1、专题七 定语从句,-2-,高考感悟,考点归纳,.单句语法填空 1.(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease. 2.(2018北京卷)She and her family bicycle to work,which helps them keep fit. 3.(2018浙江卷)Many west
2、erners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries. 4.(2018天津卷)Kate, whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college,has gone to work in Australia.,-3-,高考感悟,考点归纳,.单句改错 1.(2018全国卷)They also had a small pond,which they raised fish. 在which前加in或whichwhere 2.(2017全国卷)In th
3、eir spare time,they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden,that is on the rooftop of their house. thatwhich 3.(2017全国卷)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time:car magazines and musical instruments. theythat或which,-4-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点一 关系代词与
4、关系副词的区别 关系代词有who,whom,which,that和whose,另外,as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有when,where和why,在定语从句中充当状语。 1.who指人,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。 Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths. 幸福和成功经常属于那些善于认识自己长处的人。 2.whom指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。 Do you know the boy (whom) we
5、met at the gate? 你认识我们在门口碰到的那个男孩吗?,-5-,高考感悟,考点归纳,3.which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。 The exact year (which/that) Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. 安杰拉和她的家人在中国共同度过的确切年份是2008年。 4.that 指人时,相当于who 或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。 She is the pop star (that) I want to see very
6、 much. 她就是那位我非常想见的明星。 Among the many dangers (which/that) sailors have to face,probably the greatest of all is fog. 在海员们要面对的许多危险中,最严重的可能就是雾。,-6-,高考感悟,考点归纳,5.whose可指人或物,修饰名词或代词,在定语从句中充当定语。“whose+名词”可改为“the+名词+of which/whom”或“of which/whom the+名词”。 The books on the desk,whose covers are shiny,are priz
7、es for us. 桌子上的这些书是给我们的奖品,它们的封面很亮。 A company whose profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. 国内市场利润下降的公司会寻求到国外发展的机会。 The house whose windows are very large is my uncles.=The house of which the windows are very large is my uncles.那个窗子非常大的房子是我叔叔的。,-7-,高考感悟,考点归纳,6.as可指人也可指物
8、,在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语。 (1)引导限制性定语从句,先行词前常有as,the same,so,such修饰,且在从句中做主语、宾语或表语时,关系代词要用as。 It was so difficult a problem as nobody in my class could work out.(as做work out的宾语) 这个问题很难以至于我们班里没有人能解出来。 注意so/such.that结构中,that引导结果状语从句,只起连接作用,不充当从句的任何成分。 It was so difficult a problem that nobody in my class could
9、 work it out.(work out 已经有宾语,that只起连接作用),-8-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(2)as可以引导非限制性定语从句,代指整个主句的内容,从句中常用的谓语动词为see,say,hear,expect,know,report等,常译为“正如,正像”,其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。 The number of smokers,as is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 正如所报道的,吸烟者的数量在仅仅一年中下降了百分之十七。,-9-,高考感悟,考点归纳,7.when指时间,在定语
10、从句中做时间状语。其先行词是表示时间的名词time,day,week,year,month等,常用on which,in which,at which,during which等代替。 As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent. 作为家中最小的孩子,亚历克斯总是渴望自己能够独立的日子。 I am looking forward to the day when/on which my daughter can re
11、ad this book and know my feelings for her. 我一直期盼那一天,我的女儿能够读懂这本书并且知道我对她的情感。,-10-,高考感悟,考点归纳,8.where 指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词,可以用“介词+关系代词”代替。 The house where/in which he lives is near the river. 注意高考对where的考查趋于复杂,先行词由“明显的地点”转为“模糊的地点”,或者说“抽象的地点”。这些名词有:stage,case,position,situation,point,occasion,act
12、ivity等。 Students should involve themselves in community activities where/in which they can gain experience for growth. 学生应该参与社区活动,在这些活动中他们能获取成长的经验。,-11-,高考感悟,考点归纳,9.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语,可用for which来替代。why不可引导非限制性定语从句。 Tell me the reason why/for which you came late. 告诉我你来晚了的原因。 注意用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语
13、动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。,-12-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点二 必须用关系代词that的情况 1.当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,something,all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时,或当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等不定代词修饰时。 We should do all that is useful to the people. 我们应该做一切有益于人民的事情。 2.先行词被the only,the very,the same,t
