1、1Sentence elements&Sentence structures23What did you see in the video?Whats the structure?4It is the way in which the parts of something are connected together,arranged or organized.Structures everywhere567Whats the element?8It is a necessary or typical part of a given structure.9榫榫+卯卯=榫卯榫卯1011Struc
2、tures are composed of elements.Whats the relationship between structures and elements?结构成分12What makes up elements?13木材的特点：14An element can be made up of different materials,usually more than one kind.钢板瓦、玻璃钢瓦、粘土瓦、硫璃瓦、西洋瓦、石膏天花、玻璃棉天花、矿棉天花、铝天花、PVC塑料天花、复合天花、钢板拱顶等。15One material in some elements can be
3、One material in some elements can be usually replaced by another while usually replaced by another while sometimes the material in others is unique sometimes the material in others is unique and irreplaceable.and irreplaceable.16Only when proper materials are used to make up elements and when necess
4、ary elements are put in place,can the whole structure work well.Otherwise,the structure would fall down.17结构成分材料Do sentences have structures?1819The man visited Beijing when he lived there.句子句子主语主语宾语宾语谓语谓语状语状语The manvisitedBeijingwhen he lived there.20句子句子主语主语宾语宾语谓语谓语状语状语The manvisitedBeijingwhen he
5、 lived there.Sentence structures are made up of sentence elements.21Sentence elements differ in the types of materials.22句子句子主语主语宾语宾语谓语谓语状语状语The manvisitedBeijingwhen he lived there.Materials of sentence elements:wordsphrasesclauses23man(noun)visit(verb)24Parts of speech(Word classes)252627句子句子主语主语宾
6、语宾语谓语谓语状语状语The manvisitedBeijingwhen he lived thereBack to sentence elementsBack to sentence elements28subjectpredicateappositiveadverbialattributivepredicativecomplementobjectsentence elementsS:我是榫。P:我是卯。S:我们一起把架搭。P:我是墙。S:我是顶。P:我们就能成个家。S:We are necessary.主语习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台在句子中，主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体主语是执行
7、句子的行为或动作的主体。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以“下台下台”而位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。29My school is planning to hold class meetings about Chinese traditional culture and will post some of the meetings on an English website.To let China go to the world and
8、 let the world understand China is my first aim.What is the most impressive is its many multi-level waterfalls and colorful lakes.谓语坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词或动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。谓语的构成如下：30简单谓语：简单谓语：由一个实义动词或动词短
9、语构成。由一个实义动词或动词短语构成。They advised getting the whole class involved in a brainstorm conference for studying more effectively.The text mainly focuses on the story of a robot.31复合谓语：复合谓语：(1)(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；(2)(2)由系动词由系动词加表语构成。加表语构成。These stories can relieve my stress and broaden
10、my horizon.Shy and negative,I was unconfident to join in any activity during that time.32并列并列谓语：谓语：由两个以上动词并列作谓语，中间用由两个以上动词并列作谓语，中间用andand或或oror连结。连结。I looked around and finally spotted David,who was standing by himself off to the side by a fence.She puts her hand into her pocket,takes out her red ce
11、ll phone and presses the talk key.谓语动词如何并列？谓语动词如何并列？两个谓语动词并列：两个谓语动词并列：谓语 1 and 谓语 2三个以上谓语动词并列：三个以上谓语动词并列：谓语 1，谓语 2 and 谓语 3谓语 1，谓语 2，谓语 3 and 谓语 4一个句子有几个谓语动词？一个句子有几个谓语动词？He likes plays football.He likes plays football.He likes He likes playingplaying football.football.She sat on the sofa,watched TV.
