1、空白演示Reading and ThinkingTo raise new questions,new possibilities,to regard old problems from a new angle,requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science.-Albert Einstein&Leopold Infeld 提出新的问题，发现新的可能，从新的角度审视已存在的问提出新的问题，发现新的可能，从新的角度审视已存在的问题，这些需要创造性的想象力，并标志着科学的真正进步。题，这些需要创造性的想象力，并标志着科学的
2、真正进步。-阿尔伯特阿尔伯特爱因斯坦爱因斯坦,利奥波德利奥波德英费尔德英费尔德Reading and Thinkingon Page 2John Snow Defeats“King Cholera”1.Discuss the following stages of scientific research in groups.What order would you put them in?_ analyse the results_ ask a question_ draw a conclusion_ collect data_ find a problem_ find supporting
3、evidence_ think of a methodJohn Snow Defeated“King Cholera”What is Cholera?Who is John Snow?How did he defeat Colera?What will be talked about from the title?John Snow(1813-1858)John Snow was born in York on March 15th,1813,the oldest of nine children.约翰约翰斯诺（斯诺（1813-1858),1813-1858),英国医生，英国医生，1919世纪
4、世纪5050年代因其对年代因其对霍乱病源的研究和贡献享誉世界医学界，被公认为流行病学奠霍乱病源的研究和贡献享誉世界医学界，被公认为流行病学奠基人之一。斯诺基人之一。斯诺18361836年起接受正规医科教育，年起接受正规医科教育，18441844年毕业于伦年毕业于伦敦大学。敦大学。18541854年伦敦霍乱流行，斯诺通过研究霍乱病死者的日年伦敦霍乱流行，斯诺通过研究霍乱病死者的日常生活情况，发现了霍乱与饮用不洁水的关系。在他的呼吁下，常生活情况，发现了霍乱与饮用不洁水的关系。在他的呼吁下，政府及时关闭了不洁水源，有效制止了霍乱的流行。虽然斯诺政府及时关闭了不洁水源，有效制止了霍乱的流行。虽然斯诺
5、没有发现导致霍乱的病原体，但他创造性地使用空间统计学查没有发现导致霍乱的病原体，但他创造性地使用空间统计学查找到传染源，并以此证明了这种方法的价值。今天，绘制地图找到传染源，并以此证明了这种方法的价值。今天，绘制地图已成为医学地理学及传染病学中一种基本的研究方法。已成为医学地理学及传染病学中一种基本的研究方法。“斯诺斯诺的霍乱地图的霍乱地图”成了一个经典案例。成了一个经典案例。The text is mainly about _ and _ he defeated king cholera.howJohn SnowLook at the picture,the title and the ma
6、p,guess what the content of the text is.Then skim it quickly to see if you are right.Fast-readingRead Para 1 and circle the key words to put the stages in order.JOHN SNOW DEFEATS“KING CHOLERA”Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how
7、it could be overcome.This illness causes severe diarrhoea,dehydration,and even death.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.In time,he
8、rose to become a famous doctor,and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.Find a problem.Read Para 2 and circle the key words to put the stages in order.In general,doctors in those days had two contradictory theories t
9、o explain how cholera spread.One theory was that bad air caused the disease.Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct,but he still needed proof.Consequently,when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854,Snow b
10、egan to investigate.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.Ask a question.Read Para 3 and circle the key words to put the stages in order.Snow began by marking on a map the exact pla
11、ces where all those who died had lived.There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street(especially house numbers 16,37,38,and 40).However,some households(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street,and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.T
12、hey had been given free beer,and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.What is more,in another part of London,a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so
13、much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of this evidence,John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.Through this intervention,the disease was stopped in its tracks.T
14、hink of a method.Collect data.Analyze the results.multiple deaths happened here.No death happened here.The water from the pump was to blame.Public houseClue:free beer from public houseResult:The water came from the river which had been polluted by the dirty water from London.adj.数量多的The truth was th
15、at the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste.Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste.The people who drank this water wer
16、e much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.Read Para 4 and circle the key words to put the stages in order.Find supporting evidence.Through Snows tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial d
17、ecrease.However,cholera is still a problem.Each year,millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera,thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics,Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.For t
18、his reason,Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.Read Para 5 and circle the key words to put the stages in order.Draw a conclusion.Use the stages in examining a new scientific idea to describe each paragraph.draw a conclusionfind a problemask a questioncollect datafind supporting evid