14、he last等修饰时。 This is the last place that I want to visit. 这是我最不想参观的地方。 3.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。 This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我曾经读过的最好的小说。,-13-,高考感悟,考点归纳,4.先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时。 This is the third dictionary that I have used. 这是我用过的第三本词典。 5.当先行词同时含有表示人和物的名词时。 We talked about the things and pers
15、ons that we were interested in. 我们谈论了我们感兴趣的人和事。,-14-,高考感悟,考点归纳,6.以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句,为避免重复时。 Who is the man that is standing under the tree? 站在树下的那个男子是谁? 注意Qingdao is the most beautiful city where I have ever worked.(即使有最高级修饰先行词city,但从句中work为不及物动词,先行词只做其地点状语,故要用关系副词) 前面所述几种情况已有前提:需要用关系代词时,遇到这几
16、种情况才选用that。,-15-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点三 不能用关系代词that的情况 1.在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,关系代词只能用指物的which和指人的whom。 This is the train by which we went to Beijing. 这是我们去北京乘坐的火车。 2.在非限制性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开,若去掉整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句)中。 I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,which my classmates recommended to me. 上
17、周我在图书馆里借了夏洛克福尔摩斯这本书,书是我的同学向我推荐的。,-16-,高考感悟,考点归纳,3.指人时,当先行词为everybody,anybody,everyone,anyone等时,关系代词要用who,不用that。 Is there anyone who can answer this question? 有人能回答这个问题吗? 4.先行词本身是指示代词that或those时,关系代词应用which。 Whats that which she is looking at? 她正在看什么?,-17-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点四 as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 1.位置不同。
18、which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as引导的定语从句位置较灵活,也就是说as从句可置于所限制的句子前、插在句子中或放在句子后。 It is a truly delightful place,which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. 它确实是一个宜人的地方。与一百年前的样子一样,有着弯弯曲曲的小径和漂亮的村舍。 Mike,as you know,is an honest man./Mike is an honest man
19、,as you know./As you know,Mike is an honest man. 如你所知,迈克是个诚实的人。,-18-,高考感悟,考点归纳,2.先行词不同。as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。 As we all know,he is very proud.(先行词为一个句子) 众所周知,他很骄傲。 He was proud,which his brother never was.(先行词是一个词) 他是自大的,而他弟弟从不自大。 3.意义不同。as一般译为“正如,就像”;which一般
20、译为“这一点,这件事”。 John,as you know,is my best friend. 正如你所知,约翰是我最好的朋友。 He has been to Paris more than ten times,which I dont believe. 他已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。,-19-,高考感悟,考点归纳,4.关系不同。当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。 Tom was late for school,which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆上学迟到了,这使他老师很生气。 注意as多用于下列习惯用语中: (
21、1)as anybody can see正如大家能看到的那样 (2)as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样 (3)as often happens正如经常发生的那样 (4)as has been said before如之前所述 (5)as is mentioned above正如上面所提到的,-20-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点五 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 1.在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The person to whom youll write
22、 is Mr.Ball. 你要给他写信的人是鲍尔先生。 The old man was talking with Mr.Smith,in whose hospital I was operated on. 那位老人正在和史密斯先生谈话,我是在他的医院做的手术。,-21-,高考感悟,考点归纳,2.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词及名词、数词。 He has two sons,both of whom were killed in the war. 他有两个儿子,他们两个都在战争中死了。 I live in a
23、house,the window of which faces the south. 我住在一个房子里,房子的窗户朝南。,-22-,高考感悟,考点归纳,3.“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选择可根据定语从句中谓语动词和介词的习惯搭配、先行词和介词的习惯搭配来确定,有时也需要结合句意。 In the street there wasnt any person to whom she could turn for help. 在街上没有她能够求助的人。 The boss in whose company my father works is a very kind person. 我爸爸工作的那家公
24、司的老板是一位很善良的人。,-23-,高考感悟,考点归纳,4.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句中,定语从句常和先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。 He lives in a big house,in front of which stands a tall apple tree. 他住在一所大房子里,房子的前面有一棵高高的苹果树。 注意在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不能分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。 This is the book (which/that) Im looking for. 不可以说:This is the book for whic
25、h Im looking. 5.from where 虽为“介词+关系副词”结构,但也可引导定语从句,where往往指代前面表示具体位置的介词短语。 He stood on top of the hill,from where he could see the whole village.(where指代on top of the hill,指的是“从山顶那个地方看”,而不是指“山”),-24-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点六 定语从句与其他句型的区别 1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面,区别是:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。
