1、HENRYJAMES亨利詹姆斯文学作品简介、赏析 Lifea wealthy cultured familyfather-an eminent philosopher and reformerbrother-a famous philosopher and psychologistdeveloped a life-long friendship with Howells,who became his“moral police.“(道德榜样道德榜样)He settled down in London in 1876.In the Harvard Law School,he read French
2、 novelists and critics.He toured England,France and Italy,and met Flaubert and Turgenev.the cultural influence of EuropeIn 1915 he became a British citizen.PERSONAL INFORMATION Henry James was born in New York in 1843.He belonged to a rich family who could afford the private t u t o r s a n d govern
3、esses that educated him,but he w a s a b o v e a l l a“devourer of books”.PERSONAL INFORMATION He was the brother of philosopher and psychologist William James.At the age of twenty-f i v e h e w a s recognized as the best short story writer in America.He never married.PERSONAL INFORMATION For many y
4、ears he alternated visits to England,France and Italy to stays in the USA.In 1875 he decided that Europe was his ideal home and settled in Paris,where he met Flaubert and Maupassant.PERSONAL INFORMATION Then he went to England where the most well-known writers of the period,such as Conrad and Kiplin
5、g,accepted him as a friend and appreciated his books.PERSONAL INFORMATION In 1915 he became British subject.He died in London in 1916 and was buried in Massachusetts.In 1976 his ashes were removed to Poets corner in Westminster Abbey.The author and his time He never took part in public affairs or sh
6、owed much interest in the economic and social changes of the period.The author and his time He was deeply interested in the contrast between the old world and the new o n e,b e t w e e n t h e European way of life,which he considered fascinating,sophisticated,r i c h i n c u l t u r e a n d traditio
7、n but corrupting,and the American one which he considered too rigid,Puritan but innocent.Literary career:three stages a.18651882:international theme The American 美国人美国人 Daisy Miller 黛西米勒黛西米勒 The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇画像贵妇画像 b.18821895:inter-personal relationships and some plays The novels and plays w
8、ere poorly received but he got a better knowledge of literary techniques.c.18951900:novels and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence,then back to international theme The Turn of the Screw螺丝在拧紧螺丝在拧紧 What Maisie Knew 梅西所知道的梅西所知道的 The Ambassadors 奉使记奉使记 The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼鸽翼 The Golden Bowl
9、 金碗金碗Psychological novel James changed the m e t h o d o f presentation in a novel,shifting the centre of gravity from a c t i o n t o i t s i n t e l l e c t u a l a n d fantastic aspects:external circumstances lose significance before the inward events that take place in a soul.A new concept of th
10、e author James eliminates the author and gives the reader the illusion of being present at the scene of action.He presents events and t h e m i n d s o f t h e characters directly,without comments or e x p l a n a t i o n s:D r a m a t i z e,o n l y dramatize,is his lesson.Jamess international theme
11、 are set against a large international background,usually between Europe and America focus on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systemshis fame rests upon his novels withnovelsAmerican personalities ofEuropean persona
12、lities ofinnocence,enthusiasm,vulgarity,ignorance,unsophistication,freshness,freedom,individualityAmerican heroes and heroines,who confronted European sophistication,either triumphed over it or were overwhelmed.over-refinement,degeneration,complexity,high cultivation,contrast withJamess literary cri
13、ticism(文学评文学评论论)an indispensable part of his contributionthe artist should write about anything that concerns him,even the ugly and the commonplace“The Art of Fiction”小说的艺术小说的艺术 is concerned with form devoted to human valuesArt must be related to life The only reason for the existence of a novel is
14、that it does attempt to represent life the aim of the novel is to present life Jamess literary techniques 1.“point of view”视角视角Explain the situation and character through one or several mindsreaders observe events and people through the consciousness of characters and participate in their experience