19、enceWhat causes cholera?Which theory is correct?Mark information on a map to find out where people died or did not die.Find other evidence to confirm the conclusion.The water is to blame.The source of all drinking water should be examined so that it is safe.2.Skim the passage to see if the order you
20、 decided in Activity 1 was correct._ analyse the results_ ask a question_ draw a conclusion_ collect data_ find a problem_ find supporting evidence_ think of a method12345673.Read the passage again and complete the chart below.It was believed that cholera was caused by bad _ or germs in _.Snow _ the
21、 places where the people who _ had lived.Many deaths occurred near the _ in Broad Street.Some people _ drunk the water from the pump,and lived.A woman and her daughter died in another part of London after _.The pump water carried _.The _ of the pump was removed.airfood or watermarked on a mapdiedwat
22、er pumphadntcholera germshandleA.C.B.D.E.moving away from Broad Street，but drinking water from the pump.JOHN SNOW DEFEATS“KING CHOLERA”约输约输斯诺战胜斯诺战胜“霍乱王霍乱王”Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome.This illness cau
23、ses severe diarrhoea,dehydration,and even death.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,millions of people died from the disease.在英国医生约翰在英国医生约翰斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初十九世纪初，霍霍乱乱暴发暴发，肆虐欧洲，肆虐欧洲，数百
24、万数百万人人丧命丧命。As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.In time,he rose to become a famous doctor,and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍由于当时无人知道
25、如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰乱，年轻的约翰斯诺医生斯诺医生很沮丧很沮丧。后来后来，他，他成了成了一位名医。一位名医。甚至甚至照料照料分娩分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终始终没有放弃彻底根没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。除霍乱的愿望。In time，he rose to become a famous doctor，and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.后来后来，他成为，他成为一名著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。一名著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。1in time及时；终于；及
26、时；终于；迟早迟早in time作作“终于；迟早终于；迟早”讲时，常单独使用，作状语。讲时，常单独使用，作状语。in time作作“及时及时”讲时，后常跟讲时，后常跟for sth.或或to do sth.。(1)You will succeed in time as long as you dont give up.只要只要不放弃，你总有一天会成功。不放弃，你总有一天会成功。(2)The doctor came in time (save)his life.医生及时赶到并抢救了他的生命。医生及时赶到并抢救了他的生命。(3)Lucky for him，he was just in time t
27、he bus.幸运的是，他及时赶上了公共汽车。幸运的是，他及时赶上了公共汽车。to savefor联想发散联想发散time相关短语荟萃相关短语荟萃：from time to timeat a time in no time at the same time at one time at no time 有时有时；偶尔；偶尔每次每次立刻立刻；马上；马上同时同时一度一度；从前；从前绝不绝不(置于句首时，句子常用部分倒装语序置于句首时，句子常用部分倒装语序)attend v.随同，陪同；经常去，定期去随同，陪同；经常去，定期去(学校、教堂等学校、教堂等)；伴；伴随随而至，（作为结果）伴随；出席，参加
28、；注意，专心；而至，（作为结果）伴随；出席，参加；注意，专心；处理，照料；处理，照料；attend a meeting/a lecture/school 参加会议参加会议/听报告听报告/上学上学attend to sb./sth.照料照料；处理；处理；招待；招待attend(on/upon)sb.伺候某人，照顾伺候某人，照顾某人某人In general,doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread.One theory was that bad air caused the
29、disease.Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct,but he still needed proof.关于霍乱关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺导致霍乱。斯诺赞同赞同
30、第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。需要证据。Snow subscribed to the second theory.斯斯诺赞同第二个理论。诺赞同第二个理论。2subscribe to同意；赞成；捐助；订阅同意；赞成；捐助；订阅(杂志或报纸杂志或报纸)一词多义一词多义写出下列句子中写出下列句子中subscribe to的汉语意思的汉语意思(1)He subscribes to the view that children can benefit from being independent._(2)This is the school your
31、father subscribed to generously in the past._(3)Using the money I earned in the holiday，I have subscribed to several magazines recently._赞成；同意赞成；同意捐助捐助订阅订阅Consequently,when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854,Snow began to investigate.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera ou
32、tbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.因此因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他多人死亡。他决心决心查明原因。查明原因。therefore,hence,accordingly,thus,as a result determine to do sth 决心做某事决心做某事determina
33、tion n.决心决心determined adj.坚决的坚决的Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street(especially house numbers 16,37,38,and 40).However,some households(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street,and 8 and 9 Cambridge Str
34、eet)had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer,and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.斯诺首先斯诺首先在地在地图上标出图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤尤其是其是16号、号、37号、号、38号及号及40号住宅号住宅)，但
35、是有些住户，但是有些住户(如宽街如宽街20号号和和21号以及剑桥街号以及剑桥街8号和号和9号号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。a household name 家喻户晓的名字家喻户晓的名字domestic 本国的；家用的本国的；家用的Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.斯诺怀疑水斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。泵就是罪魁祸首。3su