12、She sat on the sofa,watched TV.She sat on the sofa She sat on the sofa andand watched TV.watched TV.The boy comes from the USA,he likes Chinese food.The boy comes from the USA,he likes Chinese food.The boy comes from the USA The boy comes from the USA andand he likes Chinese food.he likes Chinese fo
13、od.有且只有一个谓语动词。有且只有一个谓语动词。宾语一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”宾语表示谓语动作的对象，一般位于及物动词或介词的后面，受到主语宾语表示谓语动作的对象，一般位于及物动词或介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或宾语从句等充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。宾语在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱翻身农奴把歌唱”成为主语。34双宾语双宾语(间接宾语直接宾语间接宾语直接宾语)Serving as my role model,my mother has given me valuable spiritua
14、l wealth,and definitely,she deserves the highest praise!复合宾语复合宾语(宾语宾语补足语宾语宾语补足语)I would like you to give us your guidance and encouragement.补语始终寄人篱下，永远成不了主人补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人主人”。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词、介词短语或从句等充当。35All the student
15、s consider him an excellent teacher.Upon approaching the house,I noticed my dad and mom standing beside the old truck,looking upset.He was seen playing basketball on the playground yesterday.表语最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色表语一般位于系动词表语一般位于系动词(如如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等等)之后，之后，用以说明主语这个用以说明主语这个“主子主子”的身份、特征和
16、状态等，的身份、特征和状态等，一般由名词、名词性物主代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。36The lakes looks beautiful and calm.More importantly,the other reason is that the documentaries present a splendid picture of China in front of their audiences its history,food,art and so on.定语鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。
17、修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。37Rich people are not always the happy ones.As you see,the students in our school are always hard-working.My dream to be admitted into my favorite university will come true.状语行踪飘忽不定，却
18、对动词“情有独钟”修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。3839状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首，修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词(
19、如often，almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。副词多用来修饰动词，故说它对动词“情有独钟情有独钟”。In my growing up,she frequently reminded me of the belief to value education and to be helpful.The ceremony was scheduled to be held on June 8.Learning the COVID-19 appeared,he put himself into the battle again.同位语总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是“显
20、露原形”对句子中的名词对句子中的名词(短语短语)或代词作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法或代词作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它爱玩失踪。如果要对前面名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形显露原形”。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。40When we were about to leave,the bear appeared from a distance,running towards us,with
21、 three other bears,a mother bear and two baby bears.The most beloved and respected person around me is my teacher,Ms Li.41materialsmaterialsmaterialsmaterialsmaterialsmaterialssentenceelements冠词冠词主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语表语表语补语补语42an apple名词名词主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语表语表语补语补语43Apples taste good.I
22、like apples.This is an apple tree.I will go to Beijing tomorrow.I find her a kind girl.He is a writer.The man,a great inventor,died.代词代词主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语表语表语补语补语44I like English.We all like him.My book is on the table.Its me.They all study in this school.数词数词主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语表语表语补语
23、补语45Four is the double of two.There are many apples.He only eat two.Two workers are enough.He is thirty.We ten are all from China.比一比，看一看比一比，看一看46形容词形容词主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语表语表语补语补语47It is an interesting film.I find the film interesting.The film is interesting.副词副词主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语表语表语
24、补语补语48It is raining heavily.The man is very fat.He runs too fast.The light above is on.The class is over.Keep the dog out.动词动词主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语表语表语补语补语49He works in a company.They left here yesterday.介词短语介词短语主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语表语表语补语补语50The man in the room is a teacher.They are talki
25、ng in the room.We kept the boy in the room.The family are in the room.想一想想一想=+51动名词动名词主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语表语表语补语补语52Swimming is my hobby.I like swimming.This is a swimming pool.His hobby is swimming.He likes his hobby,swimming.动词动词不定式不定式主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语表语表语补语补语53To become a teacher is his
