作系统有关的基本问题进行分析和判断,确定总的指导思想以及一系列决策原则Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Operations StrategyCustomer NeedsCorporate StrategyOperations StrategyAlignmentCoreCompetenciesDecisionsProcesses,Infrastr
25、ucture,and CapabilitiesDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Operations Strategy FrameworkCustomer NeedsNew :Oldproduct:productCompetitivedimensions&reqs.Quality,Dependability,Speed,Flexibility,and PriceOperations&Supplier capabilitiesTechnologyPeopleSystemsR&DCIMJITTQMDistributionSupport PlatformsFina
26、ncial managementHuman resource managementInformation managementEnterprise capabilitiesDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Competitivenessn价格价格:成本n质量质量:产品质量和可靠性n产品产品/劳务劳务:产品/劳务的差异性(特质)n柔性柔性(flexibility):为顾客提供多种类型产品 的能力n时间时间:交货速度和交货可靠性(在承诺交货期交货)n其他(服务)Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Productivity Mea
27、surementProductivity=Outputs InputsDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009不同生产率度量法nPartial measures单因素度量法nOutput/(single input)n产出/劳动,产出/机器,产出/资本,产出/能量nMulti-factor measures多要素度量nOutput/(multiple inputs)n产出/(劳动+机器),产出/(劳动+资本+能量)nTotal measure总度量法nOutput/(total inputs)n生产的商品或劳务/生产过程中的全部投入Dr.WenJieWang Do
28、nghuaUniversity2009生产率计算举例生产率计算举例1.4个工人个工人8次小时内铺放次小时内铺放720平方码地毯平方码地毯 生产率生产率720(48)22.5平方码平方码/小时小时2.一台机器在一台机器在2小时内生产出小时内生产出68件可用的产品件可用的产品 生产率生产率68234件件/小时小时3.多要素多要素产出:产出:1760单位单位投入:人工投入:人工1000美元;材料美元;材料520美元;管理费美元;管理费2000美元美元多要素生产率多要素生产率1760(10005202000)0.5单位单位/美元美元Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009
29、Chapter 3 产品设计产品设计(一)产品开发的重要性(二)产品开发过程(三)产品创意的来源-Customer(四)产品开发方法(五)产品的制造设计Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009n市场营销 Marketingn为新产品开发提供新概念n为现有产品生产线制定产品规范。n产品开发 Product Developmentn将产品技术概念转移至最终设计。n制造 Manufacturingn选择和构造制造产品的过程。Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009 营销与销售 产品开发 制造顾客市场系统产品规范市场营销先进研究产品设计销售过
30、程规划生产顾客市场系统需求新产品概念技术概念促销响应顾客订单生产订单产品Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Typical Phases of Product Design DevelopmentnConcept DevelopmentnProduct PlanningnProduct/Process EngineeringnPilot Production/Ramp-UpDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009(三)产品创意的来源-CustomernAssessing customers needs and wantsnCust
31、omer satisfactionDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009面向顾客的产品设计面向顾客的产品设计Customer SatisfactionnQuality Function Deployment(QFD)质量功能展开nValue Analysis/Value Engineering价值分析与价值工程Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009质量功能展开(质量功能展开(QFD)nA Formal technique for translating the voice of the customer into the lang
32、uage of design and manufacturing engineers.将顾客的需求融入产品和服务开发流程的一种结构性方法nDeveloped in Matsubishis Kobe,Japan,shipyards in the 1970(by Japan professor Yoji Akao)n20世纪80年代晚期,流入美国Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009绘制质量屋的步骤zConsider the V
33、oice of the customer考虑客户的需求zPerform Competitive Analysis竞争分析zConsider the Voice of the Engineer工程师的考虑zLook for Correlation相关性分析zPerform Technical Comparison with Competitors技术方面与竞争对手的比较分析6Evaluate Design Trade-off方案的比较评定Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009House of Quality Trade-off matrixDesign chara
34、cteristicsCustomer requirementsTarget valuesRelationship matrixCompetitive assessmentImportanceDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009House of Quality Irons wellEasy and safe to useCompetitive Assessment12345Presses quickly9B ARemoves wrinkles8ABDoesnt stick to fabric6BAProvides enough steam8ABDoesnt sp
35、ot fabric6ABDoesnt scorch fabric9ABHeats quickly6BAAutomatic shut-off3ABQuick cool-down3A BDoesnt break when dropped5ABDoesnt burn when touched5ABNot too heavy8ABDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009House of Quality Energy needed to pressWeight of ironSize of soleplateThickness of soleplateMaterial us
36、ed in soleplateNumber of holesSize of holesFlow of water from holesTime required to reach 450 FTime to go from 450 to 100Protective cover for soleplateAutomatic shutoffPresses quickly-+-Removes wrinkles+Doesnt stick to fabric-+Provides enough steam+Doesnt spot fabric+-Doesnt scorch fabric+-+Heats qu
37、ickly-+-Automatic shut-off+Quick cool-down-+Doesnt break when dropped+Doesnt burn when touched+Not too heavy+-+-Irons wellEasy and safe to useDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009House of Quality Energy needed to pressWeight of ironSize of soleplateThickness of soleplateMaterial used in soleplateNumbe
