1、北京理工大学管理与经济学院 1.保险在外贸业务中的重要性保险在外贸业务中的重要性 2.国际贸易中的主要险种国际贸易中的主要险种 3.涉及保险的商业信函的撰写涉及保险的商业信函的撰写 北京理工大学管理与经济学院 Human beings are subject to various unpredictable risks risk of death or disability due to natural or accidental causes,risk of loss of or damage to ones property,etc.Risk has the element of unpr
2、edictability,but losses can be mitigated through insurance.There are many types of insurance products available for life and non-life property insurance,life insurance,liability insurance,bond insurance,to name just a few.Cargo insurance belongs to property insurance.Cargo insurance covers physical
3、damage to or loss of your goods whilst in transit by land,sea and air and offers considerable opportunities and cost advantages if managed properly.It brings the potential loss of or damage to goods into cost and the insurer,on the basis of a premium received,undertakes to indemnify the insured agai
4、nst loss from certain risks or perils to which the cargo insured may be exposed.Cargo insurance has become a must in international trade.Without it,international trade can not be guaranteed.北京理工大学管理与经济学院What is the purpose of insurance?house against fire.You can insure your car against accident/thef
5、t.nose against harm.life insurance.health insurance.You can effect a endowment insurance.养老保险 accident insurance.burglary and robbery insurance.北京理工大学管理与经济学院Insurance Contract(保险合同保险合同)1.Definition(1)保险合同是投保人与保险人约定保险权利义务关系的协议An insurance contract is an agreement whereby the insurance rights and obli
6、gations are specified and agreed by the applicant and the insurer.(2)投保人the applicant 是指与保险人订立保险合同订立保险合同，并按照保险合同负有支付保险费支付保险费义务的人。An applicant refers to the party who enters into an insurance contract with an insurer and is obligated to pay the premiums under the insurance contract.(3)保险人the insurer
7、是指与投保人订立保险合同，并承担赔偿或者给付保险金责任的保险公司。An insurer refers to the insurance company which enters into an insurance contract with an applicant and is obligated to make indemnity or payments of the insurance benefits.北京理工大学管理与经济学院(4)被保险人the insured被保险人是指其财产或者人身受保险合同保障，享有保险金请求权的人其财产或者人身受保险合同保障，享有保险金请求权的人，投保人可以
8、为被保险人。The insured refers to anyone whose property or person is protected by the insurance contract and who is entitled to claim for compensation.An applicant may be the insured.(5)保险标的The subject matter 保险标的是指作为保险对象的财产及其有关利益或者人的寿命和身体。The subject matter of the insurance refers either to the property
9、of the insured and related interests associated therewith,or to the life and the body of the insured,which is the object of the insurance.(6)保险利益 insurable interest保险利益是指投保人对保险标的具有的法律上承认的利益。An insurable interest refers to the interest which the applicant has in the subject matter of the insurance an
10、d is recognized by laws.(7)保险事故insured event 保险事故是指保险合同约定的保险责任范围内的事故。An insured event refers to an event falling within the scope of cover under the insurance contract.北京理工大学管理与经济学院(8)保险金额the insured sum 保险金额是指保险人承担赔偿或者给付保险金责任的最高限额。The sum insured refers to the maximum amount which the insurer under
11、takes to indemnify or pay under its insurance obligation.(10)保险费the premium保险费是指投保人向保险人支付的保险合同规定的费用。The premium refers to the charge that the applicant pays to the insurer as specified in the insurance contract.(11)保险价值insured value 保险价值是指保险标的的保险价值，保险价值可以由投保人和保险人约定并在合同中载明，也可以按照保险事故发生时保险标的的实际价值确定。The
12、 insured value of the subject matter of the insurance may be agreed by the applicant and the insurer,and specified in the contract;or it may be assessed based on the actual value of the subject matter of the insurance at the time of the occurrence of the insured event.北京理工大学管理与经济学院 Fundamental Princ
13、iples of Cargoes Insurance（保险的基本原则）(1)保险利益原则保险利益原则 The insurable interest投保人对保险标的应当具有保险利益。An applicant shall have an insurable interest in the subject matter of the insurance.投保人对保险标的不具有保险利益的，保险合同无效。An insurance contract is null and void if the applicant has no insurable interest in the subject matt
