1、2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B卷）*学科、专业名称：日语语言文学研究方向：考试科目名称：241基础英语考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。 Part I Cloze (10 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then
2、mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.In many ways, the history of women and men in higher education is the history of the education of White men, and _1_ only those of substantial means. Since the mid-19th century women and people of color have beco
3、me players in the higher education arena through coeducation and _2_ and through the development of separate institutions. _3_ in the United States began in 1636 with the founding of Harvard, which _4_ the English university of Oxford and Cambridge. In the years after the Revolutionary War, _5_state
4、s primarily in the South established _6_ colleges, moving toward non-sectarianism. The forerunner of womens higher education was also _7_ during this period _8_ of the Young Ladies Academy in Philadelphia; and Emma Willards female seminary in Troy, New York.The years _9_ 1790 and 1850, characterized
5、 by the Enlightenment and the second Great Awakening, _10_ the foundation for the _11_ of womens higher education in the United States through the reform impetus from these _12_ ideologies. These two movements combined to make a strong case _13_womens education. During this period the _14_ normal sc
6、hools appeared. _15_ teaching is often associated with women and _16_ one of the first professions women entered and eventually dominated, the development of normal schools and the roles _17_ by women in them is complicated. Women often taught at the elementary or secondary level _18_ what would cur
7、rently be considered a college degree. The earliest normal schools _19_ single-sex institutions considered part of a secondary school to distinct institutions to an academic track within _20_ university.1. A. beginning B. at the first C. initially D. normally2. A. integration B. independence C. part
8、icipation D. function3. A. Elementary education B. Secondary educationC. Higher education D. Postgraduate education4. A. is based on B. was modeled on C. would be due to D. resulted in5. A. the number of B. a number of C. the numbers of D. a lot of number6. A. its B. own C. whose own D. their own7.
9、A. sets up B. found C. established D. had built 8. A. because the foundation B. for the reason that C. since the result D. with the creation9. A. between B. among C. during D. in10. A. lay B. lie C. laid D. lying11. A. revolution B. evolution C. realization D. organization12. A. prevailing B. previe
10、wing C. producing D. progressing13. A. by means of B. making use of C. with necessary reasons D. for the necessity of14. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth15. A. In spite of B. Despite C. While D. As16. A. is B. was C. are D. were17. A. made B. done C. had D. played18. A. with B. without C. havin
11、g D. not giving19. A. arranged for B. arranged on C. ranged in D. ranged from20. A. an B. a C. some D. thePart II Reading Comprehension Section A (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there a
12、re four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. According to a survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, todays traditional-age college fr
13、eshmen are “more materialistic and less altruistic (利他主义的)” than at any time in the 17 years of the poll. Not surprising in these hard times, the students major objective “is to be financially well off. Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.” It follows then that tod
14、ay the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting. Interest in teaching, social service and the “altruistic” fields is at a low. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up. Thats no surprise either. A friend of mine (a sales re
15、presentative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of her college instructors her first year on the job even before she completed her two-year associate degree. While its true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of kn
16、owledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions be they scientific or artistic. It is equally true that, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. More important, perhaps, education teaches us to see the conn
17、ections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs. Weekly we read of unions who went on strike for higher wages, only to drive their employer out of business. No company: no job. How shortsighted in the long run! But the most important argument for a broad education is that in stu
18、dying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense. I saw a cartoon recently which shows a group of businessmen looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table; one of them is talking on the intercom (对讲机)：“Miss Baxter,” he says, “could you please send in someone who can dist
19、inguish right from wrong?” From the long-term point of view, thats wheat education really ought to be about.21. According to the authors observation, college students_.A) have never been so interested in the artsB) have never been so financially well off as today C) have never been so materialistic
20、as todayD) have never attached so much importance to moral sense22.The students criteria for selecting majors today have much to do with_ .A) the financial goals they seek in lifeB) the influences of their instructorsC) their own interpretations of the coursesD) their understanding of the contributi
21、ons of others23. By saying “While its true that be they scientific or artistic? (Lines 1-3, Para. 5), the author means that _.A) business management should be included in educational programsB) the importance of a broad education should not be overlookedC) human intellectual development has reached
22、new heightsD) human wisdom has accumulated at an extraordinarily high speed24. Studying the diverse wisdom of others can_ .A) create varying artistic interestsB) help improve connections among peopleC) regulate the behavior of modern peopleD) help people see things in their right perspective25Which
23、of the following statements is true according to the passage?A) Businessmen absorbed in their career are narrow-minded.B) Managers often find it hard to tell right from wrong. C) Career seekers should not focus on immediate interests only.D) People engaged in technical jobs lead a more rewarding lif
24、e.Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffee and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction sta
25、ge). At one point, though, Instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline （衰退）when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (s
26、tage of decline).The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing m
27、anagers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military? Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market, such as sen
28、ior citizens. A marketer may re-position the product to appeal to new market sections. Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing product quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto manufacturers are us
29、ing quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets. Note, also, how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.26. According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its sales will_.A) decrease gradu
30、ally B)remain at the same levelC) improve enormously D) become unstable27. The first paragraph tells us that a new product is_.A) not easily accepted by the publicB) often more expensive than old onesC) often inferior to old ones at firstD) usually introduced to satisfy different tastes28. Marketers
31、 need to know which of the four stages a product is in so as to_. A) promote its productionB) increase its popularityC) work out marketing policiesD) speed up its life cycle29. The author mentions the example of “backpacks” (Line 4, Para.2) to show the importance of_ . A) increasing usage among stud
32、ents B) serving both military and civil needsC) pleasing the young as well as the old D) exploring new market sections 30. In order to recover their share of the world market, U.S. auto makers are_. A) improving product quality B) modernizing product styleC) re-positioning their product in the marke
33、t D) increasing product featuresQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal-or at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned. Ideas about social cla
34、sswhether a person is working-class or middle-classare one area in which changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers jobs were generally much less
35、secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her housekeeping, would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a m
36、iddle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was and still is inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity （or the education and training）
37、to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about tomorrow. Working-class peop
38、le seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger p
39、eople. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in previous generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between t
40、he well-paid （whatever the type of job they may have） and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather that the old conflicts will re-appear, but between different groups.31 Which of the following is seen as the
41、 cause of class differences in the past?A) attitude and income B) life style and occupationC) income and job security D) job security and hobbies32. The writer seems to suggest that the description of _ is closer to truth?A) working-class drinking habitsB) working-class ways of spending the weekendC
42、) middle -class ways of spending moneyD) middle-class attitudes33. According to the passage, which of the following is not a typical feature of the middle -class?A) desiring for security B) Making long term plansC) having priorities in life D) saving money34. Working -class peoples sense of security
43、 increased as a result of all the following factors except_?A) better social security B) more job opportunitiesC) higher living standard D) better legal protection35 Which of the following statement is incorrect?A) The gap between working -class and middle- class young people is narrowing B) Changes
44、 are slowly taking place in all sectors of the British societyC) Different in income will remain but those in occupation will disappearD) Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working-class people!Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. How we look and how we appear to ot
45、hers probably worries us more when we are in ourteens or early twenties than at any other time in our life. Few of us are content to accept our-selves as we are, and few are brave enough to ignore the trends of fashion. Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress ina certain way or behave in a certain manner. If we do, they tell us, we will be able to meetnew people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently and without embarrassment. Changing fashion, of course, does not apply just