26、同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如:idea,fact,truth,evidence,news,thought。同位语从句主要由that引导,在从句中不做成分,有时也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,在从句中充当成分。 The news that our team won made us excited.(our team won是news的内容,that不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。可理解为:The news was that our team won.) The news that he told me was exciting.(he tol
27、d me 缺少一个直接宾语,由that充当,故为定语从句。不能将其理解为:The news was that he told me.),-25-,高考感悟,考点归纳,2.定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连接词。 Our class has sixty students,most of whom study hard.(逗号后为另一个句子,两个句子之间要用连接代词whom,为定语从句) Our class has sixty students,and most of them study hard.(逗号后为另一个句子,且已经有并列连词and,故用them即可,为并列句) O
28、ur class has sixty students.Most of them study hard.(两句之间为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需要连接词),-26-,高考感悟,考点归纳,3.定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必有先行词,而状语从句(如时间状语从句和地点状语从句)则是做整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。 Do you know the time when he will come back?(定语从句,前面有先行词time) I will go shopping when he comes back.(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的时间,前面没有先行词) Put the
29、 book where it belongs.(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点,前面无先行词,因此不能用to which) Put the book in the place where it belongs.(定语从句,前面有先行词place),-27-,高考感悟,考点归纳,4.定语从句与强调句的区别。当it is/was后出现表示地点或时间的名词时,其后所接的从句是定语从句还是强调句,要看将it is/was和that(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),若句式完整则为强调句。 It was Sunday when he came back.(定语从句) It was on
30、 Sunday that he came back.(强调句式,强调的是时间状语on Sunday,去掉It was和that后句式完整),-28-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点七 几种特殊情况 1.当先行词为way,意为“方法、方式”,且在定语从句中做主语、宾语时,可用关系代词which或that;做状语时,要用in which 或that或不填任何关系词。 The way (that/in which) he finished the task successfully was difficult to understand.(做状语) The way (that/which) he expl
31、ained to me was not difficult to understand.(做宾语) 2.当先行词为time时,若表示“一段时间”,后面定语从句用when引导,也可用at/during which;若表示“次数”,后面定语从句用that引导,that可以省略。 There was a time when we had no TV sets. This is the second time (that) the president has visited our country.,-29-,.单句语法填空 1.She brought with her three friends,n
32、one of whom I had ever met before. 2.A person whose e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails. 3.Today,well discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 4.The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,most of whi
33、ch are beyond our control. 5.Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing.,-30-,6.Eric received training in computer for one year,after which he found a job in a big company. 7.I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make deci
34、sions of my own. 8.Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. 9.Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers where consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.,-31-,.单句改错 1.This is the longest train which I have ever seen. whichthat 2.Which we
35、 all know,swimming is a very good sport. WhichAs 3.The radio set which I bought it last week has gone wrong. 去掉it 4.The day will come which the people all over the world will win liberation. whichwhen 5.He is a man of great experience,from who much can be learned. whowhom,-32-,.短文改错 Nowadays Senior
36、3 students are general faced with a lot of pressure,which is rather common.To reduce it,the followed suggestions may help.First of all,know exactly what lead to your pressure,and then you can take measures to deal with it.Secondly,set up a goal what is not too high;in another words,dont put too much
37、 pressure on yourself.Thirdly,find a way to relax you occasionally.For example,you can listen to music,go swim or just simply go walking.Eventually,make friend with others,for example,your classmates,your teachers,your parents.They will understand you and come to your help when you are really in the trouble.In a word,never get yourself stuck in the pressure for “impossible is nothing”.,-33-,答案:第一句:generalgenerally 第二句:followedfollowing 第三句:leadleads 第四句:whatthat/which;anotherother 第五句:youyourself 第六句:swimswimming 第七句:friendfriends;在your parents前加or/and 第八句:去掉trouble前的the,