14、er of the insurance.(2)最大诚信原则最大诚信原则 The Utmost Good Faith订立保险合同，保险人应当向投保人说明保险合同的条款内容，并可以就保险标的或者被保险人的有关情况提出询问，投保人应当如实告知。The insurer shall,prior to the conclusion of an insurance contract,explain the contract terms and conditions to the applicant and may inquire about the subject matter of the insuran
15、ce or person to be insured.The applicant shall make a full and accurate disclosure.北京理工大学管理与经济学院(3)赔偿原则赔偿原则 Indemnity保险金额不得超过保险价值；超过保险价值的，超过的部分无效。The sum insured shall not exceed the insured value of the subject matter of the insurance,and any portion exceeding the insured value of the subject matte
16、r of the insurance is null and void as a matter of law.Two Subsidiary Principles Under the indemnity principle,there are two sub-principles:1)Contribution(分摊分摊)2)Subrogation(代位追偿代位追偿)4.The Doctrine of Proximate Cause(近因原则近因原则)北京理工大学管理与经济学院 风险：risks,perils total loss 损失：losses particular average part
17、ial loss (单独海损）general average （共同海损）险别：risks,perils,coverages 保险公司按照不同险别险别包括的风险风险所造成的损失损失和发生的费用承担赔偿责任，所以在保险业务中风险风险、损失损失和险别险别三者有着紧密的联系，为此，我们对保险公司所能承保的风险与损失的种类和内容必须有准确的理解。北京理工大学管理与经济学院Scope of CoverageRisksLossesExpensesPerils of the seaExtraneous risksNatural calamityFortuitous accidentsGeneral extr
18、aneous risksSpecial extraneous risksTotal lossPartial LossActual total lossConstructive total loss General average Particular averageSue and labor expensesSalvage charges Risks and Losses in Cargo Transport北京理工大学管理与经济学院 In marine cargo transport insurance,risks fall into:1.Perils of the Sea 海上风险海上风险
19、 1)Natural Calamity自然灾害自然灾害 (the perils under force majeure such as vile weather,thunder storm and lightening,earthquake,flood,etc.)2)Fortuitous Accidents意外事故意外事故 (risks such as ship stranding,striking upon the rocks,ship sinking,ship collision,fire,explosion,etc.)2.Extraneous Risks 外来风险外来风险 1)Gener
20、al Extraneous Risks 一般外来风险 (risks caused by theft,rain,leakage,shortage,dampness,heating,hooking,rusting,etc.)2)Special Extraneous Risks 特殊外来风险 (risks caused by on deck,war,strikes,failure of delivery and rejection,etc.)Risks in Marine Cargo Transport北京理工大学管理与经济学院Heavy weatherlighteningearthquakeVol
21、canic eruptiontunamiNatural Calamities北京理工大学管理与经济学院Fortuitous accidentsfireexplosioncollisionstrandedsunkgrounded北京理工大学管理与经济学院Losses in Marine Cargo TransportThe losses and damages done to the goods can fall into:1.Total Loss 全部损失全部损失 1)Actual Total Loss 实际全损实际全损 （the whole lot of the consignment ha
22、s been lost or damaged or found valueless upon the arrival at the port of destination)2)Constructive Total Loss 推定全损推定全损 (the actual loss of the insured goods is unavoidable,or the ship or the consignment has to be abandoned because the cost of salvage or recovery would exceed the value of the ship
23、and the consignment in sound condition upon the arrival of the port of destination.)2.Partial Loss 部分损失部分损失 1)General Average(G.A.)共同海损共同海损(when both the ship and the consignments on board are engaged and the captain,for the safety of the ship and the consignments,intentionally and reasonably does s
24、ome sacrifices or makes some expenses.)2)Particular Average(P.A)单独海损单独海损(a particular consignment is partially damaged)北京理工大学管理与经济学院The condition for forming The condition for forming G.A.1.The safety of the ship and the cargo is threatened;2.The measures taken are conscious and reasonable;3.The sac
25、rifice is particular and expenses are extra;4.The sacrifice and expenses must be effective in the end北京理工大学管理与经济学院 ExpensesExpenses here fall into the following kinds:1.Sue and labor expenses 施救费用(made by the insured or his agent to prevent them from suffering further losses)2.Salvage charges 救助费用(m
26、ade to those other than the insured,the carrier and the insurer who come to the salvage of the ship and the consignments.北京理工大学管理与经济学院 Ocean Marine Insurance under C.I.CThe China Insurance Clauses(C.I.C)issued by Peoples Insurance Company of China(PICC)provides both basic risks coverage and addition