26、dream.He wants to become a teacher.I want something to eat.She got up early to catch the train.They asked her to look after the baby.My dream is to become a teacher.同位语同位语分词分词主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语表语表语补语补语54It is a broken cup.Punished by his father,the boy cried.I saw him making a kite.The cup i
27、s broken.从句从句主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语表语表语补语补语55What he said is wrong.I think that it will rain.The book that I bought is expensive.When you cross the road,you should be careful.The fact is that you can never succeed.The news that they will marry surprises us.材料材料句子成分句子成分冠词冠词名词名词代词代词数词数词动词动词形容词形容词副
28、词副词介词短语介词短语动名词动名词动词不定式动词不定式分词分词从句从句主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语补语补语表语表语同位语同位语5657例句分析例句分析 The man,our English teacher,told us to keep quiet in the reading room.主语主语同位语同位语谓语谓语宾语宾语宾语补足语宾语补足语 定语定语表语表语状语状语定语定语The man,our teacher,told us to keep quiet in the room.（删减定语）（删减定语）The man,our teacher,told us to keep q
29、uiet.（删减状语）（删减状语）The man told us to keep quiet.（删减同位语）（删减同位语）585960 primaryprimaryelementselementspredicativepredicativepredicatepredicateobjectobjectcomplementcomplementsubjectsubject61attributiveattributiveadverbialadverbialappositiveappositivesecondarysecondaryelementselements62compare and thinkc
30、ompare and think63树有很多结构树有很多结构64男性男性女性女性6566English sentences are made up of eight elements while sentence structures consist of only five of them,that is,primary elements.67Five basic structuresFive basic structures结构一：简约却不简单的“主语谓语(vi.)(状语)”SV主谓结构中谓语常用来表示主语的动作或状态。这种句型中的这种句型中的谓语动词为不及物动词谓语动词为不及物动词或不及
31、物动词短语或不及物动词短语，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。但不能接宾语，也没有被动语态。68In the environment,teachers and students are living happily and working hard.The upcoming music festival will take place in our school.结构二：众人青睐的“主谓宾(状语)”SVO“主谓宾”句型之所以受到中国英语学习者的青睐，是因为它跟我们的思维方式最接近，因而这个句型是运用最多的。它的基本结构是：主语谓语(vt.)宾语(状语)。该句型中的谓语是及该句型中的谓语是及
32、物动词或者及物动词短语物动词或者及物动词短语。69Both teachers and students hope to hold such activities again.I am looking forward to enjoying your wonderful lecture.结构三：独一无二的“主系表”SVP汉语没有表语这一说法，这样就显得英语的“主系表”结构比较有个性了，因此我们说此结构是独一无二的。它主要用以说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。它的基本结构是：主语系动词(linking.v.)表语。这种句型无被动语态，也无进行时态。谓语动词需用系动词，表语多为形容词，也谓语动词需
33、用系动词，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、非谓语动词形式或从句等可以是名词、介词短语、非谓语动词形式或从句等。常见的系动词有be，还有感官系动词(sound,look,smell,taste,feel)；变化系动词(become,get,grow,turn,go,fall,run)；持续系动词(remain,keep,hold,stay)；表象系动词(seem,appear,look)等。70The traditional Chinese dress looks more beautiful and stylish.Now we feel released and very energ
34、etic in class.71结构四：一拖二的“主谓宾宾”SVOO“主谓宾宾”这类句型在写作中常常用到，具有独特的魅力。与及物动词跟一个单个的宾语结构相比，双宾语结构的独特之处在于一个动词与两个名词(短语)相互作用。它的基本结构是：主语它的基本结构是：主语谓语谓语(vt.)间接宾语间接宾语(人人)直接宾语直接宾语(物物)。721间接宾语一般位于直接宾语的前面，如果间接宾语在直接宾语间接宾语一般位于直接宾语的前面，如果间接宾语在直接宾语的后面，那么中间需要加上一个介词。可用介词的后面，那么中间需要加上一个介词。可用介词to来变换间接宾语来变换间接宾语的动词：的动词：give,offer,han
35、d,show,throw,pass,pay,send,sell,tell,lend,write 等。等。(如：如：give sb.sth.give sth.to sb.)However busy he is,he writes me an e-mail every week.However busy he is,he writes an e-mail to me every week.Mr Smith gave me some advice and lent me an English dictionary.Mr Smith gave some advice to me and lent an
36、 English dictionary to me.73742可用介词可用介词for来变换间接宾语的动词：来变换间接宾语的动词：make,buy,cook,find,get,order,sing,spare,fetch等。等。(如：如：make sb.sth.make sth.for sb.)He bought me a bicycle.He bought a bicycle for me.Can you get me some stamps？Can you get some stamps for me?结构五：缺一不可的“主谓宾补”SVOC“主谓宾补”句式结构中的谓语虽然是及物动词，但是只跟
37、一个宾但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直接跟在宾语之后接跟在宾语之后。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。它的基本结构是：主语谓语(vt.)宾语宾语补足语。75We all call him a living dictionary.It was Mr Liu who made me aware of the importanc
38、e of learning English well.He saw me waiting in the rain.Our maths teacher always encourages us to work out the questions by ourselves instead of being told the answers.The student has made it a rule to read English magazines every day.76SVSV OSV PSV O OSV O C77动词的不同属性决定了其选择的不同，决定了句子结构的不同。78绘画 油漆 衣着
39、发型 79SVSV OSV PSV O OSV O C修饰性成分扩大组合倒装省略 80找出找出谓语谓语确定确定主语主语判断判断结构结构分清分清主次主次理解理解全句全句How to decompose a sentenceHow to decompose a sentence?The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected,bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.81句子名词名词动词动词8283