38、r of holesSize of holesFlow of water from holesTime required to reach 450Time to go from 450 to 100Protective cover for soleplateAutomatic shutoff-+Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009House of Quality Energy needed to pressWeight of ironSize of soleplateThickness of soleplateMaterial used in soleplat
39、eNumber of holesSize of holesFlow of water from holesTime required to reach 450Time to go from 450 to 100Protective cover for soleplateAutomatic shutoffUnits of measureft-lblbin.cmtyeamm oz/s sec secY/N Y/NIron A31.48x42SS27150.545500NYIron B41.28x41MG27150.335350NYOur Iron(X)21.79x54T35150.750600NY
40、Estimated impact344454325530Estimated cost333343334452Targets1.28x53SS3030500Design changes*Objective measuresDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Designing for the Customer:Value Analysis/Value Engineering(VA/VE)Achieve equivalent or better performance at a lower cost while maintaining all functional
41、 requirements defined by the customer.nDoes the item have any design features that are not necessary?nCan two or more parts be combined into one?nHow can we cut down the weight?nAre there nonstandard parts that can be eliminated?Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009n工业设计 Industrial Designn稳健型设计 Robust
42、 Designn计算机辅助设计 Computer Aided Designn模块化设计 Modular Designn成组技术 Group Technology(四)产品开发方法(四)产品开发方法Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Robust Design:Design that results in products or services that can function over a broad range of conditionsRobust DesignDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Computer-Ai
43、ded DesignnComputer-Aided Design(CAD)is product design using computer graphics.nincreases productivity of designers,3 to 10 timesncreates a database for manufacturing information on product specificationsnprovides possibility of engineering and cost analysis on proposed designsDr.WenJieWang DonghuaU
44、niversity2009模块化设计模块化设计模块化设计可在生产多品种产品时用相对少的品种部件。基本的想法:发展一系列的基本产品部件(或组件),这些部件能被装配成大量的不同产品。Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009nDesign for manufacturing(DFM)nDesign for assembly(DFA)nDesign for disassembly(DFD)nDesign for recycling(DFR)Product designDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009(五)五)产品的制造设计产品的制造设
45、计 Design for manufacturabilitynBeyond the overall objective to achieve customer satisfaction while making a reasonable profit is:Design for Manufacturing(DFM)nThe designers consideration of the organizations manufacturing capabilities when designing a product.nThe more general term design for operat
46、ions encompasses services as well as manufacturingDr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Design for ManufacturabilitynTraditional Approachn“We design it,you build it”or“Over the wall”nConcurrent Engineeringn“Lets work together simultaneously”Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009Concurrent Engineering Defi
47、nedConcurrent engineering can be defined as the simultaneous development of project design functions,with open and interactive communication existing among all team members for the purposes of reducing time to market,decreasing cost,and improving quality and reliability.Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversi
48、ty2009n并行工程 Concurrent Engineeringn指侧重于交叉职能的集成、产品的同步开发及相应的实现过程。n Cross-functional teamsn团队是CE最基本的综合机制,有三种形式:n计划管理团队n技术团队n设计-建造团队n CE方法的优点:主要是节约了完成项目的时间Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009第四章 选址战略n选址战略的目标n影响选址决策的因素n评价选址方案的方法Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009一、选址战略的目标 -选址能给企业带来最大化的收益n工业选址:追求成本最小化n零售业和
49、专业服务业:追求收益最大化n仓库:综合考虑成本和运输速度问题Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009二、影响选址决策的因素n选择国家n选择地区n具体位置决策Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009制造业选址标准制造业选址标准(1 1)n接近顾客n商业氛围(商圈)n总成本n基础设施n劳动力素质n供应商Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009n政治风险n政府壁垒n当地政府的优惠政策和社区环境n环保条例制造业选址标准制造业选址标准(2 2)Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009三
50、、评估选址方案的方法n因素评分法n选址盈亏平衡法n重心法n运输模型Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009因素评分法的步骤n列出所有相关因素(如市场位置、水源供应等等)n赋以每个因素以权重,以反映它在公司决策中的相对重要性。各因素比重总和一般是1.00。n给每个因素的打分取值设定一个范围(如0100)n用设定的取值范围就各个因素给每个备选地址打分n将每个因素的得分与其权重相乘,计算出每个备选地址的总分n考虑以上计算结果,选取总分最高的地址作为最佳选择。Dr.WenJieWang DonghuaUniversity2009选址盈亏平衡分析法的步骤n确定每个地址的固定