27、al risks coverage for marine cargo transport.The former can be further divided into three conditions:Free From Particular Average(F.P.A),With Particular Average(W.P.A.)and All Risks（A.R.）and the latter includes general additional risks and special additional risks.北京理工大学管理与经济学院 China State Insurance
28、 Organization In China,China Insurance Clauses(C.I.C.）issued by the Peoples Insurance of China(PICC)is mainly adopted for international cargo transportation insurance.Basic Risks CoverageAdditional Risks CoverageGeneral Additional RisksSpecial Additional Risks北京理工大学管理与经济学院 FPA:(Free from Particular
29、Average)平安险 WPA:水渍险 All Risk:一切险北京理工大学管理与经济学院 Ocean Transport Insurance ClausesBasic Risks Coverage基本险FPA平安险WPA水渍险AR一切险Total LossPartial LossFPAPartial LossWPATotal LossPartial LossOcean Marine Cargo Clause modified on 1 January 1981 provides:All Risks=F.P.A.+W.A.+General Additional Risks 北京理工大学管理与经
30、济学院Additional Risks Coverage for Ocean Transport under C.I.C 1)General Additional Risks 2)Special Additional Risks北京理工大学管理与经济学院附加险Additional Risks General Additional Risks 一般附加险Special Additional Risks 特殊附加险Fall into 8 types,such as war risks and strike risks.Fall into 11 types covered in All Risks
31、Ocean Marine Cargo Clause modified on 1 January 1981 provides:北京理工大学管理与经济学院General additional risks cover losses caused by extraneous risks and can be classified into following types:1.Theft Pilferage and Non-Delivery,T.P.N.D.偷窃、提货不到险偷窃、提货不到险；2.Rain Fresh Water Damage,F.W.R.D.淡水雨淋险淡水雨淋险；3.Risk of Sh
32、ortage 短量险短量险；4.Risk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂、玷污险混杂、玷污险；5.Risk of Leakage 渗漏险渗漏险；6.Risk of Clash and Breakage 碰损、破碎险碰损、破碎险；7.Risk of Ordour 串串味险味险；8.Damage Caused by sweating and Heating 受潮受热险受潮受热险；9.Hook Damage 钩损险钩损险；10.Loss and Damage Caused by Breakage of Packing 包装破裂险包装破裂险；11.Risk o
33、f Rust 锈损险锈损险.General Additional Risk北京理工大学管理与经济学院Special additional risks cover losses caused by special extraneous risks.Normally they are classified into following types:1.War Risks 战争险战争险;2.Strike risks 罢工险罢工险;3.Aflatoxin 黄曲霉素险黄曲霉素险;4.Failure to deliver 交货不到险交货不到险;5.On Deck 舱面险舱面险;6.Import Duty
34、进口关税险进口关税险;7.Rejection 拒收险拒收险;8.Fire Risk Extension Clause,F.R.E.C.for storage of cargo at destination HongKong,including Kowloon,or Macao 货物出口到香港（包括九龙）或澳门货物出口到香港（包括九龙）或澳门 存仓火险责任扩展条款（存仓火险责任扩展条款（）。）。Special Additional Risks北京理工大学管理与经济学院Exclusions(除外责任除外责任)refer to losses and expenses for which the in
35、surance company declares clearly not to be responsible.They usually include:1)Loss or damage caused by the intentional act or fault of the insured;2)Loss or damage falling under the liability of the consignor;3)Loss or damage arising from the inferior quality or shortage of the insured goods prior t
36、o the attachment of this insurance;4)Loss or damage arising from normal loss,inherent vice or nature of the insured goods,loss of market and/or delay in transit and any expenses arising therefrom;5)Risks and liabilities covered and excluded by the war risks clause and strikes,riot and civil commotio
37、n clauses under C.I.C.Exclusions北京理工大学管理与经济学院Commencement and Termination of Basic Insurance The commencement and termination of basic insurance are usually stipulated by adopting the customary Warehouse to Warehouse Clause,W/W.By the W/W clause,the liability of the insurer is extended to cover pre-
38、shipment and post-shipment risk.The insured goods are covered from the time when they leave the warehouse at the place named in the policy for the commencement of the transit and continue to be covered until they are delivered to the final warehouse at the destination named in the policy,but the pol
39、icy provides an overriding time limit of 60 days after the completion of discharge of the insured goods from the seagoing vessel at the final fort of discharge.On the expiration of that time limit of 60 days the cover ceases to protect the goods even though they have not reached the final warehouse.