15、 method 2.psychological analysisthe forerunner of stream-of-consciousness novels the founder of psychological realismemphasizes the inner awareness and inward movement of charactersStyle “stylist”a.over-elaborate styleb.Language:highly-refined,polished,(文雅)insightful,accuratec.Construction:complicat
16、ed,intricateare not the liking of the common readers 美国的亨利詹姆斯是真正处于临界点的小说家。他在小说中选一个有洞察力的人物，从他的角度来叙述，以他的意识为“中心意识”，再选几个配角，象许多镜子一般从各个角度反照出叙述者的思想情绪。亨利詹姆斯还提出了他的理论观点，认为小说是一个独立的、有生命的整体，它按照本身的内在规律而发展。他要求小说家充分尊重小说本身的内在规律，不要用主观的因袭程式或空洞的道德说教来破坏这种规律。因此，他才要求作家退出小说，使小说具有更高的客观性和真实性。正是亨利詹姆斯的理论，为第三代小说的诞生提供了美学上的依据，揭开了
17、二十世纪西方小说发展的序幕。美国的亨利詹姆斯是真正处于临界点的小说家。他在小说中选一个有洞察力的人物，从他的角度来叙述，以他的意识为“中心意识”，再选几个配角，象许多镜子一般从各个角度反照出叙述者的思想情绪。亨利詹姆斯还提出了他的理论观点，认为小说是一个独立的、有生命的整体，它按照本身的内在规律而发展。他要求小说家充分尊工小说本身的内在规律，不要用主观的因袭程式或空洞的道德说教来破坏这种规律。因此，他才要求作家退出小说，使小说具有更高的客观性和真实性。正是亨利詹姆斯的理论，为第三代小说的诞生提供了美学上的依据，揭开了二十世纪西方小说发展的序幕。The Portrait of a LadyPre
18、viewing questions:1.Why did Isabel choose Osmond?2.Why did she decide to return to her unhappy marriage at the end of the novel?3.Isabels characters.4.How did James show the conflicts between American and European cultures?5.Features in style.6.Meaning of the title.7.Themes of the novel.亨利詹姆斯文笔典雅委婉，
19、心理描写细腻，他的作品 像一幢精心建构的建筑，结构宏大壮丽，细微之处也都很精致。贵妇人的画像具有极大的审美享受，女主角伊莎贝尔聪明、美丽、贫穷，父亲死后从美国到英国，投靠姨父银行家杜歇，表哥拉尔夫很喜欢她，拉尔夫身患绝症，于是说服杜歇死后留给伊莎贝尔巨额遗产，希望表妹幸福。伊莎贝尔没有选择英国贵族沃伯顿爵士、美国企业家古德伍德，被默尔夫人骗了，嫁给了一个废物奥斯蒙德。默尔夫人和奥斯蒙德关系暧昧，伊莎贝尔十分痛苦，但是她喜欢、同情奥斯蒙德的女儿潘西，放弃了离开丈夫的想法。几个主角性格鲜明。拉尔夫是个好心无用的废物。奥斯蒙德貌似高雅，其实是个没良心的草包。默尔夫人工于心计，不择手段，还有点无赖。伊
20、莎贝尔具有婚姻成功的一切条件，却做出了错误的选择。亨利詹姆斯的想法就是写“一个遭遇命运的女人”。P76贵妇人的画像片段.doc The novel is about how an American girl lose her naivety gradually,influenced by sophisticated European life.It is a rich and subtle study of what it would mean for a woman to practice the absolute self-determination,based on a complete
21、ly individual nonconformist（不信奉英国国教的）personal judgment,which Emerson had preached.This exploration of transcendental individualism as a guide to life may be compared with Melvilles exploration of the same idea in his creation of captain Ahab.There Melville examined the effect such conduct might have
22、 when adopted by a powerful and ruthless man.James,is much more concerned with the effect such an attitude may have on his heroine herself.Isabel Archers impact on the world around her is comparatively unimportant but the result in her own life is as devastating as Ahabs,though not as violent,or per
23、haps,as final.Evil Madame Merle,Gilbert Osmand are James personification of aspects of evil.This belatedness of Evil,this understanding of it as a matter of texts and letters,ultimately became James great contribution to the imagination of evil.It leads James to the strategy of reasserting its impor
24、tance by questioning it,challenging it actively,not asserting flatly its existence but making it a competitor in a world acknowledged to be skeptical of it.Freedom The work is based on Miltons epic“Paradise Lost”.This is a novel of the fortunate fall.Just like in Miltons poem,everything is pointed t
25、oward a defining of freedom.The novel certainly concerns the unexpectedly far-reaching consequences of a characters inadequacies of perception.But here we have a full development of necessity and freedom,circumstances and free will,in which each,bewilderingly,may take on the appearance of the other.
26、And here alone,until James very last works will this freedom be achieved,precisely because a character will learn the deep comprehension of necessity.THE TURN OF THE SCREW It is a novelette,that is a short novel,a literary type in which James excelled.The Turn of the Screw as a gothic romance Gothic
27、 romances deal with an intense experience in a setting isolated from the conditions of everyday life.Moreover,opposed t o t h e n o v e l,romances deal with those things we can never fully know,that we can never be sure of.The Turn of the Screw as a gothic romance The tale is pervaded by an air of m
28、ysterious and of horror and terror,that doesnt depend on what will happen but on what is happening.Finally,as in the Gothic romance,there is a strong undercurrent of sexuality and sadism,as well as a strange and nightmarish quality.The Turn of the Screw as a folk tale For its motif,that of children bewitched,e n c h a n t e d b y creature from another world-or by the dead-we can say that the TOTS is a folktale.