36、spect vt.怀疑；认为怀疑；认为 n.被怀疑者；犯罪被怀疑者；犯罪嫌疑人嫌疑人suspect that.怀疑怀疑；觉得；觉得suspect sb.of(doing)sth.怀疑某人怀疑某人(做过做过)某事某事suspect sb.to be.怀疑某人是怀疑某人是(1)Judging from what he said I suspect him to be a pickpocket.Judging from what he said I suspect .根据他的话判断，我怀疑他是个扒手。根据他的话判断，我怀疑他是个扒手。(2)What made you suspect her havi
37、ng taken the money?你凭什么怀疑钱是她拿的？你凭什么怀疑钱是她拿的？that he is a pickpocketofblame vt.责备；谴责责备；谴责 n.过失；过失；责备责备be to blame(for sth.)(对某事对某事)负有责任，应受责备负有责任，应受责备blame sb.for sth.因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人blame sth.on sb./sth.把某事归咎于某人把某事归咎于某人/某事某事put/lay the blame for sth.on sb.将某事归咎于某人将某事归咎于某人(1)Many childr
38、en are afraid of being blamed making mistakes in speaking English.许多孩子害怕讲英语时因犯错误而受责备。许多孩子害怕讲英语时因犯错误而受责备。(2)(blame)by his teacher，the boy was in low spirits.被老师责备后，这个男孩心情低落。被老师责备后，这个男孩心情低落。forBlamedWhat is more,in another part of London,a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away f
39、rom Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of this evidence,John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could no
40、t be used.Through this intervention,the disease was stopped in its tracks.此外此外，在伦敦的，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于死于霍乱。该妇霍乱。该妇女女似乎似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人让人从那里打水从那里打水运到运到家里来。家里来。有了这个证据有了这个证据，约翰，约翰斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不了水
41、泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste.Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames th
42、at was polluted by raw waste.The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.事情的真相是宽街水泵抽事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水上来的水被被废弃物废弃物污染污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被被未处理的废弃物未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯浄水
43、或开水的人污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯浄水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更更可能可能染上霍乱。染上霍乱。Moreover，Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.此外，斯诺后来证明了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司此外，斯诺后来证明了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司之间的联系。之间的联系。4link vt.&n.连接；连接；联系联系link.to.将将和和联系或连接联系或连接起来起来link
44、up with与与联合；使与联合；使与衔接衔接(1)Ive decided to block all the information from a friend，who constantly shares links to various health tips.我决定屏蔽一个朋友的所有信息，他总我决定屏蔽一个朋友的所有信息，他总是不停地分享各种保健小贴士的链接。是不停地分享各种保健小贴士的链接。(2)The police found that these fingerprints linked the suspect the case.警方发现这些指纹把犯罪嫌疑人与案件联系起来。警方发现这些
45、指纹把犯罪嫌疑人与案件联系起来。(3)They went on to the next town，where they the other party.他们继续赶路到了下一个城镇，在那里他们与另一个队伍会合。他们继续赶路到了下一个城镇，在那里他们与另一个队伍会合。tolinked up withThrough Snows tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.However,c
46、holera is still a problem.Each year,millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.经过斯诺的不懈努力经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的世界各地霍乱的威胁威胁大幅降低大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生丧生。Through Snows tireless efforts，water companies began to
47、 sell clean water，and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.经过经过斯诺不懈的努力，自来水公司斯诺不懈的努力，自来水公司开始销售纯净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅度减少。开始销售纯净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅度减少。6decrease vi.&vt.减少；减少；(使使)变小或变少变小或变少 n.减少；减少；降低降低 decrease to.减少到减少到 decrease by.减少了减少了 decrease from.to.从从减少到减少到 on the decrease正在减少正在
48、减少(1)The traffic accidents in the city decreased by 30%last year.该城市去年交通事故减少了百分之三十。该城市去年交通事故减少了百分之三十。(2)The number of new students in this school 2,100 1,600 this year.今年这所学校的新生人数从今年这所学校的新生人数从2 100减减少到少到1 600。(3)Because of human activities，the number of some rare animals is .由于人类活动，一些稀有动物的数由于人类活动，一些
49、稀有动物的数目在减少目在减少。decreased fromtoon the decrease Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera,thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics,Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.For this reason,Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.幸运的是，幸运的是，由
50、于由于约翰约翰斯诺的努力，我们现在知斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。道了如何预防霍乱。此外此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。科学家研究疾病的方式。因此因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。Fortunately，we now know how to prevent cholera，thanks to the work of John Snow.幸运的是，由于约翰幸运的是，由于约翰斯诺的努力，我斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了怎样防治霍乱。们现在知道了怎样防治霍乱。7thanks to幸亏，幸亏，由于由于其他表示