40、北京理工大学管理与经济学院 Insurance of Land,Air and Parcel Post TransportOverland Transport Cargo InsuranceOverland Transport Insurance&Overland Transport All RisksOverland Transport Cargo War RisksAir Transport InsuranceParcel Post InsuranceParcel Post Risks&Parcel Post All RisksParcel Post War RisksAir Transp
41、ort Insurance&Air Transport All RisksAir Transport Cargo War RisksUnder CIC,PICC sets overland,air transport and parcel post insurance respectively according to various means of transport.北京理工大学管理与经济学院Insurance Practice of International TradeIn the case of a CIF contract,the exporter will effect ins
42、urance immediately after receiving the letter of credit from the buyer.For insurance,he will prepare necessary documents and fill in an Application for Insurance.Insurance shall be effected before shipment is made or before the consignment is delivered to the carrier.In the case of an FOB or CFR con
43、tract,the buyer will effect insurance and open policy would be preferred to avoid failure of insurance.Attention is paid to the following points in effecting insurance:1.Whether the insurance coverage is under C.I.C.or I.C.C(Institute Cargo Clauses,伦敦保险协会Institute of London Underwriters制定的海运货物保 险条款）
44、.2.What type of coverage is required,for example,F.P.A.or W.P.A.3.Whether the insured amount is 110%of the invoice amount or more than that.4.Whether insurance is in effect before the date of shipment,5.The currency of the insurance shall be the same as the invoice currency to avoid foreign exchange
45、 exposure.1)Who is going to arrange the insurance under the following price terms CIF,FOB and CFR?北京理工大学管理与经济学院2)Choose the Insurance Coverage The following factors should be taken into account for adopting insurance coverage:1)The characteristics of the cargo;2)The packing of the cargo;3)The mode o
46、f transport;4)The line and port of transport;5)The season of transport;6)Possible losses and damages in transit.北京理工大学管理与经济学院What insurance cover would you choose for the following products?1)shoes2)Logs of wood.3)Wooden toys.4)Heavy machinery5)Plywood6)Bicycles北京理工大学管理与经济学院 Probably,you will give t
47、he following answers(1),(3),(4)and(6)would probably be insured against All Risks because they are prone to be damaged in transit.Most manufactured goods fall into this category.(2)would be insured against F.P.A.,for while it could be lost it is not likely to be damaged.(5)on the other hand would be
48、insured against W.P.A.because it could be damaged in transit,but is less prone to be damaged than the finished products mentioned.北京理工大学管理与经济学院3)Insured Amount and Insurance Premium The insured amount the highest compensation amount undertaken by the insurer the foundation for calculating the insura
49、nce premium.usually calculated on the basis of the CIF invoice value plus 10%or 15%representing an anticipated profit for the buyer.The formula for calculating the insured amount under CIF trade terms:Insured Amount=CIF price x(1+markup percentage)北京理工大学管理与经济学院 The insurance premium the amount of mo
50、ney paid by the insured in order to make the insurance contract come into force the basic proceeds cared by the insurer usually calculated according to two kinds of rates:the general premium rate and the named cargo premium rate.The formula for calculating the premium under CIF trade terms:Insurance
